Okuqukethwe
Ingulube ezacile inamagama amaningi “avela kubantu” – i-dunyasha, indlebe yengulube, i-filly, isibaya, ingulube, i-solokha. Ngokuzungezile, isikhathi eside, izingxabano azizange ziphele - noma ngabe leli khowe liyadliwa noma liyingozi kubantu. Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwawo-80s wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ingulube ezacile yayibhekwa njengephephile ngokuphelele ukuyidla, yayiyisivakashi esivamile ematafuleni ngendlela yamakhukhamba, njengengxenye yesobho, amasoso nezitsha zezinhlangothi. Ngemva kuka-1981, ngenxa yocwaningo olwathatha isikhathi eside, odokotela nezazi zokudla bathola ukuthi ezinye izinto eziqukethwe kuleli khowe zinganqwabelana emzimbeni futhi zidale umonakalo omkhulu kuwo. Ngo-1993, amakhowe ahlukaniswa njengobuthi futhi angenakudliwa. Nokho, abanye abacosha amakhowe, ngisho nalabo abanolwazi nabanongwe, bayaqhubeka beqoqa futhi bepheka inyama yengulube ezacile, bayidle futhi bahlanganyele izindlela zokupheka.
I-mushroom ivame kakhulu, futhi "ukubukeka" kwayo ngezinye izikhathi kukhohlisa ngisho nabaqoki bamakhowe abanokuhlangenwe nakho, njengoba kubukeka njengezinhlobo ezithile zamakhowe adliwayo afanele usawoti.
Izindawo zokukhula nokubukeka kwengulube enobuthi
Ingulube ezacile iyindawo ehlala emahlathini aluhlaza nangama-coniferous, evame ukutholakala emahlathini e-birch nama-oki, ezihlahleni. Iphinde ikhule emaphethelweni amaxhaphozi nemihosha, emaphethelweni, ku-moss eduze nesisekelo se-firs kanye ne-pines, ezimpandeni zezihlahla eziwile. Isikhunta sithanda inhlabathi emanzi futhi sivame ukutholakala sikhula ngamaqembu. Ibonakala nge-fecundity ephezulu phakathi nesikhathi sonke sokuvuna, esiqala ngoJulayi kuya ku-Okthoba.
Ubunzima bokubona ingulube encane ukuthi ikhowe lifana kakhulu nezihlobo zalo ezidliwayo, kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziphephile.
Isici esihlukanisayo sengulube isigqoko esiminyene esiyinyama, esinobubanzi obuyi-10 kuya ku-20 cm. Ukuma kwayo kuyahlukahluka kuye ngeminyaka yesikhunta. Kunoma ikuphi, inemiphetho egobile, ezibonelweni ezisencane ikepisi liyajikajika kancane, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi liba yisicaba futhi licindezeleke kancane phakathi nendawo, kanti kumakhowe amadala limise okwefaneli. Unqenqema luyivelvety ngokungalingani uma uthintwa. Umbala we-cap ungaba-brown-brown noma ngaphezulu, i-ocher - lokhu kubuye kuncike ekutheni i-mushroom ikhule isikhathi eside kangakanani. Uma esimweni sezulu esomile i-cap ye-mushroom isomile futhi i-fleecy, khona-ke ngemva kwemvula iyanamathela futhi ishelele.
Ama-cap plate anomumo owehla eduze kwesiqu kanye nombala onsundu ngokuphuzi. Ziwugqinsi, azivamile, zinezinhlamvu - ezinsundu, ezibushelelezi, ezinomumo we-ellipsoidal.
Umlenze wengulube mncane futhi mfushane - awukho ngaphezu kuka-10 cm, cishe u-1,5-2 cm ubukhulu, imibala ivame ukufana nesigqoko. Ngaphakathi akuyona igobolondo, imvamisa inesimo se-cylindrical, kwesinye isikhathi iba mncane ukusuka ngezansi.
