Intshisekelo ejulile yefilosofi igxile esihlokweni se-antispeciesism, izimiso zokuziphatha zezilwane, ubudlelwano phakathi komuntu nesilwane. ULeonardo Caffo ushicilele izincwadi ezimbalwa ngale ndaba, ikakhulukazi: I-Manifesto of Vulnerable Antispeciesism. Ingulube ngeke yenze uguquko” 2013, “Animal Nature Today” 2013, “The Limit of Humanity” 2014, “Constructivism and Naturalism in Metaethics” 2014. Uphinde asebenze emikhiqizweni yaseshashalazini. Emisebenzini yakhe, uLeonardo Caffo unikeza abafundi ukubukeka okusha ngokuphelele kwethiyori ye-antispeciesism, ukubukeka okusha kobudlelwano phakathi komuntu nesilwane, obungenakukushiya ungenandaba.
Ingulube ngeke yenze uguquko. I-Manifesto of Vulnerable Anti-Speciesism (okucashuniwe encwadini)
“Izilwane ezizalwa zingenalutho ngaphandle kweshwa lokungabi abantu, ziphila impilo embi, emfishane futhi elusizi. Kuphela ngoba kusemandleni ethu ukusebenzisa ukuphila kwabo ukuze kuzuze thina. Izilwane ziyadliwa, zisetshenziswe ocwaningweni, zenziwa izingubo, futhi uma unenhlanhla, zizovalelwa ezu noma esekisini. Noma ubani ophila engakunaki lokhu kufanele ajabule ecabanga ukuthi izinkinga ezimbi kakhulu zomhlaba sezinqotshiwe kuze kube manje nokuthi ukuphila kwethu kunokuziphatha okuhle ngokuphelele. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi bonke lobu buhlungu bukhona, udinga ukubhala hhayi ngombono wabameli bezilwane, kodwa kusukela ekubukeni kwesilwane.
Umbuzo okhona kule ncwadi uthi: ingathini ingulube uma ingathola ithuba lokudweba indlela yoguquko oluhlose ukukhululwa kwayo, ukukhululwa kwezilwane zonke?
Inhloso yale ncwadi ukuthi ngemva kokuyifunda, awusekho umehluko phakathi kwakho nengulube.
Ekhuluma ngamafilosofi angaphambili, sikhumbula, okokuqala, uPeter Singer noTom Regan. Kodwa kukhona amaphutha emibonweni yabo.
Peter Singer kanye ne-Animal Liberation.
Ithiyori kaPeter Singer iyi-manifesto yobuhlungu. Ukulandisa okucophelelayo kobuhlungu bezilwane ezihlatshwa ezilaheni. Enkabeni yethiyori kaPeter Singer kukhona Ubuhlungu. Kulokhu, sikhuluma nge-Feeling-centrism. Futhi njengoba kokubili izilwane nabantu bezwa ubuhlungu ngendlela efanayo, khona-ke, ngokukaSinger, umthwalo wemfanelo wokubangela ubuhlungu kufanele ufane.
Kodwa-ke, iphrojekthi ehlongozwa ngu-André Ford ichitha inkolelo kaSinger.
U-Andre Ford wenza iphrojekthi yokukhiqiza izinkukhu ngobuningi ngaphandle kwengxenye ye-cerebral cortex enesibopho sokuzwa ubuhlungu. Lolu hlelo luzovumela ukukhuliswa kwezinkukhu ezifika kweziyi-11 ku-m3 ngayinye esikhundleni sezi-3. Amapulazi amakhulu lapho izinkulungwane zezinkukhu zibekwe emafreyimeni aqondile njengaku-Matrix. Ukudla, amanzi nomoya kunikezwa ngamashubhu, izinkukhu azinayo imilenze. Futhi konke lokhu kudalwe ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili, eyokuqala iwukuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo senyama kanti okwesibili ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yokuphila kwezinkukhu emapulazini, ngokuqeda umuzwa wobuhlungu. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kukhombisa ukwehluleka kwethiyori kaSinger. Ukukhishwa kwezinhlungu namanje akunikezi ilungelo lokubulala. Ngakho-ke, lokhu akukwazi ukuba yisiqalo endabeni yenhlalakahle yezilwane.
UTom Regan.
U-Tom Regan ungenye insika yefilosofi Yamalungelo Ezilwane. Ugqozi ngemuva kwe-Animal Rights Movement.
Imizabalazo yabo eyinhloko yilena: ukuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane ekuhloleni kwesayensi, ukuqeda ukuzalanisa okuzenzela kwezilwane, ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane ngenjongo yokuzijabulisa, nokuzingela.
Kodwa ngokungafani noSinger, ifilosofi yakhe isekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi zonke izidalwa eziphilayo zinamalungelo alinganayo, futhi ikakhulukazi: ilungelo lokuphila, inkululeko nokungabi nobudlova. NgokukaRegan, zonke izilwane ezincelisayo ezinikezwe ukuhlakanipha ziyizinto zokuphila ngakho zinelungelo lokuphila. Uma sibulala futhi sisebenzisa izilwane, ngakho-ke, ngokusho kukaRegan, kulokhu kufanele sicabangele kabusha imiqondo yelungelo lokuphila nokujeziswa.
