USebastian Hafner uyintatheli nesazi-mlando saseJalimane esabhala incwadi ethi The Story of a German ekudingisweni ngo-1939 (eyanyatheliswa ngesiRashiya ngu-Ivan Limbach Publishing House). Sikwethulela ingcaphuno evela emsebenzini lapho umbhali ekhuluma ngobusha, uthando kanye nogqozi ngesikhathi sobunzima obukhulu bomnotho.
Ngalowo nyaka, abafundi bamaphephandaba baphinde baba nethuba lokuhlanganyela emdlalweni wezinombolo othakazelisayo, ofana nalowo ababewudlala phakathi nempi nedatha yenani leziboshwa zempi noma impango yempi. Ngalesi sikhathi izibalo azixhumene nemicimbi yezempi, nakuba unyaka waqala ngobudlova, kodwa ngezindaba ezingathandeki ngokuphelele, zansuku zonke, zokushintshaniswa kwamasheya, okungukuthi, ngenani lokushintshaniswa kwedola. Ukushintshashintsha kwesilinganiso sokushintshaniswa kwedola kwakuyi-barometer, ngokusho kwayo, ngenhlanganisela yokwesaba nokujabula, balandela ukuwa kophawu. Kuningi okungalandelelwa. Lapho idola liphakama, kulapho sathathwa ngokunganaki sayiswa endaweni yamaphupho.
Eqinisweni, ukwehla kwenani lomkhiqizo kwakungeyona into entsha. Emuva ngo-1920, ugwayi wokuqala engawubhema ngokucashile wawubiza ama-pfennig angu-50. Ekupheleni kuka-1922, amanani kuyo yonke indawo ayesenyuke izikhathi eziyishumi noma eziyikhulu izinga lawo langaphambi kwempi, futhi idola manje lase lilingana namamaki angu-500. Kodwa inqubo yayihlala njalo futhi ilinganisela, amaholo, amaholo kanye namanani entengo akhuphuka ngokulinganayo. Kwakunzima kancane ukuxova ngezinombolo ezinkulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke lapho ukhokha, kodwa kwakungeyona into engavamile. Bakhuluma kuphela «okunye ukwenyuka kwentengo», akukho okunye. Ngaleyo minyaka, kunokunye futhi okwakusikhathaza kakhulu.
Futhi-ke uphawu lwabonakala luthukuthele. Ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi yeRuhr, idola laqala ukubiza i-20, libanjwe isikhathi esithile kulolu phawu, lakhuphuka lafika ku-000, langabaza kancane futhi lagxuma njengokungathi lisesitebhisini, ligxuma ngaphezu kwamashumi namakhulu ezinkulungwane. Akekho owayazi kahle ukuthi kwenzekeni. Sicikica amehlo ngokumangala, sabuka ukukhuphuka komzila njengokungathi isenzakalo esingokwemvelo esingabonakali. Idola laba yisihloko sethu sansuku zonke, sabe sesiqalaza futhi sabona ukuthi ukunyuka kwedola konakalisa impilo yethu yonke yansuku zonke.
Labo ababenama-deposit ebhange lokulondoloza, i-mortgage noma ukutshalwa kwezimali ezikhungweni zezikweletu ezihloniphekile babona ukuthi konke kwanyamalala kanjani ngokuphazima kweso.
Ngokushesha kwakungekho lutho olusele emasentini okulondoloza imali, noma izinhlanhla ezinkulu. Konke kwancibilika. Abaningi basusa izimali zabo ezigciniwe besuka kwelinye ibhange beya kwelinye ukuze bagweme ukuwa. Ngokushesha kwacaca ukuthi kukhona okwenzekile okwabhubhisa zonke izifundazwe futhi kwaqondisa imicabango yabantu ezinkingeni ezicindezela kakhulu.
Amanani okudla aqala ukuntengantenga njengoba abathengisi bephuthuma ukuyokukhuphula ngezithende zokukhuphuka kwedola. Iphawundi lamazambane, ekuseni lalibiza amamaki angama-50, lalithengiswa kusihlwa nge-000; iholo lamamaki angu-100 alethwe ekhaya ngoLwesihlanu belinganele iphakethe likagwayi ngoLwesibili.
