Okuqukethwe
Amathrendi abheka ukuthi kungani sithanda ukuthuthukisa izithombe zethu zenkundla yezokuxhumana kuyilapho sihlushwa amathuba okuthi "izimonyo" zedijithali
"Ukuthuthukisa" isithombe sangaphandle kwaqala ngesikhathi lapho umuntu wokuqala ebuka esibukweni. Ukubopha izinyawo, amazinyo amnyama, izindebe ezingcolile nge-mercury, ukusebenzisa i-powder ene-arsenic - ama-eras ashintshile, kanye nomqondo wobuhle, futhi abantu baye baqhamuka nezindlela ezintsha zokugcizelela ukukhanga. Kulezi zinsuku, ngeke umangaze noma ubani ngezimonyo, izithende, ukuzishukela, izingubo zangaphansi ezicindezelayo noma ubhodisi ophusha phezulu. Ngosizo lwezindlela zangaphandle, abantu badlulisela isikhundla sabo, izwe labo langaphakathi, isimo sengqondo noma isimo ngaphandle.
Kodwa-ke, uma kuziwa ezithombeni, ababukeli balungele ukubheka iminonjana ye-Photoshop ukuze baveze ngokushesha lowo oyisebenzisayo. Uyini umehluko phakathi kwemivimbo ngaphansi kwamehlo, egcotshwe ngebhulashi lomculi wokwenza izinto, naleyo esulwe inethiwekhi ye-neural ehlakaniphile? Futhi uma ubheka kabanzi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-retouch kusithinta kanjani isimo sethu sengqondo ngokubukeka kwethu nokubukeka kwabanye?
I-Photoshop: Ukuqala
Ukuthatha izithombe kwaba ngumlandeli wokudweba, ngakho-ke esigabeni sokuqala kukopishwe indlela yokudala isithombe: ngokuvamile umthwebuli wezithombe wengeza izici ezidingekayo esithombeni futhi asuse okweqile. Lokhu kwakuwumkhuba ojwayelekile, ngoba abadwebi abadweba izithombe ezivela emvelweni nabo babenakekela amamodeli abo ngezindlela eziningi. Ukunciphisa ikhala, ukunciphisa ukhalo, ukulungisa imibimbi - izicelo zabantu abahlonishwayo azizange zisishiye ithuba lokuthola ukuthi laba bantu babebukeka kanjani emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Njengasekuthwebuleni izithombe, ukungenelela akuzange kube ngcono ngaso sonke isikhathi umphumela.
Kuma-studio wezithombe, aqala ukuvulwa emadolobheni amaningi ekuqaleni kokukhiqizwa kwamakhamera amaningi, kanye nabathwebuli bezithombe, kwakukhona nabasebenza kabusha kubasebenzi. Isazi sokuthwebula izithombe nomdwebi uFranz Fiedler wabhala: “Lezo zindawo zokuthwebula izithombe ezaphendukela ekuthinteni izithombe zazikhethwa kakhulu. Imibimbi ebusweni yayigcotshiwe; ubuso obunamabala 'babuhlanzwa' ngokuphelele ngokuthintana kabusha; ogogo baphenduka amantombazane amancane; izici zobuntu zomuntu zasulwa ngokuphelele. Imaski engenalutho, eyisicaba ibithathwa njengesithombe esiyimpumelelo. Ukunambitheka okubi kwakungenamingcele, futhi uhwebo lwalo lwachuma.
Kubonakala sengathi inkinga eyabhalwa uFiedler cishe eminyakeni engu-150 edlule ayikalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo ngisho namanje.
Ukuthinta kabusha isithombe bekulokhu kukhona njengenqubo edingekayo yokulungiselela isithombe ukuze siphrintwe. Kwakuyisidingo futhi kusalokhu kuyisidingo sokukhiqiza, ngaphandle kwalokho ukushicilelwa okungenakwenzeka. Ngosizo lokuthinta kabusha, isibonelo, abagcinanga ngokushelela ubuso babaholi beqembu, kodwa futhi basusa abantu ababengabaza ngesikhathi esithile ezithombeni. Kodwa-ke, uma ngaphambili, ngaphambi kokugxumela kwezobuchwepheshe ekuthuthukisweni kokuxhumana kolwazi, akuwona wonke umuntu owaziyo ukuhlela izithombe, ngakho-ke ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-intanethi, wonke umuntu wathola ithuba lokuba "inguqulo engcono kakhulu yabo".
