Uzwane (kusuka ku-arteil yakudala yaseFrance, kusuka ku-Latin articulus, okusho ukuhlangana okuncane) ukunwetshwa konyawo.

Isikhundla. Izinzwane ziyisihlanu ngenombolo onyaweni ngalunye, futhi zibalwa kusukela ebusweni obuphakathi kuya ebusweni obuseceleni:

• uzwane lokuqala, olubizwa ngokuthi i-hallux noma uzwane olukhulu;
• uzwane lwesibili, olubizwa ngokuthi i-secundus noma i-depasus;
• uzwane lwesithathu, olubizwa ngokuthi i-tertius noma i-centrus;
• uzwane lwesine, olubizwa ngokuthi olwesine noma lwangaphambili;
• uzwane lwesi-5, olubizwa ngokuthi i-quintus noma i-exterius, futhi ngokuvamile uzwane oluncane.

Skeleton. Uzwane ngalunye lunama-phalanges amathathu, ngaphandle kozwane lokuqala olunezimbili kuphela. Izisekelo zamaphalange zikhuluma nge-metatarsus (1).

Imisipha. Ukungenelela ikakhulukazi ezinzwaneni, imisipha yonyawo ihlukaniswe izingqimba ezine (1):

• Isendlalelo sokuqala sakhiwe umsipha we-abductor wozwane olukhulu, umsipha we-flexor digitorum brevis kanye nomsipha we-abductor wozwane oluncane.
• Isendlalelo se-2 sakhiwe imisipha ye-lumbar, i-accessory flexor muscle yezinzwane zokugcina ze-4 kanye nama-tendon of the long flexor muscle of the toes.
• Ungqimba lwe-3 lwakhiwe i-flexor digitorum brevis kanye nemisipha ye-adductor hallucis brevis, kanye ne-flexor digitorum brevis muscle.
• Isendlalelo se-4 siqukethe imisipha ye-adductor yezinzwane, ngaphandle kwemisipha ye-abductor yozwane olukhulu oluqukethwe ungqimba lokuqala.

I-Vascularization ne-innervation. Izendlalelo zemisipha yoku-1 neyesi-2 zakha indiza ye-neuro-vascular engaphezulu. Izendlalelo zemisipha yesithathu neyesine zakha indiza ejulile ye-neuro-vascular (3).

Ubungako bezinhlamvu bokuvikela. Izinzwane zizungezwe isikhumba futhi zinezinzipho ezindaweni zazo ezingaphezulu.

Ukuxhaswa kwesisindo somzimba. Omunye wemisebenzi yezinzwane ukuxhasa isisindo somzimba. (2)

Unyawo olumile futhi oluguquguqukayo. Ukwakheka kwezinzwane kusiza ekugcineni ukwesekwa komzimba, ukulinganisela, nokwenza nokunyakaza okuhlukahlukene kufaka phakathi ukuqhuma komzimba lapho uhamba. (2) (3)

Izinkinga ezahlukene zingavela ezinzwaneni. Izimbangela zazo ziyahlukahluka kepha zingaxhunyaniswa ne-deformation, i-malformation, i-trauma, ukutheleleka, ukuvuvukala, noma isifo esiwohlozayo. Lezi zinkinga zingabonakaliswa ikakhulukazi ngobuhlungu ezinyaweni.

Ukuqhekeka kwama-phalanges. Ama-phalanges wezinzwani angaqhekeka. (4)

Ama-Anomalies. Unyawo nezinzwani kungakhubazeka. Isibonelo, i-hallux valgus iwukukhubazeka kokuzalwa okubangela ukuthi uzwane olukhulu lushintshele ngaphandle. Indawo ephakathi nendawo iyakhukhumala futhi iba thambile, ibe buhlungu imbala (5).

Izifo zethambo. Ama-pathologies ahlukene angathinta amathambo futhi aguqule izakhiwo zawo. I-osteoporosis ingenye yezifo ezivame kakhulu. Kwenza ukulahleka kwesisindo samathambo okutholakala kakhulu kubantu abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengama-60. Kugcizelela ubucayi bethambo futhi kuthuthukise izikweletu.

Ukutheleleka. Izinzwane zingathola izifo, okuhlanganisa isikhunta namagciwane.

• Unyawo lomdlali. I-Athlete's foot yisifo sokukhunta esitholakala esikhumbeni sezinzwani.
• I-Onychomycosis. Le pathology, ebizwa nangokuthi i-nail fungus, ihambisana nokutheleleka kwefungal ezinzipho. Izinzipho ezithinteka kakhulu ngokuvamile izinzwane ezinkulu nezincane (6).
• I-Plantar warts. Kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ezinzwaneni, bakha ukutheleleka ngegciwane okuholela ezilonda esikhumbeni.

I-Rheumatism. I-Rheumatism ihlanganisa zonke izifo ezithinta amalunga, ikakhulukazi lawo amazwane. Uhlobo oluthile lwe-arthritis, i-gout ngokuvamile ivela emalungeni ozwane olukhulu.

Ukwelashwa. Ngokuya nge-pathology etholakele, ukwelashwa okuhlukile kungabekwa ukulawula noma ukuqinisa izicubu zethambo, ukunciphisa ubuhlungu nokuvuvukala. Uma kwenzeka kutheleleka, ama-anti-infectives angabekwa njengama-antifungal.

Ukwelapha okuhlinzwa. Ngokuya ngesifo esitholakele, kungenziwa ukuhlinzwa. Uma kwenzeka ukuphuka, ukubekwa kwezikhonkwane, ipuleti eligcinwe ngezikulufa noma isilungisi sangaphandle kungase kudingeke.

Ukwelashwa kwamathambo. Uma kwenzeka kuphuka, i-plaster cast ingenziwa.

Ukuhlolwa komzimba. Ukuxilongwa kuqala ngokubheka izinzwane nokuhlolwa kwezimpawu ezibonwa isiguli.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging yezokwelapha. Ukuhlolwa komtholampilo kuvame ukulekelelwa ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging yezokwelapha njenge-X-ray, i-CT scan, i-MRI, i-scintigraphy noma i-bone densitometry yokuhlola izifo zamathambo.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezokwelapha. Ukuze uhlonze ama-pathologies athile, ukuhlaziya igazi noma umchamo kungenziwa, njengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, umthamo we-phosphorus noma we-calcium. Endabeni yokutheleleka kwefungal, kungase kuthathwe isampula ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuxilongwa.

Ukuma nokuhlelwa kwezinzwane. Izinkulumo ezehlukene zivame ukusetshenziswa ukuchaza ukuma nokuhlelwa kwezinzwane. Igama elithi “unyawo lwaseGibhithe” lihambisana nezinyawo izinzwane zazo ezinosayizi onciphayo ukusuka komkhulu kuya kowozwane. Igama elithi "unyawo lwesiGrikhi" lichaza izinyawo ozwane lwaso lwesibili olude kunezinye. Igama elithi “square foot” lisetshenziswa uma zonke izinzwani zinobude obufanayo.