Ngokombono osuvele ukhona, inqubo yokuguga yobuchopho iqala lapho ingane iba yintsha. Inani eliphakeme lale nqubo liwela eminyakeni evuthiwe. Nokho, manje sekutholakele ukuthi ubuchopho bomuntu bunamandla okushintsha, ukubuyisela nokuvuselela, futhi ngezinga elingenamkhawulo. Kulandela kulokhu ukuthi isici esiyinhloko esithonya ubuchopho akuyona iminyaka, kodwa ukuziphatha komuntu kukho konke ukuphila.
Kunezinqubo “eziqala kabusha” ama-neuron e-subcortical white matter (ehlangene ebizwa ngokuthi i-basal nucleus); phakathi nalezi zinqubo, ubuchopho busebenza ngendlela ethuthukisiwe. I-nucleus basalis ivula indlela ye-brain neuroplasticity. Igama elithi neuroplasticity libhekisela emandleni okulawula isimo sobuchopho nokugcina ukusebenza kwawo.
Ngokukhula, kukhona ukwehla kancane ekusebenzeni kobuchopho, kodwa akubalulekile njengoba bekucatshangwa ngaphambili ochwepheshe. Akunakwenzeka kuphela ukudala izindlela ezintsha ze-neural, kodwa futhi nokuthuthukisa ezindala; lokhu kungenziwa kukho konke ukuphila komuntu. Ukufeza kokubili owokuqala nowesibili kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwamasu athile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukholelwa ukuthi umthelela omuhle emzimbeni womuntu ozuzwe yilezi zinyathelo uqhubeka isikhathi eside.
Umphumela ofanayo ungenzeka ngenxa yokuthi imicabango yomuntu iyakwazi ukuthonya izakhi zofuzo. Kuyavunywa ukuthi izakhi zofuzo umuntu azizuza kokhokho bakhe azikwazi ukushintsha. Ngokwenkolelo evamile, umuntu uthola kubazali bakhe wonke umthwalo abawuthole kokhokho babo (okungukuthi, izakhi zofuzo ezinquma ukuthi hlobo luni lomuntu oluzoba lude futhi oluyinkimbinkimbi, yiziphi izifo eziyoba uphawu kuye, njll.), futhi lo mthwalo awukwazi ukushintshwa. Nokho, eqinisweni, izakhi zofuzo zomuntu zingathonywa kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe. Bathonywa kokubili izenzo zomthwali wabo, kanye nemicabango, imizwa, nezinkolelo zakhe.
Njengamanje, iqiniso elilandelayo liyaziwa: indlela umuntu adla ngayo nokuthi indlela yokuphila ayiphilayo ithinta izakhi zofuzo. Ukuzivocavoca umzimba nezinye izici nakho kushiya umthelela kuzo. Namuhla, ochwepheshe benza ucwaningo emkhakheni wethonya elinikezwa izakhi zofuzo ngengxenye yomzwelo - imicabango, imizwa, ukholo lomuntu. Ochwepheshe baye baqiniseka ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi amakhemikhali athonywa ukusebenza kwengqondo yomuntu anethonya elinamandla ezakhini zakhe zofuzo. Izinga lomthelela wazo lilinganiswa nomthelela owenziwe ezintweni zofuzo ngokushintsha kokudla, indlela yokuphila noma indawo yokuhlala.
Zibonisani izifundo?
NgokukaDkt. Dawson Church, ukuhlola kwakhe kufakazela ukuthi imicabango nokholo lomuntu kungenza kusebenze izakhi zofuzo ezihlobene nesifo nokululama. Ngokusho kwakhe, umzimba womuntu ufunda ukwaziswa okuvela ebuchosheni. Ngokwesayensi, umuntu unesethi ethile yofuzo kuphela engenakuguqulwa. Kodwa-ke, kuneqhaza elibalulekile elibanjwayo lapho izakhi zofuzo zibe nomthelela ekubonweni komthwali wazo nasezinqubweni ezehlukene ezenzeka emzimbeni wakhe, kusho uSonto.
Ukuhlola okwenziwa eNyuvesi yase-Ohio kwabonisa ngokucacile izinga lomthelela wokusebenza kwengqondo ekuvuselelweni kabusha komzimba. Imibhangqwana yayibambe iqhaza ekusetshenzisweni kwayo. Isifundo ngasinye sanikezwa ukulimala okuncane esikhumbeni, okubangele i-blister. Ngemva kwalokho, imibhangqwana kwakudingeka iqhube ingxoxo ngesihloko esingacacile imizuzu engu-30 noma ixabane nganoma iyiphi inkinga.