I-Photoshop 1990 ikhishwe ku-1.0. Ekuqaleni, wayenakekela izidingo zemboni yokunyathelisa. Ngo-1993, uhlelo lwafika ku-Windows, futhi i-Photoshop yaqala ukusakazwa, inikeze abasebenzisi izinketho ebezingacatshangwa ngaphambili. Eminyakeni engu-30 yokuba khona kwalo, lolu hlelo luye lwashintsha kakhulu umbono wethu ngomzimba womuntu, ngoba iningi lezithombe esizibonayo manje ziphinde zathintwa. Indlela yokuzithanda isinzima kakhulu. “Izimo eziningi ngisho nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo imbala kusekelwe emehlukweni phakathi kwezithombe zomuntu wangempela kanye nomuntu owuthandayo. Ubuyena bangempela yindlela umuntu azibheka ngayo. Ubuyena obufanele yilokho angathanda ukuba yikho. Lapho igebe elikhulu phakathi kwalezi zithombe ezimbili, kulapho umuntu enganeliseki khona, ”kuphawula uDaria Averkova, udokotela wezengqondo, onguchwepheshe eMtholampilo we-CBT, ngale nkinga.
Njengakukhava
Ngemuva kokusungulwa kwe-Photoshop, ukuthungatha kabusha isithombe okunolaka kwaqala ukuzuza umfutho. Lo mkhuba waqale wathathwa omagazini abacwebezelayo, abaqala ukuhlela imizimba yamamodeli kakade ephelele, okwenza izinga elisha lobuhle. Iqiniso laqala ukuguquka, iso lomuntu lajwayela i-canonical 90-60-90.
Ihlazo lokuqala elihlobene nokukhohliswa kwezithombe ezicwebezelayo kwaqubuka ngo-2003. Isihlabani se-Titanic u-Kate Winslet usole esidlangalaleni i-GQ ngokuthinta kabusha isithombe sakhe sekhava. Umlingisikazi, okhuthaza ubuhle bemvelo ngentshiseko, unciphise izinqe zakhe ngendlela emangalisayo futhi welula imilenze yakhe ukuze angabe esafana naye. Izitatimende ezinamahloni "zokuba" zemvelo zenziwe ezinye izincwadi. Isibonelo, ngo-2009, i-French Elle yafaka izithombe ezingavuthiwe ze-actress uMonica Bellucci no-Eva Herzigova esembozweni, ngaphezu kwalokho, ababengazigqoki izimonyo. Nokho, isibindi sokushiya isithombe esihle sasinganele kubo bonke abezindaba. Endaweni yobungcweti yama-retouchers, kwavela ngisho nezibalo zabo zezingxenye zomzimba ezihlelwa kaningi: kwakungamehlo nesifuba.
Manje i-"clumsy photoshop" ibhekwa njengefomu elibi ku-gloss. Imikhankaso eminingi yokukhangisa ayakhiwe ngokungabi nasici, kodwa emaphutheni omzimba womuntu. Kuze kube manje, lezi zindlela zokuphromotha zibanga impikiswano eshubile phakathi kwabafundi, kodwa sekunezinguquko ezinhle maqondana nemvelo, osekuba umkhuba. Kubandakanya ezingeni lezomthetho - ngo-2017, abezindaba baseFrance babephoqelekile ukuthi bamake "i-retouched" ezithombeni besebenzisa i-Photoshop.
Ukuthinta kabusha entendeni yesandla
Ngokushesha, ukuthungatha kabusha isithombe, okwakungakaze kuphuphe ngisho nangochwepheshe ngawo-2011, kwatholakala kubo bonke abanikazi be-smartphone. I-Snapchat yethulwa ngo-2013, i-FaceTune ngo-2016, kanye ne-FaceTune2 ngo-2016. Ozakwabo bagcwele i-App Store kanye ne-Google Play. Ngo-XNUMX, Izindaba zavela ku-Instagram platform (ephethwe yi-Meta - eyaziwa njengeyingozi futhi ivinjelwe ezweni lethu), futhi eminyakeni emithathu kamuva abathuthukisi bengeze ikhono lokusebenzisa izihlungi namamaski esithombeni. Le micimbi imake ukuqala kwenkathi entsha yokuthinta kabusha isithombe nevidiyo ngokuchofoza okukodwa.
Konke lokhu kwabhebhethekisa umkhuba wokuhlanganiswa kokubukeka komuntu, ukuqala kwawo okubhekwa njengeminyaka yawo-1950 - isikhathi sokuzalwa kobuntatheli obucwebezelayo. Ngenxa ye-inthanethi, izimpawu zobuhle sezifinyeleleke kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokusho kwesazi-mlando sobuhle uRachel Weingarten, ngaphambi kokuba abameleli bezinhlanga ezahlukene baphuphe into efanayo: abantu base-Asia babefisa isikhumba esimhlophe qhwa, ama-Afrika namaLatinos ayeziqhenya ngezinqulu eziluhlaza, futhi abaseYurophu babekubheka njengenhlanhla ukuba namehlo amakhulu. Manje isithombe sowesifazane ofanelekayo sesiye sajwayeleka kangangokuthi imibono ecatshangwayo mayelana nokubukeka ifakwe kuzilungiselelo zohlelo lokusebenza. Amashiya aminyene, izindebe ezigcwele, ukubukeka kwekati, ama-cheekbones aphakeme, ikhala elincane, izimonyo eziqoshiwe ngemicibisholo - kuzo zonke izinhlobo zabo zokusebenza, izihlungi namamaski kuhloswe into eyodwa - ukudala isithombe esisodwa se-cyborg.
