Vitamin B9
Okuqukethwe yi-athikili
Bebizwa ngokuthi incazelo

I-folic acid ivithamini elinamanzi ancibilikayo. Uyaziwa nangokuthi i-folate novithamini B-9… Idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlukanisweni nasekudalweni kwamaseli kwezinye izitho nomnkantsha. Umsebenzi obalulekile we-folic acid ukusiza ukusiza ukwakheka komgogodla nohlelo lwezinzwa lombungu esibelethweni. Njengamanye amavithamini B, i-folic acid ikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamandla emzimbeni.

Emzimbeni wethu, ama-coenzymes kavithamini B9 (folate) asebenzisana neyunithi eyodwa yekhabhoni ekuphenduleni okuhlukahlukene okubalulekile ekuguqulweni kwe-nucleic acid nama-amino acid. I-folate iyadingeka ukugcina umsebenzi obalulekile wawo wonke amaseli.

Amagama athi folate, folate novithamini B9 avame ukusetshenziswa ngokufana. Ngenkathi i-folate ikhona kokudla nasemzimbeni womuntu ngendlela esebenzayo, i-folate ivame ukusetshenziselwa izithasiselo zamavithamini kanye nokudla okuqinisiwe.

Amanye amagama: i-folic acid, i-folacin, i-folate, i-pteroylglutamic acid, i-vitamin B9, i-vitamin Bc, i-vitamin M.

Ifomula yamakhemikhali: C19H19N7O6

Ukudla okunothile kuka-Vitamin B9

Kuboniswe ukutholakala okulinganiselwa ku-100 g womkhiqizo:

I-Turkey isibindi677 μg
Ubhontshisi we-Edamame, iqhwa303 μg
Isaladi lamaRoma 136 μg
Ubhontshisi wePinto118 μg
+ Ukudla okungaphezulu okungu-28 okunevithamini B9 (inani lama-μg ku-100 g womkhiqizo likhonjisiwe):
I-arugula97Ubhontshisi obomvu, okuphekiwe47isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi36Ikhabe lezinyosi19
Ama-flaxseeds87Iqanda lenkukhu47iwolintshi30i-cohlrabi16
Ukwatapheya81Ama-alimondi44ikiwi25Utamatisi15
I-broccoli63Iklabishi elimhlophe43Ama-Strawberries24amazambane15
Iklabishi eligobile62i-Mango43Okusajingijolo21ubhamubhamu13
Brussels amahlumela61Ukolweni42Ibhanana20Ilamuna11
Ukholifulawa57I-papaya37Izaqathe19u-Bell pepper10

Isidingo sansuku zonke sevithamini B9

Ukuze kutholakale ukudla kwansuku zonke kukavithamini B9, lokho okubizwa ngokuthiukudla okulingana nokulingana“(NgesiNgisi - DFE). Isizathu salokhu ukumuncwa okungcono kwe-synthetic folic acid kuqhathaniswa nefolate yemvelo etholakala ekudleni. I-PFE ibalwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:

  • I-microgram eyodwa ye-folate ekudleni ilingana ne-microgram eyodwa ye-PPE
  • I-microgram eyodwa ye-folate ethathwe noma kusuka ekudleni okuqinisiwe ilingana nama-micrograms ayi-1 we-PPE
  • I-microgram eyodwa ye-folate (isengezo sokudla esidliwayo) esithathwe esiswini esingenalutho silingana nama-micrograms ama-1 we-PPE.

Isibonelo: Kusuka ekudleni okuqukethe i-60 mcg ye-folate yemvelo, umzimba uthola ama-mcg angama-60 we-Food Equivalent. Kusuka ekunikezelweni kwama-mcg angama-60 we-Synthetic Folic Acid Fortified Pasta, sithola ama-60 * 1,7 = 102 mcg Ukudla okulingana. Futhi ithebhulethi eyodwa engama-400 mcg folic acid izosinika ama-mcg angama-800 we-Food Equivalent.

Ngo-2015, i-European Scientific Committee on Nutrition yasungula lokhu kudla kwansuku zonke okuvithamini B9:

UbudalaInani Le-Male Enconyiwe (mcg Dietary Folate Equivalent / day)Inani elinconyiwe, Owesifazane (mcg Dietary Folate Equivalent / day / day)
7-11 izinyanga80 µg80 µg
iminyaka 1-3120 µg120 µg
iminyaka 4-6140 µg140 µg
iminyaka 7-10200 µg200 µg
iminyaka 11-14270 µg270 µg
Iminyaka engu-15 nangaphezulu330 µg330 µg
ukukhulelwa-600 µg
Ukusebenzisana-500 µg

Ngenxa yokuthi uvithamini B9 udlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekukhulelweni, ukudla kwansuku zonke kwabesifazane abakhulelwe kuphakama kaningana kunesidingo esijwayelekile sansuku zonke. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwe-embryonic neural tube kuvame ukwenzeka ngaphambi kokuthi owesifazane azi nokuthi ukhulelwe, futhi kungalesi sikhathi lapho i-folic acid ingadlala indima ebucayi khona. Ngalesi sizathu, abanye ochwepheshe bancoma ukuthatha njalo amavithamini izifundo aqukethe i-400 mcg ye-folic acid. Kukholakala ukuthi noma ngabe usebenzisa umthamo onjalo nokusetshenziswa kokudla okuqukethe i-folate, cishe akunakwenzeka ukudlula inani eliphakeme kakhulu likavithamini B9 ngosuku - 1000 mcg.