Ngemva kokuhlolwa, amasonto ambalwa, ochwepheshe balinganisa ukugxila ezintweni eziphilayo zezifundo zamaprotheni amathathu athinta izinga lokuphulukiswa kwamanxeba esikhumba. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi abahlanganyeli abangenele ingxabano futhi babonisa i-causticity enkulu kakhulu kanye nokuqina, okuqukethwe kwalawa maprotheni kuvele kube ngama-40% aphansi kunalabo abaxhumana ngesihloko esingaqondakali; okufanayo kusetshenziselwa izinga lokuvuselelwa kwesilonda - laliphansi ngephesenti elifanayo. Liphawula ngokuhlolwa, iSonto linikeza incazelo elandelayo yezinqubo eziqhubekayo: iphrotheni ikhiqizwa emzimbeni eqala umsebenzi wezakhi zofuzo ezibhekene nokuvuselelwa. Izakhi zofuzo zisebenzisa ama-stem cells ukuze akhe amaseli esikhumba amasha ukuze asibuyisele. Kodwa ngaphansi kokucindezeleka, amandla omzimba asetshenziselwa ukukhululwa kwezinto ezicindezelayo (i-adrenaline, i-cortisol, i-norepinephrine). Kulokhu, isignali ethunyelwe ezakhini zofuzo zokuphulukisa iba buthakathaka kakhulu. Lokhu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi ukuphulukiswa kunciphisa kakhulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma umzimba ungaphoqelekile ukuba uphendule ezinsongweni zangaphandle, wonke amandla awo asetshenziselwa inqubo yokuphulukisa.
Kungani kubalulekile?
Lapho ezalwa, umuntu unefa elithile lofuzo eliqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle komzimba ngesikhathi sokusebenza ngokomzimba kwansuku zonke. Kodwa ikhono lomuntu lokugcina ibhalansi yengqondo lithinta ngokuqondile ikhono lomzimba lokusebenzisa amakhono awo. Ngisho noma umuntu ecwile emicabangweni enolaka, kunezindlela angazisebenzisa ukuze alungise izindlela zakhe ukuze asekele izinqubo ezingasabela kahle. Ukucindezeleka njalo kunomthelela ekugugeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi kobuchopho.
Ukucindezeleka kuhambisana nomuntu kuyo yonke indlela yakhe yokuphila. Nanku umbono kaDkt. Harvard Phyllitt wase-United States, uprofesa wezifo ezithathelwanayo eSikoleni Sezokwelapha saseNew York (uPhyllitt ubuye aqondise isisekelo esithuthukisa imithi emisha yalabo abaphethwe yi-Alzheimer's disease). NgokukaPhyllit, umthelela omubi omkhulu kakhulu emzimbeni ubangelwa ukucindezeleka kwengqondo okuzwiwa umuntu ngaphakathi njengokusabela ekushukumiseni kwangaphandle. Lesi sitatimende sigcizelela ukuthi umzimba unikeza impendulo ethile ezicini ezingezinhle zangaphandle. Ukusabela okufanayo komzimba womuntu kunomphumela ebuchosheni; umphumela uba ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuhlukahlukene, isibonelo, ukukhubazeka kwenkumbulo. Ukucindezeleka kunomthelela ekulahlekelweni inkumbulo ebudaleni futhi kuphinde kube yingozi yesifo i-Alzheimer's. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umuntu angase abe nomuzwa wokuthi usekhulile kakhulu (ngokuphathelene nokusebenza kwengqondo) kunalokho ayikho ngokoqobo.
Imiphumela yokuhlolwa okwenziwa ososayensi eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia yabonisa ukuthi uma umzimba uphoqeleka njalo ukuba uphendule ekucindezelekeni, umphumela ungaba ukwehla kwengxenye ebalulekile yesimiso sezinzwa zobuchopho - i-hippocampus. Le ngxenye yobuchopho yenza kusebenze izinqubo eziqeda imiphumela yokucindezeleka, futhi iphinde iqinisekise ukusebenza kwenkumbulo yesikhathi eside. Kulokhu, sikhuluma futhi ngokubonakaliswa kwe-neuroplasticity, kodwa lapha kubi.
Ukuphumula, umuntu oqhuba izikhathi lapho enqamula khona noma yimiphi imicabango - lezi zinyathelo zikuvumela ukuba uqondise ngokushesha imicabango futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ulungise izinga lezinto ezicindezelayo emzimbeni kanye nokubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le misebenzi inomthelela ekwakhiweni kobuchopho.
Enye yezimiso eziyisisekelo ze-neuroplasticity ukuthi ngokuvuselela izindawo zobuchopho ezinesibopho semizwa eyakhayo, ungaqinisa ukuxhumana kwe-neural. Lo mphumela ungafaniswa nokuqinisa imisipha ngokuzivocavoca. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma umuntu evame ukucabanga ngezinto ezibuhlungu, ukuzwela kwe-cerebellar amygdala yakhe, okuyinhloko ebhekene nemizwelo emibi, iyanda. UHanson uchaza ukuthi ngezenzo ezinjalo umuntu wandisa ukuthambekela kobuchopho bakhe futhi, ngenxa yalokho, esikhathini esizayo uqala ukucasuka ngenxa yezinto ezincane ezihlukahlukene.