Isifiso sokwenza kanjalo sibangela izinkinga eziningi ezingokwengqondo nezingokomzimba. "Kungabonakala sengathi ukusetshenziswa kwezihlungi namamaski kufanele kudlalele ezandleni zethu kuphela: uzithinte kabusha, futhi manje ubuntu bakho bedijithali ezinkundleni zokuxhumana sebuvele busondele kakhulu kumuntu owuthandayo. Kukhona izimangalo ezimbalwa kuwe, ukukhathazeka okuncane - kuyasebenza! Kodwa inkinga ukuthi abantu abanalo iqiniso kuphela, kodwa futhi nempilo yangempela, "kusho isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo sezokwelapha uDaria Averkova.
Ososayensi bayaqaphela ukuthi i-Instagram evela kunethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu ejabule kakhulu kancane kancane iphenduka ibe enobuthi kakhulu, isakaza impilo ekahle engekho ngempela. Kwabaningi, okuphakelayo kohlelo lokusebenza akusabukeki njenge-albhamu yezithombe ezinhle, kodwa ukuboniswa okunamandla kwezimpumelelo, okuhlanganisa nokuzethula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkundla zokuxhumana ziye zandisa ukuthambekela kokubheka ukubukeka kwazo njengomthombo ongase ube yinzuzo, okwenza isimo sibe sibi nakakhulu: kuvela ukuthi uma umuntu engakwazi ukubukeka ephelele, kuthiwa ulahlekelwa yimali namathuba.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinkundla zokuxhumana zithinta kabi impilo yengqondo yenani elikhulu labantu, kunabasekeli abaningi "ngokuzithuthukisa" ngamabomu ngosizo lwezihlungi. Amamaski nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuhlela kungenye indlela yokuhlinzwa kwepulasitiki kanye ne-cosmetology, ngaphandle kwalokho akunakwenzeka ukufeza i-Instagram Face, njengenkanyezi yale nethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu uKim Kardashian noma imodeli ephezulu uBella Hadid. Kungakho i-Intanethi ishukunyiswe yizindaba zokuthi i-Instagram izosusa imaski ehlanekezela ubukhulu bobuso ekusetshenzisweni, futhi ifuna ukumaka zonke izithombe ezithintwe kabusha kokuphakelayo ngesithonjana esikhethekile futhi ize ifihle.
Isihlungi sobuhle ngokuzenzakalela
Kuyinto eyodwa lapho isinqumo sokuhlela isithombe ozishuthe sona senziwe ngumuntu ngokwakhe, futhi okunye uma kwenziwa i-smartphone enomsebenzi wokuthinta isithombe ofakwe ngokuzenzakalelayo. Kwamanye amadivaysi, ayikwazi ngisho nokususwa, kuphela "isimungulu" encane. Izihloko zivele kwabezindaba ezinesihloko esithi "I-Samsung icabanga ukuthi umubi", lapho inkampani yaphendula ngokuthi lokhu kwakuyindlela entsha nje.
E-Asia naseNingizimu Korea, ukuletha isithombe endaweni efanele kuyinto evamile ngempela. Ukushelela kwesikhumba, ubukhulu bamehlo, ukugcwala kwezindebe, ijika okhalo - konke lokhu kungalungiswa kusetshenziswa izilayidi zohlelo. Amantombazane aphinde aphendukele ezinsizeni zodokotela abahlinzayo bepulasitiki, abanikeza ukubukeka kwabo "kancane kwe-Asian", eduze nezindinganiso zobuhle baseYurophu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nalokhu, ukuthinta kabusha okunolaka kuwuhlobo lwenguqulo elula yokuzimpompa wena. Ukuheha kubalulekile ngisho nalapho ubhalisela uhlelo lokusebenza lokuthandana. Isevisi yaseNingizimu Korea u-Amanda "weqa" umsebenzisi kuphela uma iphrofayela yakhe ivunywe yilabo asebevele behlezi esicelweni. Kulo mongo, inketho yokuthinta kabusha ezenzakalelayo ibonakala njengenzuzo ngaphezu kokuhlasela kobumfihlo.
Inkinga ngezihlungi, imaski, nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithinta kabusha kungase kube ukuthi zenza abantu babe bahle ngokulinganayo ngokuhlanganisa ukubukeka komuntu ngamunye ezingeni elifanayo. Isifiso sokujabulisa wonke umuntu siholela ekulahlekelweni komuntu siqu, izinkinga ezingokwengqondo kanye nokwenqaba ukubukeka komuntu. I-Instagram Face imiswe esisekelweni sobuhle, ingafaki noma yikuphi ukungezwani esithombeni. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi eminyakeni yamuva nje umhlaba uphendukele emvelweni, lokhu akusona namanje ukunqoba ekuthinteni kabusha okunobuthi, ngoba "ubuhle bemvelo", okusho ukusha nobusha, futhi buhlala benziwe abantu, futhi "i-makeup ngaphandle kwezimonyo" ayikwenzi. phuma emfashinini.