Ukwandisa isidingo somzimba sevithamini B9

Ngokuvamile, ukuntuleka okukhulu kwe-B9 emzimbeni akuvamile, noma kunjalo, abanye abantu bangaba sengozini yokushoda. Lawa maqembu:

  • abantu abanomlutha wotshwala: utshwala buphazamisa imetabolism ye-folate emzimbeni futhi busheshise ukonakala kwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abanotshwala bavame ukungondleki futhi abatholi uvithamini B9 owanele ekudleni.
  • abesifazane beminyaka yokuzala: Abesifazane abavundile kufanele bathathe i-folic acid eyanele ukugwema ukukhula kwesici se-neural tube esibelethweni lapho kusaqala ukukhulelwa.
  • abesifazane abakhulelwe: Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, uvithamini B9 udlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwe-nucleic acid.
  • abantu abanokugaya okungekuhleIzifo ezinjenge-tropical fever, isifo se-celiac kanye ne-sore bowel syndrome, i-gastritis, zingaphazamisa ukumuncwa komuntu.

Izici zamakhemikhali nezomzimba

I-folic acid yinto ephuzi ephuzi, encibilikayo kancane emanzini, kepha ayincibiliki kuma-solvents anamafutha. Ukumelana nokushisa kuphela kwizisombululo ze-alkaline noma ezingathathi hlangothi. Konakaliswe ukukhanya kwelanga. Inephunga elincane noma alinalutho.

Isakhiwo nesimo

Ama-dietary folates akhona kakhulu kwifomu le-polyglutamate (eliqukethe izinsalela eziningana ze-glutamate), kuyilapho i-folic acid, ifomu lamavithamini elenziwe ngokwenziwa, i-monoglutamate, equkethe ingxenye eyodwa kuphela ye-glutamate. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-folate yemvelo iyimolekyuli yesisindo esinciphile, kuyilapho i-folic acid ixutshiwe ngokuphelele. Lokhu kwehluka kwamakhemikhali kunomthelela omkhulu ekutholakaleni kokutholakala kukavithamini, ne-folic acid etholakala ngokungaphezulu kakhulu kune-folate yokudla eyenzeka ngokwemvelo emazingeni alinganayo okudla.

I-Folic acid molecule iqukethe amayunithi ama-3: i-glutamic acid, i-p-aminobenzoic acid ne-pterin. Ifomula Yamamolekhula - C19H19N7O6… Amavithamini ahlukahlukene e-B9 ahlukile komunye nomunye kunani lamaqembu e-glutamic acid akhona. Isibonelo, i-folic acid iqukethe into eyodwa ye-Lactobacillus casei fermentation factor kanye ne-Bc conjugate yamaqembu ayi-7 e-glutamic acid. Ama-conjugates (okungukuthi, amakhemikhali aneqembu elingaphezu kwelilodwa le-glutamic acid nge-molecule ngayinye) awasebenzi kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlobo ngoba lezi zinhlobo azinayo i-enzyme edingekayo ukukhipha uvithamini wamahhala.

Sincoma ukuthi uzijwayeze ngebanga le-folic acid ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Kunemikhiqizo engaphezu kuka-30,000 ehambisana nemvelo, izintengo ezikhangayo nokukhushulwa okuvamile, okungaguquki Isaphulelo esingu-5% esinekhodi yephromo CGD4899, ukuthunyelwa kwamahhala emhlabeni wonke kuyatholakala.

Izakhiwo eziwusizo nemiphumela emzimbeni

Izinzuzo zikavithamini B9 zomzimba:

  • kuthinta inkambo yokukhulelwa okunempilo kanye nokukhula okulungile kombungu: i-folic acid ivimbela ukukhula kwamaphutha ohlelweni lwezinzwa lombungu, ukukhuluphala, ukuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, futhi lokhu kwenzeka ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhulelwa.
  • i-antidepressant: i-folic acid icatshangwa ukuthi izosiza ukuphatha ukucindezeleka futhi ithuthukise inhlalakahle engokomzwelo.
  • isiza ku-protein metabolism.
  • Ngokumelene nalokhu: Uvithamini B9 uthathwa njenge-antioxidant enamandla esiza ukukhipha ubuthi emzimbeni nokwenza ngcono isimo sesikhumba.
  • Ukugcina Impilo Yenhliziyo: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-folic acid kwehlisa amazinga e-homocysteine ​​egazi, angaphakanyiswa futhi angakubeka engcupheni yesifo senhliziyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubunzima bamavithamini B, obandakanya i-folic acid, banciphisa ubungozi bokuthuthuka.
  • Ukunciphisa ubungozi bomdlavuza: Kunobufakazi bokuthi ukungadli ngokwanele kwe-folate kuhlotshaniswa nokukhula komdlavuza webele kwabesifazane.

I-Folic acid metabolism emzimbeni

Imisebenzi ye-Folate njenge-coenzyme ku-nucleic acid synthesis kanye ne-amino acid metabolism. Kanye emzimbeni, izihlwenga zokudla zifakwa i-hydrolyzed ngesimo se-monoglutamate emathunjini ngaphambi kokuba zimunce izinto zokuthutha ezisebenzayo ngolwelwesi lwamafinyila. Ngaphambi kokungena egazini, ifomu le-monoglutamate lehliselwa ku-tetrahydrofolate (THF) futhi liguqulwe libe yifomu le-methyl noma le-formyl. Ifomu eliyinhloko le-folate ku-plasma yi-5-methyl-THF. I-Folic acid nayo ingatholakala ingashintshiwe egazini (i-folic acid engaxutshiwe), kodwa akwaziwa ukuthi ngabe leli fomu linomsebenzi othile wezinto eziphilayo.