Ukuhlola ukubukeka nephunga le-pulp yamakhowe kuyindlela eqinisekile yokuthola ukuthi iphephe kangakanani. Uma iphukile noma inqunywe, inyama iba mnyama ngokuthintana nomoya, inombala omnyama omnyama kanye nephunga elimnandi lezinkuni ezibolayo - lo mehluko ngokuvamile wenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhomba izibonelo ezingenakudliwa. Ngokuvamile, ezifanekisweni ezivuthiwe nezindala, ingaphakathi lidliwa ama-parasites nezinambuzane.
I-mushroom ithole igama layo ngokunembile ngoba ibukeka njengendlebe yengulube: ngenxa yokuthi umlenze awukho phakathi nendawo ye-cap, kodwa ugudluke kancane onqenqemeni, awunawo umumo olungile oyindilinga.
Ithonya emzimbeni, imiphumela yokudla ingulube encane
Kuze kube ngo-1993, i-mushroom yayibhekwa njengento edliwayo, yayiqoqwe futhi ithosiwe, ibilisiwe, ifakwe usawoti. Ngemva kweminyaka engama-93, yayibhekwa njengobuthi, kodwa abavuni abaningi bamakhowe, ngenxa yomkhuba wabo kanye nokunganaki kwabo, basaqhubeka nokuqoqa futhi balungise leli “bhomu” elinobuthi. Umshini wesenzo sawo ufana nomphumela wokuchayeka emisebeni: imiphumela emibi ngokuvamile ayiveli ngokushesha, kodwa ibe nomphumela okhulayo, okungukuthi, ubuthi kulawa makhowe bungaba bungapheli. Kungenzeka ukuthi yingakho abantu beqhubeka nokusebenzisa indlebe yengulube, bekholelwa ngokungenangqondo ukuthi uma izimpawu ezishaqisayo zingaveli ngokushesha, khona-ke konke kuhamba kahle. Lo mbono oyiphutha uyingozi kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu eziningana:
- i-mushroom iqukethe i-hemolysin, i-hemoglutin, i-lectin, i-muscarine - izinto ezinobuthi, kuyilapho ezimbili zokugcina zazo zingabhubhi ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kokushisa;
- izinto ezinobuthi neziyingozi ezikufungus azikhishwa emzimbeni ngesikhathi sokuphila;
- kubantu abahlushwa ukwehluleka kwezinso, izitsha ezivela ezingulubeni ezincane zingabangela ubuthi obunzima nomphumela obulalayo.
Ngenxa yokuqukethwe ubuthi be-muscarine, indlebe yengulube iqhathaniswa ne-fly agaric. Umehluko wukuthi uma udla i-fly agaric, izimpawu zobuthi nokufa zizokwenzeka phakathi nosuku, futhi imiphumela yokudla izingulube izovela kamuva kakhulu.
Ingulube ezacile idala ukungezwani okunamandla emzimbeni. Njengomphumela wokusetshenziswa kwesikhunta, izinguquko ezingenakuguqulwa zenzeka egazini: amasosha omzimba aqala ukukhiqizwa kumangqamuzana awo abomvu egazi. Ama-erythrocyte ayabhujiswa, i-anemia kanye nokwehluleka kwezinso kuqala. Esikhathini esizayo, ukuqala kokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo, isifo sohlangothi noma i-thrombosis kungenzeka.
Izingulube ezizacile zinezinto ezinamandla zokumunca:, njengesipontshi, zimunca usawoti wezinsimbi ezisindayo, ama-isotopes anemisebe ye-cesium nethusi emvelweni. Eqoqwe eduze kwemigwaqo, izimboni, izimboni zamandla enuzi, lawa makhowe aba yingozi nakakhulu futhi abe yingozi. Ngobuthi obungapheli, kwanele ukuba ngezikhathi ezithile udle amanani amancane endlebe yengulube, isibonelo, ngendlela enosawoti. Esikhathini esisuka ezinyangeni ezingu-2-3 kuya eminyakeni eminingana, izinkinga zempilo zokuqala zingavela.