Uhlelo lwezinzwa lubona ama-excitation ezingxenyeni zangaphakathi zomzimba ngokubamba iqhaza kwengxenye ephakathi yobuchopho, ebizwa ngokuthi "isiqhingi". Ngenxa yalo mbono, okuthiwa i-interoception, ngesikhathi sokusebenza ngokomzimba, umzimba womuntu uvikelekile ekulimaleni; kuvumela umuntu ukuthi abe nomuzwa wokuthi yonke into ijwayelekile ngomzimba, kusho uHanson. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho “isiqhingi” sisesimweni esihle, umuzwa womuntu nozwela kuyakhula. I-anterior cingulate cortex inesibopho sokugxila. Lezi zindawo zingathinteka ngamasu akhethekile okuphumula, ukufeza umphumela omuhle emzimbeni.
Ebudaleni, ukuthuthukiswa komsebenzi wengqondo kungenzeka njalo ngonyaka.
Iminyaka eminingi, umbono owawuvamile wawuwukuthi lapho umuntu efinyelela eminyakeni yobudala ephakathi, ubuchopho bomuntu buqala ukulahlekelwa ukuguquguquka namakhono abo. Kodwa imiphumela yokuhlola kwamuva ibonise ukuthi lapho ufinyelela eminyakeni yobudala ephakathi, ubuchopho buyakwazi ukufinyelela isiqongo samakhono abo. Ngokusho kocwaningo, le minyaka ivuna kakhulu umsebenzi wobuchopho osebenza kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imikhuba emibi yomuntu. Izinqumo ezenziwa kule minyaka zibonakala ngokuqwashisa okukhulu, ngoba umuntu uqondiswa isipiliyoni.
Ochwepheshe abathintekayo ocwaningweni lobuchopho bahlale bephikisana ngokuthi ukuguga kwalesi sitho kubangelwa ukufa kwama-neutron - amangqamuzana obuchopho. Kodwa lapho kuskenwa ubuchopho kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuphambili, kwatholakala ukuthi eningini lobuchopho kunenani elifanayo lama-neurons kukho konke ukuphila. Nakuba ezinye izici zokuguga zidala amakhono athile engqondo (njengesikhathi sokusabela) ukuba awohloke, ama-neurons ahlala egcwaliswa.
Kule nqubo - "i-bilateralization yobuchopho", njengoba ochwepheshe beyibiza - womabili ama-hemispheres ahilelekile ngokulinganayo. Ngawo-1990 ososayensi baseCanada eNyuvesi yaseToronto, besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bamuva bokuskena ubuchopho, bakwazi ukubona ngeso lengqondo umsebenzi wakhe. Ukuze uqhathanise umsebenzi wobuchopho bentsha kanye nabantu abaneminyaka ephakathi, ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngokunaka kanye nekhono lokukhumbula. Izihloko zaboniswa izithombe zobuso okwakufanele zibambe ngekhanda amagama abo ngokushesha, kwase kudingeka zisho igama lalowo nalowo kubo.
Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi abahlanganyeli abaneminyaka ephakathi bazokwenza okubi kakhulu emsebenzini, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho okulindelekile, amaqembu womabili abonise imiphumela efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esinye isimo sabangela ukumangala kososayensi. Lapho kwenziwa i-positron emission tomography, lokhu okulandelayo kwatholakala: kubantu abasha, ukwenziwa kusebenze kokuxhumana kwe-neural kwenzeka endaweni ethile yobuchopho, nakubantu abaneminyaka ephakathi nendawo, ngaphezu kwale ndawo, ingxenye ye-prefrontal. i-cortex yobuchopho nayo yayihilelekile. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu kanye nezinye izifundo, ochwepheshe bachaza lesi simo ngokuthi izifundo ezivela eqenjini leminyaka ephakathi kunoma iyiphi indawo yenethiwekhi ye-neural zingaba nokushoda; ngalesi sikhathi, enye ingxenye yobuchopho yacushwa ukuze kunxeshezelwe. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ngokuhamba kweminyaka abantu basebenzisa ubuchopho babo ngokwezinga elikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, eminyakeni evuthiwe, inethiwekhi ye-neural kwezinye izindawo zobuchopho iyaqiniswa.
Ingqondo yomuntu iyakwazi ukunqoba izimo, ukumelana nazo, isebenzisa ukuguquguquka kwayo. Ukuqaphela impilo yakhe kunomthelela eqinisweni lokuthi ubonisa imiphumela engcono. Ngokusho kwabacwaningi, isimo sakhe sithinteka kahle ngokudla okunempilo, ukuphumula, ukuzivocavoca kwengqondo (ukusebenza emisebenzini yobunzima obukhulayo, ukutadisha kwanoma yiziphi izindawo), umsebenzi womzimba, njll. Lezi zici zingathinta ubuchopho kunoma iyiphi iminyaka - njengaku. ubusha kanye nokuguga.