Kodwa nakule filosofi siyawabona amaphutha. Okokuqala, ngomqondo we-ontological, umqondo we "Right" awucacile. Okwesibili, izidalwa eziphilayo ezingaphiwanga ingqondo ziphucwa amalungelo azo. Futhi okwesithathu, kunezimo eziningi eziphikisana nombono kaRegan. Futhi ikakhulukazi: umuntu osesimweni semifino, e-coma, angaphucwa impilo yakhe.
Njengoba sibona, akuyona yonke into elula kangaka. Futhi uma isinqumo sokuba umuntu ongadli imifino, esisekelwe embonweni kaSinger, kwakuyiyona ndlela engcono kakhulu emzabalazweni wenkululeko yezilwane, kungaba ngokwemvelo ukuba izazi zezilwane zisole bonke labo abadla inyama. Kodwa iphuzu elibuthakathaka lalesi sikhundla ukuthi kunzima ukukholisa abantu ngalokho okufanele bakwenze nokungafanele bakwenze lapho konke abakwenzayo kugunyazwe, kuvikelwe futhi kwamukelwe umphakathi futhi kusekelwe umthetho kuwo wonke amadolobha kulo mhlaba.
Enye inkinga ukuthi ukunyakaza okusekelwe ekushintsheni kokudla kuyingozi ekufihleni izikhundla zangempela kanye nemigomo yenkululeko yezilwane. Ama-Animalists - noma ama-antispeciesists - akufanele athulwe njengalabo "abangakudli okuthile", kodwa njengabathwali bombono omusha kulo mhlaba. Ukunyakaza kwe-antispeciesism kufanele kubangele ukwamukeleka kwezimiso zokuziphatha nezombangazwe, ithuba lokuba khona komphakathi ngaphandle kokuxhashazwa kwezilwane, ngaphandle kokuphakama kwaphakade kwe-Homo sapiens. Lo msebenzi, leli themba lobudlelwano obusha obuzoshintsha ngokuphelele umphakathi wethu, akumele uphathiswe ama-vegans, abathwali bendlela entsha yokuphila, kodwa kwabamelene nezinhlobo, abathwali befilosofi entsha yokuphila. Ngokunjalo, futhi mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu, kuyilungelo lenhlangano yezilwane ukufuna ukukhulumela labo abangenazwi. Konke ukufa kumele kuzwakale enhliziyweni yawo wonke umuntu.
I-antispeciesism esengozini
Kungani besengozini?
Ukuba sengozini kwethiyori yami, okokuqala, eqinisweni lokuthi ayiphelele, njengemibono kaSinger noRegan, esekelwe kumetaethics enembile. Okwesibili, ubungozi busesiqubulweni ngokwaso esithi: “Izilwane ziza kuqala.”
Kodwa okokuqala, ake sithole ukuthi iyini ngempela i-Speciesism?
Umbhali waleli gama nguPeter Singer, owakhuluma ngokuphakama kohlobo olulodwa lwesidalwa ngaphezu kwezinye, kulokhu, ukuphakama kwabantu ngaphezu kwabantu abangebona abantu.
Izincazelo eziningi zanikezwa kamuva kakhulu, kusukela kuSinger kuya ku-Nibert. Kokubili izincazelo ezinhle nezimbi. Ngokuvamile, izinhlobo ezimbili zicatshangelwa, ngokusekelwe lapho izinkomba ezimbili ze-antispeciesism zithuthukiswa.
Natural - kusho ukukhetha uhlobo olulodwa, okuhlanganisa i-Homo sapiens, ngaphezu kwezinye izinhlobo. Lokhu kungaholela ekuvikelweni kwezinhlobo zomuntu kanye nokwenqatshwa kolunye uhlobo. Futhi kulokhu, singakhuluma ngokuchema.
Ngokwemvelo - kusho ukwephulwa komthetho okusemthethweni kwezilwane ngumphakathi wabantu, ukubulawa kwezigidigidi zezilwane ngezizathu ezahlukene. Ukubulala ngokucwaninga, okokugqoka, ukudla, ukuzijabulisa. Kulokhu, singakhuluma ngemibono.