Ukuze i-folate nama-coenzymes ayo awele ulwelwesi lweseli, abadlulisi abakhethekile bayadingeka. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-folate transporter (RFC) encishisiwe, i-proton coupled folate transporter (PCFT), nama-protein folate receptor, i-FRα ne-FRβ. I-Folate homeostasis isekelwa ukwanda okukhona kuyo yonke indawo yabantu abathutha abantu, yize inani labo nokubaluleka kwazo kwehluka ezicutshini ezihlukene zomzimba. I-PCFT ibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekufakweni kwe-folate ngoba ukuguqulwa okuthinta i-PCFT yesakhi sofuzo kubangela i-malabsorption yefa. I-PCFT enamaphutha ibuye ibangele ukuthuthwa okungafanelekile kwe-folate iye ebuchosheni. I-FRa ne-RFC nakho kubalulekile ekuhanjisweni kwe-folate ngaphesheya kwesithiyo esiphakathi kohlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi nohlelo oluphakathi lwezinzwa. I-Folate ibalulekile ekukhuleni okufanele kombungu nombungu. I-placenta yaziwa ukuthi inesibopho sokukhishwa kwe-folate embungwini, okuholela ekugxileni okuphezulu kwe-folate enganeni kunakumama. Zonke izinhlobo ezintathu zama-receptors zihlotshaniswa nokuthuthwa kwe-folate ngaphesheya kwe-placenta ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.

Ukusebenzisana namanye ama-micronutrients

I-Folate futhi ihlangene yakha elinye lamapheya e-micronutrient anamandla kakhulu. Ukusebenzisana kwabo kusekela ezinye zezinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli nokuphindaphinda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlanganyela ndawonye ku-metabolism ye-homocysteine. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi la mavithamini amabili angatholakala ngokwemvelo ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zokudla ezihluke ngokuphelele (i-vitamin B12 - evela emikhiqizweni yezilwane: inyama, isibindi, amaqanda, ubisi, ne-vitamin B9 - kusuka emifino enamahlamvu, ubhontshisi), ubuhlobo babo bubaluleke kakhulu. ngomzimba. Basebenza njengama-cofactors ekuhlanganiseni kwe-methionine kusuka ku-homocysteine. Uma i-synthesis ingenzeki, izinga le-homocysteine ​​​​lingase likhuphuke, elivame ukuhlotshaniswa nobungozi besifo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.

Ukuxhumana okubalulekile kwe-metabolic ku-vitamin B9 kwenzeka nge-riboflavin (). Lesi sakamuva siyisandulela se-coenzyme ebandakanyeka ku-folate metabolism. Iguqula i-folate ibe yimo yayo esebenzayo, i-5-methyltetrahydrofolate.

kunganciphisa ukonakala kwama-fenz coenzymes emvelo kanye ne-folic acid eyengeziwe esiswini futhi ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ukutholakala kwe-folate.

Inhlanganisela ewusizo kakhulu yokudla enevithamini B9

Uvithamini B9 ulusizo ukuhlangana namanye amavithamini B.

Isibonelo, esaladini eline-kale, imbewu ye-sunflower, i-feta, ibhali, u-anyanisi obomvu, ama-chickpeas, ukwatapheya nokugqokwa kukalamula. Isaladi elinjalo lizohlinzeka umzimba ngamavithamini B3, B6, B7, B2, B12, B5, B9.

Iresiphi enkulu yokudla kwasekuseni noma elula yasemasemishi eyenziwe ngesinkwa sikakolweni esiphelele, isalmon ebhemayo, isilimo esinengono emnandi edliwayo namaqanda aboshelwe. Lesi sidlo siqukethe amavithamini afana ne-B3 ne-B12, B2, B1 ne-B9.

Ukudla kungumthombo omuhle kakhulu wamavithamini. Ngakho-ke, ithuba lokuthatha amavithamini ngendlela yemithi kufanele licatshangelwe uma kunezinkomba ezifanele. Kunobufakazi bokuthi ukulungiselela amavithamini, uma kusetshenziswe ngokungafanele, akugcini ngokusizakala kuphela, kepha futhi kungalimaza umzimba.

Sebenzisa emithini esemthethweni

ukukhulelwa

I-folic acid isetshenziselwa umuthi ngezizathu eziningi. Okokuqala, kunqunyelwe abesifazane abakhulelwe nalabo abalungiselela ukukhulelwa. Ukukhula nokukhula kombungu kubonakala ngokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli okusebenzayo. Amazinga we-folate anele abalulekile ku-DNA ne-RNA synthesis. Ngenxa yokushoda kwe-folic acid, phakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-21 kanye nama-27 ngemuva kokukhulelwa, isifo esibizwa ngokuthi i-neural tube defect… Njengomthetho, ngalesi sikhathi, owesifazane akazi ukuthi ukhulelwe futhi akakwazi ukuthatha izinyathelo ezifanele ngokwandisa inani le-folate ekudleni. Lesi sifo siholela emiphumeleni eminingi engathandeki yombungu - ukulimala kobuchopho, i-encephalocele, izilonda zomgogodla.

Ukukhubazeka kwenhliziyo okuzalwa kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yokufa ezinganeni futhi kungaholela nasekufeni lapho usumdala. Ngokusho kwe-European Registry of Congenital Anomalies and Gemini, ukusebenzisa okungenani u-400 mcg we-folic acid ngosuku lwenyanga eyodwa ngaphambi kokukhulelwa futhi amasonto ayi-8 ngemuva kwalokho kunciphise ubungozi bokukhubazeka kwenhliziyo ngamaphesenti ayi-18.

Kulesi sihloko:

Amaleveli omama abakhulelwe angathinta ubungozi bokukhubazeka kokuzalwa okungajwayelekile. Ucwaningo eNorway lubonise ukuthi ukuthatha isengezo samavithamini aqukethe okungenani ama-400 mcg we-folate kwehlise ubungozi bokuqhekeka kolwanga ngo-64%.