Okungenhla akusho ukuthi isikhunta asikwazi ukubangela ubuthi obunzima ngokushesha ngemva kokudla. Iqembu engozini lihlanganisa izingane, asebekhulile, kanye nalabo abaphethwe izifo ipheshana emathunjini kanye nezinso. Kubo, ukudla isidlo samakhowe imizuzu engama-30-40 ngemuva kokudla kungadala izimpawu ezilandelayo:
- ubuhlungu obukhulu ku-peritoneum;
- isifo sohudo;
- isicanucanu nokuhlanza;
- i-jaundice;
- i-pallor;
- ukwanda kokuhlukana kwamathe;
- ukujuluka;
- ubuthakathaka, ukungasebenzi kahle kokuxhumana;
- hypotension.
Uma kwenzeka ukuthi inani elikhulu le-toxin lingene emzimbeni, khona-ke i-edema yezicubu zobuchopho namaphaphu kwenzeka, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukufa kwenzeka.
Usizo lokuqala lokubonakaliswa kobuthi
Ubuthi bamakhowe bubhekwa njengenye yezinto eziyingozi kakhulu. Uma kuvela noma yiziphi izimpawu ezisolisayo ngemva kokudla izingulube ezizacile, kufanele ushayele i-ambulensi ngokushesha noma uhambise isisulu esibhedlela esiseduze ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngaphambi kokuba umuntu onobuthi awele ezandleni zochwepheshe, ukugezwa kwesisu kuzoba usizo. Kuyadingeka ukuphuza amanzi afudumele abilisiwe, bese ugqugquzela ukuhlanza kuze kube yilapho okuqukethwe okuphumayo kuhlanzekile, ngaphandle kwemfucumfucu yokudla. Ungasebenzisa amalahle acushiwe ngobuningi. Kodwa-ke, odokotela kuphela abanganikeza usizo oluphelele oluphelele, ngakho-ke ukuzilapha akwamukeleki, futhi kufanele kuxhunyanwe nesibhedlela kunoma yikuphi, noma ngabe lezi zinyathelo zokusiza zokuqala ziye zanciphisa izimpawu.
Ubuthi obungapheli buyingozi ngoba akukho-antidote kubo - unganciphisa kuphela imiphumela ngosizo lwe-plasmapheresis kanye nezinqubo ze-hemodialysis, futhi ususe ukusabela okweqile ngokusebenzisa ama-antihistamines.
Ingulube izacile - isakhamuzi esiyingozi samahlathi. Isebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ukufana kwayo namanye amakhowe adliwayo, kanye neqiniso lokuthi abanye abathandi bamakhowe bathembele kulokho “mhlawumbe ayokuthwala”, ingena kubhasikidi wabaqoki bamakhowe, bese, isilungile, ematafuleni okudlela.
Ukusetshenziswa kwaleli mushroom kufana ne-roulette yaseRussia - ubuthi bungenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ngoba akunakwenzeka ukubikezela ukuthi mangaki ubuthi nobuthi obuzoba yingozi emzimbeni.
Ngisho noma zingekho izinkinga ngokushesha ngemva kokudla, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imiphumela yokuchayeka ebuthini emzimbeni izozenza zizwakale ngokuwohloka kwenhlalakahle nezinkinga zempilo. Izakhiwo ezinqwabelene zezinto eziyingozi endlebeni yengulube ziphazamisa ukusebenza kwezinso, isimo segazi, kanye nesimiso senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.
Ngakho-ke, odokotela, izazi zokudla okunomsoco, nabaqoki bamakhowe abanokuhlangenwe nakho okwengeziwe bayeluleka ngokukhetha amanye amakhowe, adliwayo naphephile ukuze uwakha futhi uwapheke.