Ukulwa "ne-antispeciesism yemvelo" ngokuvamile kuphetha ngephutha ngesitayela sikaZamir, ovumelana nokuba khona kwezinongo emphakathini kanye nokuhlonipha amalungelo ezilwane. Kodwa umqondo we-speciesism awupheli. (T. Zamir “Ethics and the beast”). Umzabalazo wokulwa “ne-antispeciesism engeyona eyemvelo” uphumela ezingxoxweni zefilosofi nezombusazwe. Lapho empeleni isitha sangempela sesimo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi kuwumqondo weSpeciesism kanye nodlame olusemthethweni olubhekiswe ezilwaneni! Kuthiyori ye-ancic-anti-speciesism, ngigqamisa amaphuzu alandelayo: 1. Ukukhululwa kwezilwane kanye nokuvinjelwa kwabantu. 2. Ukushintsha ukuziphatha komuntu ngamunye njengesenzo sokungamukeli iqiniso elikhona ngokwethiyori kaG. Thoreau (Henry David Thoreau) 3. Ukubuyekezwa komthetho kanye nohlelo lwentela. Izintela akumele zisahamba ukusekela ukubulawa kwezilwane. 4. Ukunyakaza kwe-antispeciesism akukwazi ukuba nabalingani bezombangazwe abacabangela, okokuqala, inzuzo yomuntu ngamunye. Ngoba: 5. Inhlangano emelene nochwepheshe ibeka isilwane kuqala. Ngokusekelwe kulezi zisusa, ungase uthi ukunyakaza okulwa nochwepheshe akunakwenzeka ukukusebenzisa. Futhi sisele nokukhethwa kwezindlela ezimbili: a) Ukulandela indlela yokuziphatha noma yezombangazwe anti-specialism, okuyinto presupposes ukuguqulwa ithiyori. b) Noma siqhubeke nokuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono ye-antispeciesism esengozini, siqaphela ukuthi umzabalazo wethu awuwona nje umzabalazo wabantu, kodwa futhi umzabalazo wabantu wamalungelo ezilwane. Ukumemezela ukuthi ubuso bamanzi bengulube ngaphambi kokuhlatshwa bubaluleke ngaphezu kwawo wonke amaphupho esintu okunqoba izilwandle, izintaba namanye amaplanethi. Futhi ukukhetha indlela b, sikhuluma ngezinguquko ezibalulekile ezimpilweni zethu: 1. Ukutholwa komqondo omusha wezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ukubheka kabusha umqondo we-antispeciesism. 2. Ukufeza lokho ngenxa yoshintsho ekuqapheleni komuntu ngamunye, izilwane zizobekwa phambili kuqala futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukukhululwa kwazo. 3. Ukunyakaza kwezilwane, okokuqala, ukuhamba kwama-altruists
Futhi ukuphela komzabalazo akufanele kube ukwamukelwa kwemithetho emisha evimbelayo, kodwa ukunyamalala komqondo wokusebenzisa izilwane nganoma iyiphi injongo. Ukumemezela ukukhululwa kwezilwane, ngokuvamile kushiwo ngalokho umuntu okufanele akhawule kukho, ukuthi yini enqabe nokuthi yini okufanele ayijwayele. Kodwa ngokuvamile le “mikhuba” ayinangqondo. Kuye kwashiwo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ukuthi izilwane zisetshenziswa njengokudla, okokugqoka, ukuzijabulisa, kodwa ngaphandle kwalokhu umuntu angaphila! Kungani kungekho muntu owake wabeka isilwane enkabeni yenkolelo-mbono, engakhulumi ngokuphazamiseka komuntu, kodwa ekhuluma, okokuqala, ngokuphela kokuhlupheka kanye nokuqala kwempilo entsha? Ithiyori ye-anti-speciesism esengozini ithi: "Isilwane siza kuqala" kanye ne-Bast!
Singasho ukuthi i-antispeciesism iwuhlobo lwezimiso zokuziphatha zezilwane, hhayi izimiso zokuziphatha emqondweni wayo jikelele, kodwa indlela ekhethekile endabeni yokuvikelwa kwezilwane. Izazi zefilosofi eziningi engiye ngathola ithuba lokuxoxa nazo eminyakeni yamuva nje zithi izinkolelo-mbono ze-antispeciesism kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziyantengantenga. Ngoba ukucwasa akugcini ngobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu nezilwane, kodwa kukhona futhi phakathi kwabantu, imvelo yomuntu nokunye. Kodwa lokhu kuqinisekisa kuphela ukuthi ukucwasa okungekhona okwemvelo, okuphambene nemvelo kangakanani emvelweni yethu. Kodwa akekho owake washo ngaphambili, noSinger noma ezinye izazi zefilosofi, ukuthi ukucwasa kuyaphambana futhi kuxhumene, ukuthi ukuhlolwa okubanzi kwendima yokuphila komuntu kanye nendaba yayo kuyadingeka. Futhi uma namuhla ungibuza ukuthi kungani ifilosofi idingeka, okungenani ifilosofi yokuziphatha, angikwazanga ukuphendula ngenye indlela kunalokho: kuyadingeka ukuze kukhululwe zonke izilwane ezisetshenziswa umuntu ukuze kuzuze yena. Ingulube ayenzi uguquko, ngakho kufanele silwenze.
Futhi uma kuphakama umbuzo wokubhujiswa kwesintu, njengendlela elula yokuphuma kulesi simo, ngingaphendula ngokungananazi ukuthi “Cha.” Kumele kuphele umqondo ohlanekezelwe wokubona ukuphila nokuqala okusha, lapho kuzoqalwa khona ukuthi “Isilwane okokuqala".
Ngokubambisana nomlobi, isihloko salungiswa nguJulia Kuzmicheva