Isisindo sokuzalwa esiphansi sihlotshaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe yokufa ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila futhi singathinta nesimo sempilo lapho usumdala. Ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kwakamuva nokuhlaziywa kwe-meta kwezifundo eziyisishiyagalombili ezilawulwayo kukhombise ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kokudla kwe-folate nesisindo sokuzalwa.

Amazinga aphakeme egazi e-homocysteine ​​nawo ahlotshaniswa nokwanda kwezigameko zokuphuphuma kwesisu nezinye izinkinga zokukhulelwa, kufaka phakathi i-preeclampsia kanye nokuphazamiseka kweplacenta. Ucwaningo olukhulu lokubuyela emuva lubonise ukuthi amazinga e-plasma homocysteine ​​kwabesifazane athinte ngqo ukutholakala kwemiphumela emibi yokukhulelwa kanye nezinkinga, kufaka phakathi i-preeclampsia, i-preterm labor, nesisindo sokuzalwa esiphansi kakhulu. Ukulawulwa kwe-homocysteine, nakho, kwenzeka ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-folic acid.

Ngakho-ke, kuwukuhlakanipha ukuthatha i-folic acid, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukadokotela, kukho konke ukukhulelwa, noma ngabe kuvaliwe i-neural tube, ukunciphisa ubungozi bezinye izinkinga ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwakamuva alutholanga bufakazi bokuthi kukhona ubudlelwane obuphakathi kokudla ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kanye nemiphumela emibi yezempilo ezinganeni, ikakhulukazi ukukhula kuka-I.

Izifo zenhliziyo

Kulesi sihloko:

Ucwaningo olungaphezulu kwama-80 lukhombisa ukuthi namazinga egazi aphakeme ngokulinganisela we-homocysteine ​​akhulisa ubungozi besifo senhliziyo. Indlela i-homocysteine ​​engakhuphula ngayo ubungozi besifo semithambo isengaphansi kocwaningo oluningi, kepha ingafaka imiphumela emibi ye-homocysteine ​​ekunqandeni igazi, ukuvuthwa kwemithambo yegazi nokuqina kwezindonga zomthambo. Ukudla okune-folate kuxhunyaniswe nokwehla kwengozi yesifo senhliziyo, kufaka phakathi i-myocardial (isifo senhliziyo) nesifo sohlangothi. Ucwaningo lwamadoda angama-1980 eFinland esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyi-10 luthole ukuthi labo abadle inani eliphezulu le-folate yokudla babenobungozi obuphansi ngama-55% besifo senhliziyo esingazelelwe uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abadla inani elincane kakhulu le-folate. Kumavithamini amathathu we-B alawula ukuhlushwa kwe-homocysteine, i-folate ikhonjisiwe ukuthi inomphumela omkhulu ekwehliseni ukugxila kwe-basal, inqobo nje uma kungekho ukuntuleka kwe-vitamin B12 noma i-vitamin B6. Ukutholwa kokudla okwengeziwe kwe-folate kusuka ekudleni okune-folate noma izithasiselo kutholakele ukwehlisa ukugxila kwe-homocysteine.

Ngaphandle kokuphikisana ngendima yokwehlisa i-homocysteine ​​ekuvikeleni isifo senhliziyo, ucwaningo oluningi luye lwahlola imiphumela yokuthuthuka ye-folate supplementation, okuyingozi eyaziwayo yesifo semithambo. Yize izivivinyo zakamuva zingakhombisanga ukuthi ifolkthi iwuvikela ngqo umzimba, ukudla okuphansi kwe-folate kuyingozi eyaziwayo yesifo senhliziyo.

Cancer

Kulesi sihloko:

Umdlavuza kucatshangwa ukuthi ubangelwe ukulimala kwe-DNA ngenxa yenqwaba yezinqubo zokulungisa i-DNA, noma ngokuveza okungafanele izakhi zofuzo ezibalulekile. Ngenxa yendima ebalulekile ye-folate ku-DNA ne-RNA synthesis, kungenzeka ukuthi ukudla okunganele kwe-vitamin B9 kunomthelela ekungazinzileni kwe-genome kanye nokukhubazeka kwe-chromosome okuvame ukuhambisana nokukhula komdlavuza. Ikakhulu, ukuphindaphindeka nokulungiswa kwe-DNA kubalulekile ekugcineni i-genome, futhi ukungabikho kwama-nucleotide okubangelwa ukuntuleka kwe-folate kungaholela ekungazinzini kwe-genome kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-DNA. I-Folate ibuye ilawule umjikelezo we-homocysteine ​​/ methionine kanye ne-S-adenosylmethionine, umnikeli we-methyl wokuphendula kwe-methylation. Ngakho-ke, ukushoda kwe-folate kungaphazamisa i-DNA ne-protein methylation futhi kuguqule ukubonakaliswa kofuzo okubandakanyeka ekulungisweni kwe-DNA, ukwahlukaniswa kwamaseli nokufa. I-Global DNA hypomethylation, uphawu olujwayelekile lomdlavuza, ibangela ukungazinzi kwe-genome kanye nokuqhekeka kwe-chromosomal.

Ukudla okungenani izithelo ezinhlanu zezithelo nemifino ngosuku kuhlotshaniswa nokwehla kwesifo somdlavuza namuhla. Izithelo nemifino yimithombo emihle kakhulu yefolate, engadlala indima emiphumeleni yabo yokulwa ne-carcinogenic.

Isifo i-Alzheimer kanye nokuwohloka komqondo

Kulesi sihloko:

Isifo i-Alzheimer's ifomu esivame kakhulu. Ucwaningo oluthile lwathola ukuhlangana phakathi kokudla okwandayo kwezithelo nemifino ecebile nge-folate kanye nengozi encishisiwe yokuwohloka komqondo kwabesifazane.

