“Singethemba kanjani ukuthi ukuthula nokuchuma kuyobusa emhlabeni uma imizimba yethu ingamathuna aphilayo okungcwatshwa kuwo izilwane ezifile?” Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy
Ingxoxo ebanzi mayelana nokwenqatshwa kokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yezilwane, kanye nokuguqukela ekudleni okusekelwe ezitshalweni, isidingo sokusebenzisa izinsiza zemvelo ngendlela enengqondo nephumelelayo, yaqala ngo-1878, lapho iphephabhuku laseRussia i-Vestnik Evropy lishicilela indatshana ka U-Andrey Beketov esihlokweni esithi "Umsoco Wamanje Nekusasa Lomuntu."
U-Andrey Beketov - uprofesa-isazi sezitshalo kanye nomphathi we-St. Petersburg University ngo-1876-1884. Wabhala umsebenzi wokuqala emlandweni waseRussia ngesihloko sokudla imifino. Indatshana yakhe yaba negalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwenhlangano efuna ukuqeda umbono wokusetshenziswa kwenyama, kanye nokubonisa umphakathi ukuziphatha okubi kanye nokulimala empilweni okubangelwa ukudla imikhiqizo yezilwane. U-Beketov wagomela ngokuthi uhlelo lokugaya ukudla komuntu lujwayele ukugaya imifino, imifino nezithelo. I-eseyi iphinde yakhuluma ngodaba lokungasebenzi kahle kwemfuyo ngenxa yokuthi ukutshala ukudla kwezilwane ezitshalweni kudla kakhulu izinsiza, kanti umuntu angasebenzisa lezi zinsiza ukuzilimela ukudla kwezitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla okuningi kwezitshalo kuqukethe amaprotheni amaningi kunenyama.
U-Beketov wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ukukhula kwenani labantu emhlabeni nakanjani kuzoholela ekusweleni kwamadlelo atholakalayo, okuyogcina kube nomthelela ekunciphiseni ukuzala kwezinkomo. Isitatimende mayelana nesidingo sokudla kokubili kwezitshalo nezilwane, wasibheka njengobandlululo futhi wayeqiniseka ngobuqotho ukuthi umuntu uyakwazi ukuthola wonke amandla adingekayo embusweni wezitshalo. Ekupheleni kwendaba yakhe, wembula izizathu zokuziphatha zokwenqaba ukudla imikhiqizo yezilwane: “Indlela ephakeme kakhulu ebonakaliswa ngayo inhlonipho nokuziphatha komuntu uthando lwazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, ngayo yonke into ehlala eMkhathini, hhayi kubantu kuphela. . Uthando olunjalo ngeke luhlanganise lutho nokubulawa kwezilwane. Phela ukwenyanya ukuchitheka kwegazi kuwuphawu lokuqala lwesintu. (U-Andrey Beketov, 1878)
ULev Tolstoy kwakungeyokuqala, eminyakeni engu-14 ngemva kokushicilelwa kwendatshana kaBeketov, owaphendula amehlo abantu ababengaphakathi ezilaheni futhi walandisa ngalokho okwakwenzeka ngaphakathi kwezindonga zabo. Ngo-1892, wanyathelisa isihloko esibizwa ngokuthi, esabangela ukudumazeka emphakathini futhi sabizwa abantu besikhathi sakhe ngokuthi “iBhayibheli leVegetarianism yaseRussia.” Esihlokweni sakhe, wagcizelela ukuthi umuntu angaba umuntu ovuthiwe ngokomoya kuphela ngokwenza imizamo yokuzishintsha. Ukuziyeka ngokuqaphela ukudla okuvela ezilwaneni kuyoba uphawu lokuthi isifiso sokuzithuthukisa sokuziphatha komuntu sibucayi futhi siqotho, uyaphawula.
U-Tolstoy ukhuluma ngokuvakashela indawo yokulahla eTula, futhi le ncazelo mhlawumbe iyisiqephu esibuhlungu kakhulu somsebenzi kaTolstoy. Ebonisa ukwesabeka okwenzekayo, ubhala ukuthi “asinalo ilungelo lokuzithethelela ngokungazi. Asizona izintshe, okusho ukuthi akufanele sicabange ukuthi into uma singayiboni ngamehlo ethu, akwenzeki.” (Leo Tolstoy, 1892).
Kanye no-Leo Tolstoy, ngingathanda ukusho abantu abadumile njenga Ilya Repin - mhlawumbe omunye wabaculi abakhulu baseRussia, Nikolai Ge – umdwebi odumile U-Nikolay Leskov - umbhali, ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni wezincwadi zesiRashiya, waveza umuntu odla imifino njengomlingiswa oyinhloko (, 1889 kanye, 1890).
U-Leo Tolstoy ngokwakhe waphendukela ku-vegetarianism ngo-1884. Ngeshwa, ukuguqulwa kokutshala ukudla kwaba yisikhathi esifushane, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana wabuyela ekusetshenzisweni kwamaqanda, ukusetshenziswa kwezingubo zesikhumba nemikhiqizo yoboya.
Omunye umlingisi ovelele waseRussia kanye nemifino - UPaolo Troubetzkoy, umqophi nomdwebi odumile emhlabeni wonke owaveza u-Leo Tolstoy noBernard Shaw, naye owakha itshe lesikhumbuzo lika-Alexander III. Ube ngowokuqala ukuveza umbono wokudla imifino ezithombeni eziqoshiwe - "Divoratori di cadaveri" 1900.
Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungakhumbuli abesifazane ababili abamangalisayo abaxhuma ukuphila kwabo nokusabalala kwemifino, isimo sengqondo sokuziphatha ezilwaneni zaseRussia: Natalia Nordman и Anna Barikova.
U-Natalia Nordman wethula okokuqala inkolelo kanye nomkhuba wokudla okuluhlaza lapho enikeza inkulumo ngesihloko ngo-1913. Kunzima ukucabangela umsebenzi nomnikelo ka-Anna Barikova, owahumusha futhi washicilela imiqulu emihlanu kaJohn Guy ngendaba yonya, ukuxhashazwa kwezilwane ngobuqili nokuziphatha okubi.