Isibeletho (esivela esibelethweni sesiLatini), siyisitho esingenalutho esisohlelweni lokuzala lwabesifazane futhi kuhloswe ngalo ukwamukela nokukhuthaza ukukhula kweqanda elikhulelwe.

Indawo. Isibeletho sisezikhaleni ezingemuva kwesinye, naphambi kwengqamuzana. Isibeletho sisesimweni sephiramidi eguquliwe. Engxenyeni yayo engenhla, kufakwa amashubhu amabili wesibeletho, noma amashubhu e-fallopian ohlangothini ngalunye lobuso. Ingxenye yayo engezansi ivulekela esithweni sangasese. (1)

Ukwakheka. Isibeletho siyisitho esingenalutho esinezindonga ezijiyile, ikakhulukazi ezinemisipha. Yakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili (1) (2):

• Umzimba wesibeletho yingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke. Itholakala phansi kwesibeletho, ingxenye eyindilinga engenhla lapho kufakwa khona amashubhu, kuze kube kuncipha okwenza ukuhlangana phakathi komzimba nomlomo wesibeletho, obizwa ngokuthi yi-isthmus yesibeletho.
• Umlomo wesibeletho yingxenye encishisiwe enezingxenye ezimbili:

  - I-endocervix, noma umsele we-endocervical yingxenye yangaphakathi yomlomo wesibeletho oqala kusukela ku-isthmus futhi uqhubeke kuze kufike ekuvulekeni kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane.

  - I-exocervix, ihambelana nengxenye yangaphandle yomlomo wesibeletho futhi itholakala engxenyeni engenhla yesitho sangasese sowesifazane.

Wall. Udonga lwesibeletho lwakhiwa izingqimba ezintathu (3):

• I-perimetrium ehambelana nengqimba yangaphandle emboze umzimba nengxenye yomlomo wesibeletho.
• I-myometrium eyakha ungqimba oluphakathi olwakhiwe ngemisipha ebushelelezi
• I-endometrium eyakha ungqimba lwangaphakathi oluhlobane nesibeletho nokuba namaseli endlala.

Amaprosesa asekelwe. Imigqa ehlukene isekela isibeletho, ikakhulukazi imigudu ye-uterosacral, noma imigqa eyindilinga yesibeletho. (1)

Iqhaza ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Isibeletho kuhloswe ngaso ukuthi kuhlaliswe umbungu. Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kweqanda, lesi sakamuva sizotshala ku-endometrium ezingeni lomzimba wesibeletho.

Umjikelezo wokuya esikhathini. Kwakha isethi yokuguqulwa kwezinto zokusebenza zesifazane ukuze zithole iqanda elikhulelwe. Uma kungekho ukuvundisa, i-endometrium, ulwelwesi lomzimba wesibeletho, iyaqedwa futhi ikhishwe ngomlomo wesibeletho bese idlulela esithweni sangasese sowesifazane. Lesi simo sihambisana nezikhathi zokuya esikhathini.

I-dysplasia yomlomo wesibeletho. Ama-Dysplasias yizilonda ezingaphambi kwesikhathi. Zivame ukukhula endaweni lapho kuhlangana khona umlomo wesibeletho nomzimba wesibeletho. Bangadlulela kolunye uhlangothi lwe-ectocervix ne-endocervix.

I-papillomavirus yomuntu. I-human papillomavirus (HPV) igciwane elidluliselwa ngocansi. Iza ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene: ezinye zingadala izilonda ezinobungozi emgodleni wesibeletho kuyilapho ezinye zifaka isandla ekwakhiweni kwezilonda ezingapholi. Kulokhu kokugcina, i-human papillomavirus kuthiwa ingaba ne-oncogenic noma "isengozini enkulu" (4).

Izimila ze-Benign. Izicubu ze-Benign (ezingewona umdlavuza) zingakhula (3).

• Izindlala zesibeletho. Lesi isimila esiyingozi sivela emangqamuzaneni emisipha, ikakhulukazi lawo odongeni lwemisipha lwesibeletho.
• I-Endometriosis. Lesi sifo sihambisana nokuthuthukiswa kwezicubu ze-endometrium ngaphandle kwesibeletho.

Umdlavuza wesibeletho. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zomdlavuza zingakhula esibelethweni.

• Umdlavuza we-Endometrial. Lo mdlavuza uvela kumaseli we-endometrium womzimba wesibeletho. Imele iningi lamacala womdlavuza wesibeletho.
• Umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho Umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho kungenzeka lapho izilonda ezingaphambi kwesikhumba, kubandakanya i-dysplasia yomlomo wesibeletho, zikhula zibe ngamangqamuzana omdlavuza.

Ukwelashwa kokuhlinzwa. Ngokuya nge-pathology kanye nenqubekela phambili yayo, ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa kungenziwa njengokukhishwa kwengxenye yesibeletho (conization).

I-Chemotherapy, i-radiotherapy, ukwelashwa okuqondisiwe. Ukwelashwa komdlavuza kungathatha uhlobo lwe-chemotherapy, radiotherapy noma ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe.

Ukuhlolwa komzimba. Okokuqala, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa komzimba ukuhlola izimpawu nezimpawu zobuhlungu.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging yezokwelapha I-Pelvic ultrasound, i-CT scan, noma i-MRI ingasetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa esibelethweni.

I-Hysterography. Lokhu kuhlolwa kuvumela ukubonwa kwesikhumba se-uterine.

IColposcopy: Lokhu kuhlolwa kukuvumela ukuthi ubheke izindonga zomlomo wesibeletho. 5

I-Biopsy: Yenziwa ngaphansi kwe-colposcopy, iqukethe isampula lezicubu.

I-Pap smear: Lokhu kuqukethe isampula lamaseli kusuka ezingeni eliphezulu lesitho sangasese sowesifazane, i-ectocervix ne-endocervix.

Ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kwe-HPV. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwenziwa ukuze kuhlolwe i-human papillomavirus.

Kusukela ngo-2006, sekukhona umuthi wokugoma wokuvikela izifo ngenxa ye-human papillomavirus. Le ntuthuko yezokwelapha yenzeka ngenxa yomsebenzi we-virologist uHarald zur Hausen, owathola umklomelo weNobel kwezokwelapha ngo-20086 Ngemuva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10 yocwaningo, uphumelele ekuboniseni ubudlelwano phakathi kwezifo ezibangwa yi-papillomavirus yomuntu kanye nokwenzeka Umdlavuza.