Ngenxa yendima yayo ekuhlanganisweni kwama-nucleic acid nokuhlinzeka nge-methyl eyanele yokuphendula kwe-methylation, i-folate ithinta ukukhula okujwayelekile nokusebenza kwengqondo, hhayi kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nangemva kokubeletha, kodwa futhi nasempilweni kamuva. Kokunye ukuhlola okuhlukaniswe kwabesifazane asebekhulile, iziguli ze-Alzheimer zazinamazinga aphakeme kakhulu e-homocysteine ​​namazinga wegazi eliphansi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abaphilile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usosayensi uphethe ngokuthi amazinga esikhathi eside egazi, kunokuba asetshenziswe muva nje, anomthwalo wokuvikela ukuwohloka komqondo. Isifundo seminyaka emibili, esingahleliwe, esilawulwa yi-placebo kwiziguli esezikhulile ezingama-168 ezinokukhubazeka okuncane kokuthola izinzuzo zokuthola ukudla kwansuku zonke kwe-800 mcg folate, 500 mcg vitamin B12, no-20 mg vitamin B6. I-Atrophy yezindawo ezithile zobuchopho ezithintekile yisifo i-Alzheimer yabonwa kubantu bamaqembu womabili, futhi le atrophy yayihambisana nokwehla kwengqondo; kodwa-ke, iqembu elaphathwa ngamavithamini B lahlangabezana nokulahleka kwendaba okumpunga okuncane uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu le-placebo (0,5% uma kuqhathaniswa ne-3,7%). Umphumela ozuzisa kakhulu utholakale ezigulini ezinokugxila okuphezulu kwe-homocysteine, okuphakamisa ukubaluleka kokwehlisa ukujikeleza kwe-homocysteine ​​ekuvikeleni ukwehla kwengqondo nokuwohloka komqondo. Yize kunomphumela othembisayo, ukwesekwa kwe-B-vithamini B kudinga ukuhlolwa okunye kwizifundo ezinkulu ezihlola imiphumela yesikhathi eside, njengesifo sesifo i-Alzheimer's.

Ukucindezeleka

Kulesi sihloko:

Izinga eliphansi le-folate lixhunyaniswe nokudangala kanye nempendulo engeyinhle kuma-anti-depressants. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwabantu ababili abaneminyaka engu-2 kuya ku-988 e-United States luthole ukuthi izingxube ze-serum namangqamuzana egazi abomvu ziphansi kakhulu kubantu abacindezeleke kakhulu kunalabo abangakaze bacindezeleke. Ucwaningo olwenziwe kwabesilisa nabesifazane abangama-1 abatholakale benesifo sokucindezeleka luthole ukuthi kuphela iziguli ezingama-39 kwezi-52 ezinamazinga aphansi e-folate aphendulile ekwelashweni kwe-antidepressant, uma kuqhathaniswa neziguli eziyi-1 kwezingu-14 ezinamazinga ejwayelekile e-folate.

Yize i-folic acid eyengezelwayo ingazange iphakanyiswe njengenguquko esikhundleni sokwelashwa kwendabuko okulwa nokucindezelwa, kungasiza njengesihlanganisi. Ocwaningweni lwase-UK, iziguli eziyi-127 ezicindezelekile zakhethwa ukuthatha i-500 mcg ye-folate noma i-placebo ngaphezu kwe-20 mg ye-fluoxetine (i-antidepressant) nsuku zonke amasonto ayi-10. Yize imiphumela emadodeni yayingabalulekanga ngokwezibalo, abesifazane abathola i-fluoxetine kanye ne-folic acid benze kangcono kakhulu kunalabo abathola i-fluoxetine kanye ne-placebo. Ababhali bokucwaninga baphetha ngokuthi umlando womuntu “ungaba nendima enkulu ekwelapheni ukucindezeleka.”

Amafomu esikali kavithamini B9

Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-folic acid amaphilisi. Umthamo wevithamini ungahluka, kuye ngenhloso yesidakamizwa. Kumavithamini wabesifazane abakhulelwe, isilinganiso esivame kakhulu yi-400 mcg, ngoba leli nani libhekwa njengelinele ekukhuleni okunempilo kombungu. Imvamisa i-folic acid ifakiwe kwizakhi zamavithamini, kanye namanye amavithamini B. Izakhiwo ezinjalo zingaba ngesimo samaphilisi, nangendlela yamapuleti okuhlafuna, amaphilisi ancibilikayo, kanye nemijovo.

Ukwehlisa amazinga we-homocysteine ​​egazi, imvamisa ama-200 mcg kuya ku-15 mg we-folate anikezwa ngosuku. Lapho welapha ukucindezeleka, thatha u-200 kuya ku-500 mcg wevithamini ngosuku, ngaphezu kokwelapha okuyinhloko. Noma yimuphi umthamo kufanele unqunywe udokotela oya khona.

I-Folic acid ekwelashweni kwendabuko

Abelaphi bendabuko, njengodokotela bemithi yesintu, bayakubona ukubaluleka kwe-folic acid kwabesifazane, ikakhulukazi abesifazane abakhulelwe, neqhaza layo ekuvikeleni isifo senhliziyo kanye ne-anemia.

I-folic acid itholakala, ngokwesibonelo, ku. Izithelo zayo zinconyelwa izifo zezinso, isibindi, imithambo yegazi nenhliziyo. Ngaphandle kwe-folate, ama-strawberry nawo acebile ngama-tannins, i-potassium, i-iron, i-phosphorus, i-cobalt. Ngenhloso yokwelapha, izithelo, amaqabunga nezimpande kuyasetshenziswa.

I-Folate, kanye namafutha abalulekile, i-vitamin C, i-carotene, i-flavonoids ne-tocopherol, itholakala embewini. Isitshalo uqobo sinomthelela we-bile ne-diuretic, uqeda ama-spasms futhi uhlanze umzimba. Ukumnika kanye ne-decoction yezinhlamvu kusiza ngokuvuvukala kolwelwesi lwamafinyila womgudu womchamo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumiswa kwe-parsley kunqunyelwe ukopha kwesibeletho.

Kubhekwa umthombo ocebile we-folic acid emithini yesintu. Aqukethe amaphesenti angama-65 kuya kwangama-85 amanzi, amaphesenti ayi-10 kuye kwangama-33 ushukela, nenani elikhulu lezinto eziwusizo - ama-acid ahlukahlukene, ama-tannins, i-potassium, i-magnesium, i-calcium, i-manganese, i-cobalt, i-iron, amavithamini B1, B2, B6, B9, A, C, K, P, PP, ama-enzyme.

Ucwaningo lwamuva lwesayensi ku-vitamin B9

  • Ukudla imithamo ephezulu ye-folic acid akuthinti ingozi yokuhlaselwa yi-preeclampsia. Kuyisimo esibucayi kwezokwelapha esibonakala ngokukhula komfutho wegazi ophakeme ngokungajwayelekile ngesikhathi ukhulelwe nezinye izinkinga. Lesi simo siyingozi kubo bobabili umama nengane. Phambilini kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi imithamo ephezulu ye-folate inganciphisa ubungozi bokuthola ifolate kwabesifazane abathambekele kulesi sifo. Lapha kubalwa labo abanengcindezi ephezulu yegazi ngokungapheli; abesifazane abaphethwe noma; ukhulelwe amawele; kanye nalabo abake baba ne-preeclampsia ekukhulelweni kwangaphambilini. Lolu cwaningo lubandakanye abesifazane abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili abakhulelwe phakathi kwamasonto ayisishiyagalombili kuya kwayi-2. Kutholakale ukuthi ukuthatha u-8 mg we-folic acid nsuku zonke akuthinti ingozi yokuhlaselwa yisifo uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abathathe i-placebo ngaphezu kwe-16 mg ejwayelekile (4% yamacala kanye namacala ayi-1% , ngokulandelana). Kodwa-ke, odokotela basancoma ukuthatha isilinganiso esincane se-folate ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokukhulelwa ukuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo zokuzalwa.
  • Ososayensi base-Ireland banqume ukuthi inani elibalulekile labantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 abanalo uvithamini B12 (1 kubantu abayisishiyagalombili) futhi bathola (8 kubantu abangu-1). Izinga lokushoda liyahlukahluka ngendlela yokuphila, ezempilo kanye nesimo somsoco. Womabili amavithamini abalulekile empilweni yesistimu yezinzwa, ubuchopho, ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu nokuhlukaniswa kwe-DNA. Kutholakale nokuthi iphesenti lokushoda kwamabhalane liyakhula ngeminyaka yobudala - kusuka ku-7% phakathi kwabantu abaneminyaka engama-14-50 ubudala, kuya kuma-60% kulabo abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengama-23 ubudala. Kwakuvame ukutholakala kakhulu kubantu ababhemayo, kubantu abakhuluphele nakulabo abahlala bodwa. Ukushoda kukavithamini B80 kwakuvame kakhulu kulabo ababhemayo (12%), bahlala bodwa (14%), nakubantu abavela ezindaweni eziphansi zenhlalo yomnotho.
  • Ososayensi baseBrithani baphikelela ekucebiseni ufulawa nokunye ukudla nge-folic acid. Ngokusho kwababhali balolu cwaningo, nsuku zonke eBrithani, ngokwesilinganiso, abesifazane ababili baphoqeleka ukuba banqamule ukukhulelwa kwabo ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwe-neural tube, futhi izingane ezimbili zizalwa zinalesi sifo njalo ngesonto. IBrithani ngelinye lamazwe lapho i-folate fortification akuyona into evamile, ngokungafani ne-United States namanye amazwe. UProfesa Joan Morris uthi: “Ukube iBrithani yayiyigunyaze ngokusemthethweni ifolishi ngo-1998, njengaseMelika, cishe ukukhubazeka okuzalwa okungaba ngu-2007 bekungagwenywa ngabantu abangu-3000,” kusho uProfesa Joan Morris.

Sebenzisa ku-cosmetology

I-Folic acid idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ku. Iqukethe ukugxila kwama-antioxidants anciphisa umsebenzi wezinqubo ze-oxidative futhi anciphise ama-radicals wamahhala akhona emvelweni. Izakhiwo zokondla isikhumba se-Folic acid nazo zisiza ekugcineni ukuvuthwa kwesikhumba ngokuqinisa umgoqo wesikhumba. Lokhu kubamba umswakama futhi kunciphise ukoma.

Ezimonyoni, imikhiqizo ye-folate ivame ukufakwa kuma-lotions nama-creams athambisayo, okuthi, lapho esetshenziswa phezulu, angasiza ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi ephelele nokubukeka kwesikhumba.

Ukusetshenziswa kwemfuyo

Ukushoda kwe-folic acid kutholakale ngokuzama ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane, ezibonakaliswa ngesimo se-anemia, ukwehla kwenani lama-leukocyte. Kakhulukazi kuthinteka izicubu ezinesilinganiso esiphakeme sokukhula kwamaseli noma ukuvuselelwa kwezicubu, njenge-epithelial ulwelwesi lwesisu, i-epidermis nomnkantsha wamathambo. Ezinjeni nasemakati, i-anemia ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokushoda kwe-folate okubangelwa amathumbu we-malabsorption syndromes, ukungondleki kahle, abaphikisi be-folate, noma izidingo ezengeziwe ze-folate ngenxa yokulahleka kwegazi noma i-hemolysis. Kwezinye izilwane ezinjengezingulube ze-Guinea, izinkawu nezingulube, ukuthola ifolthi eyanele ekudleni kubalulekile. Kwezinye izilwane, kufaka phakathi izinja, amakati, namagundane, i-folic acid ekhiqizwa yi-microflora yamathumbu ivame ukuhlangabezana nezidingo. Ngakho-ke, izimpawu zokushoda zingakhula uma i-antiseptic yamathumbu ifakiwe ekudleni ukuvimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane. Ukushoda kwe-folate kwenzeka ezinjeni nasemakati, imvamisa kuphela ngama-antibiotic. Kungenzeka ukuthi iningi lezidingo zansuku zonke ze-folate lihlangatshezwa yi-bacterial synthesis emathunjini.

Amaqiniso Okuthakazelisayo

  • Kwamanye amazwe, igama le-folic acid lihlukile kulelo elamukelwa ngokuvamile. Isibonelo, eNetherlands ibizwa ngevithamini B11.
  • Kusukela ngo-1998, i-folic acid iye yaqiniswa e-United States ekudleni okufana nesinkwa, okusanhlamvu kwasekuseni, ufulawa, imikhiqizo yommbila, i-pasta, nokunye okusanhlamvu.

Ukungafani nokuxwayiswa

Cishe i-50-95% ye-folic acid ibhujiswa ngesikhathi sokupheka nokulondolozwa. Imiphumela yelanga nomoya nayo iyalimaza i-folate. Gcina ukudla okunesici esitsheni esimnyama sokuphumula ekamelweni lokushisa.

Izimpawu zokuntuleka kwamanga

Ukushoda kwe-folic acid kukodwa akuvamile futhi imvamisa kuhlotshaniswa nokunye ukushoda kwezakhi zomzimba ngenxa yokungondleki noma ukuphazamiseka kokumunca. Izimpawu zivame ukuba buthakathaka, inkinga yokugxila, ukucasuka, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, nokuphefumula okuncane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungaba nobuhlungu nezilonda olimini; izinkinga zesikhumba, izinwele, izipikili; izinkinga emgodini wamathumbu; amazinga aphezulu we-homocysteine ​​egazini.

Izimpawu zevithamini B9 eyeqile

Ngokuvamile, ukungena ngokweqile kwe-folate akunayo imiphumela emibi. Ezimweni ezingavamile, amanani aphezulu kakhulu we-folate angalimaza izinso futhi abangele ukulahleka kwesifiso. Ukuthatha inani elikhulu levithamini B9 kungafihla ukushoda kukavithamini B12. Umthamo omkhulu osetshenzisiwe wansuku zonke womuntu omdala ngu-1 mg.

Eminye imithi ithinta ukumuncwa kwe-vitamin B9 emzimbeni, phakathi kwayo:

  • izinto zokuvimbela inzalo ngomlomo;
  • i-methotrexate (esetshenziselwa ukwelashwa komdlavuza nezifo ezizimele);
  • izidakamizwa ze-antiepileptic (phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproate);
  • i-sulfasalazine (esetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-ulcerative colitis).

Umlando wokutholakala

I-Folate neqhaza layo lamakhemikhali atholwa okokuqala ngumcwaningi waseBrithani uLucy Wills ngo-1931. Engxenyeni yesibili yama-1920, kwenziwa ucwaningo olusebenzayo ngesimo se-anemia eyingozi nezindlela zokwelashwa kwaso - ngakho-ke kwatholakala uvithamini B12. UDkt.Wills, nokho, wakhetha ukugxila endabeni encane, i-anemia kwabesifazane abakhulelwe. Wagxekwa ngale ndlela encane, kepha udokotela akazange ayilahle imizamo yakhe yokuthola imbangela yokushoda kwegazi okunzima okwakutholwa ngabesifazane abakhulelwe emakoloni aseBrithani. Ukufundwa kwamagundane bekungakhiqizi imiphumela oyifunayo, ngakho-ke uDkt.Wills uthathe isinqumo sokwenza ukuhlolwa kwezinkawu.

Kulesi sihloko:

Ngemuva kokuzama izinto eziningi, nangendlela yokuqeda, enqaba konke okungahle kwenzeke, ekugcineni, umcwaningi wanquma ukuzama ukusebenzisa imvubelo eshibhile yompheki. Futhi ekugcineni, ngathola umphumela oyifunayo! Unqume ukuthi umsoco wemvubelo ubalulekile ukuvikela i-anemia ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Esikhathini esithile kamuva, uDkt Wills wafaka emizamweni yakhe yocwaningo yokusebenzisa izinto ezahlukahlukene kwabesifazane abakhulelwe, futhi imvubelo yereal iphinde yasebenza. Ngo-1941, i-folic acid etholakala kusipinashi yaqanjwa okokuqala futhi yahlukaniswa. Kungakho igama elithi folate livela kwelesiLatin elithi folium - leaf. Futhi ngo-1943, ivithamini yatholakala ifomu elihlanzekile lamakristalu.

Kusukela ngo-1978, i-folic acid isetshenziswe ngokuhambisana nomuthi olwa nomdlavuza i-5-Fluorouracil. Okokuqala okwenziwe ngo-1957 nguDkt. Charles Heidelberger, i-5-FU isiphenduke umuthi osebenzayo olwa nezinhlobo eziningana zomdlavuza, kodwa unemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Abafundi ababili bakadokotela bathole ukuthi i-folic acid ingabanciphisa kakhulu ngenkathi ikhulisa ukusebenza komuthi uqobo.

Ngawo-1960, ososayensi baqala ukuphenya ngeqhaza le-folate ekuvimbeleni ukukhubazeka kwamathambo e-neural kumbungu. Kutholakale ukuthi ukushoda kukavithamini B9 kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu enganeni, nokuthi owesifazane uvame ukungayitholi into eyanele ekudleni. Ngakho-ke, emazweni amaningi kunqunywe ukuthi kuqiniswe ukudla nge-folic acid. EMelika, isibonelo, i-folate yengezwa ezinhlamvwini eziningi - isinkwa, ufulawa, isitashi samabele, kanye nama-noodle - njengoba kungukudla okuyisisekelo kweningi labantu. Ngenxa yalokhu, izehlakalo zokukhubazeka kwe-neural tube zincishiswe nge-15-50% e-United States.

Siqoqe amaphuzu abaluleke kakhulu ngevithamini B9 kulo mfanekiso futhi sizojabula uma wabelana ngesithombe kwinethiwekhi yokuxhumana noma kubhulogi, ngesixhumanisi saleli khasi:

Imithombo yolwazi
  1. Uvithamini B9. Amaqiniso kaNutri,
  2. UBastian Hilda. ULucy Wills (1888-1964), impilo kanye nocwaningo lowesifazane ozimele ozithandayo. I-JLL Bulletin: Ukuphawula ngomlando wokuhlolwa kokwelashwa. (2007),
  3. UMLANDO WABALANDELI,
  4. UFrances Rachel Frankenburg. Ukutholwa Kovithamini Nezinhlekelele: Umlando, Isayensi, Nezimpikiswano. ABC-CLIO, 2009. amakhasi 56-60.
  5. Imininingwane yolwakhiwo lokudla kwe-USDA. Umnyango Wezolimo wase-United States,
  6. Umlingiswa. Ishidi Leqiniso Lesengezo Sokudla. Izikhungo Zikazwelonke Zezempilo. IHhovisi Lezithako Zokudla. UMnyango Wezempilo kanye Nezinsizakalo Zabantu e-US,
  7. UJL Jain, uSunjay Jain, uNitin Jain. Izisekelo zeBiochemistry. Isahluko 34. Amavithamini ancibilika emanzini. kk 988 - 1024. S. Chand & Company Ltd. uRam Nagar, eNew Del - 110 055. 2005.
  8. Umlingiswa. Isikhungo Semininingwane SaseMicronutrient, iLinus Pauling Institute. I-Oregon State University,
  9. Ama-duos ashukumisayo ka-Nutrition. Ukushicilela kweHarvard Health. IHarvard Medical School,
  10. I-Folic Acid. Amavithamini nama-Supplements. Web Md,
  11. ULavrenov Vladimir Kallistratovich. I-encyclopedia yesimanje yesitshalo. I-OLMA Media Group. Unyaka we-2007
  12. Pastushenkov Leonid Vasilevich. Izitshalo zokwelapha. Sebenzisa kumuthi wesintu nasempilweni yansuku zonke. I-BHV-Petersburg. 2012.
  13. ILavrenova GV, i-Onipko VDEncyclopedia yeMithi Yesintu. Indlu Yokushicilela "Neva", eSt. Petersburg, 2003.
  14. UNicholas J. Wald, uJoan K. Morris, uColin Blakemore. Ukwehluleka kwezempilo yomphakathi ekuvikeleni ukukhubazeka kwe-neural tube: isikhathi sokushiya ileveli yokubamba ephezulu yokubekezelela. Ukubuyekezwa Kwezempilo Yomphakathi, i-2018; I-39 (1) INGXENYE: 10.1186 / s40985-018-0079-6
  15. UShi Wu Wen, uRuth Rennicks White, uNatalie Rybak, uLaura M Gaudet, uStephen Robson, uWilliam Hague, uDonnette Simms-Stewart, uGuillermo Carroli, uGraeme Smith, uWilliam D Fraser, uGeorge Wells, uSandra T Davidge, uJohn Kingdom, uDoug Coyle, uDean UFergusson, uDaniel J Corsi, uJosee Champagne, u-Elham Sabri, uTim Ramsay, uBen Willem J Mol, uMartijn A Oudijk, uMark C Walker. Umphumela we-high folic acid supplementation ekukhulelweni ku-pre-eclampsia (FACT): blind blind, phase III, randomized controlled, international, multicentre trial. BMJ, 2018; k3478 INGXENYE: 10.1136 / bmj.k3478
  16. U-Eamon J. Laird, u-Aisling M. O'Halloran, uDaniel Carey, uDeirdre O'Connor, uRose A. Kenny, u-Anne M. Molloy. Ukuqiniswa kokuzithandela akusizi ukugcina i-vitamin B12 nesimo sobudala sabantu abadala base-Ireland: ubufakazi obuvela e-Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging (TILDA). IBritish Journal of Nutrition, 2018; 120 (01): 111 DOI: 10.1017 / S0007114518001356
  17. I-Folic Acid. Izici kanye neMetabolism,
  18. I-Folic Acid. Isikhungo Sezokwelapha i-University of Rochester. I-Health Encyclopedia,
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Abaphathi ababophezelekile kunoma imuphi umzamo wokusebenzisa noma iyiphi iresiphi, iseluleko noma ukudla, futhi futhi akuqinisekisi ukuthi imininingwane ebekiwe izokusiza noma ikulimaze wena uqobo. Hlakanipha futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi uthintane nodokotela ofanele!

Funda futhi ngamanye amavithamini:

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