Kwakufanele kwenzekeni futhi kwenzekeni ngemva kwalokho? Kungazelelwe, abantu bathola isiqhingi sokuzinza: amasheya. Bekuwukuphela kwendlela yokutshalwa kwezimali okubambe izinga lokwehla ngandlela thize. Hhayi njalo futhi akuwona wonke alinganayo, kodwa amasheya ancipha hhayi ngejubane lokugijima, kodwa ngejubane lokuhamba.
Ngakho abantu bagijimela ukuthenga amasheya. Wonke umuntu waba ngabanikazi bamasheya: isikhulu esincane, isisebenzi sikahulumeni, nesisebenzi. Amasheya akhokhele ukuthenga kwansuku zonke. Ngezinsuku zokukhokhwa kwamaholo namaholo, kwaqala ukuhlaselwa okukhulu emabhange. Intengo yesitoko yakhuphuka njengerokhethi. Amabhange abegcwele imali etshaliwe. Amabhange angaziwa ngaphambilini akhule njengamakhowe ngemva kwemvula futhi athola inzuzo enkulu. Imibiko yesitoko yansuku zonke ifundwe ngokulangazela yiwo wonke umuntu, abancane nabadala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu noma lelo ntengo yehla, futhi ngokukhala kobuhlungu nokuphelelwa ithemba, ukuphila kwezinkulungwane nezinkulungwane kwawa. Kuzo zonke izitolo, izikole, kuwo wonke amabhizinisi babehlebelana ukuthi yiziphi izitoko ezithembeke kakhulu namuhla.
Okubi kakhulu ukuthi abantu abadala kanye nabantu abangasebenzi. Abaningi baqhutshelwa ebumpofu, abaningi bazibulala. Entsha, eguquguqukayo, isimo samanje siye sazuza. Ngokuphazima kweso bakhululeka, bacebile, bazimele. Kwavela isimo lapho ukungabi nangqondo nokuthembela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini kwempilo kwajeziswa yindlala nokufa, kuyilapho isivinini sokusabela kanye nekhono lokuhlola kahle isimo sezindaba esishintshayo kwaklonyeliswa ngomcebo omkhulu kungazelelwe. Abaqondisi bamabhange abaneminyaka engu-XNUMX nabafundi besikole samabanga aphakeme bahola, belandela iseluleko sabangane babo asebekhulile kancane. Babegqoke izibopho ze-chic Oscar Wilde, babamba amaphathi namantombazane kanye ne-champagne, futhi basekela obaba babo ababhidlikile.
Phakathi kobuhlungu, ukuphelelwa ithemba, ubumpofu, ubusha obunomkhuhlane, umkhuhlane, inkanuko nomoya we-carnival. Abancane base benemali, hhayi abadala. Imvelo yemali ishintshile - yayiyigugu kuphela amahora ambalwa, ngakho-ke imali yaphonswa, imali yachithwa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka futhi hhayi nhlobo ukuthi abantu abadala bachitha kuphi.
Kwavulwa imigoqo eminingi nama-nightclub. Imibhangqwana emisha yazulazula ezindaweni zokuzijabulisa, njengakumafilimu akhuluma ngempilo yomphakathi ophakeme. Wonke umuntu wayelangazelela ukwenza uthando ngomkhuhlane wohlanya, ogcwele inkanuko.
Uthando ngokwalo seluthole umlingiswa wokwehla kwamandla emali. Kwakudingekile ukuba kusetshenziswe amathuba ayevuleka, futhi uquqaba luwanikeze
Kwatholakala "iqiniso elisha" lothando. Kwakuyintuthuko yokuphila okungenazinkathazo, okuzumayo, okujabulisayo. Izigigaba zothando sezijwayelekile, zithuthuka ngesivinini esingacabangeki ngaphandle kokuzungeza. Intsha, okwathi ngaleyo minyaka yafunda ukuthanda, yagxumela kwezothando futhi yawela ezandleni zokugxeka. Mina kanye nontanga yami sasingekho kulesi sizukulwane. Sasineminyaka engu-15-16 ubudala, okungukuthi, singaphansi ngeminyaka emibili noma emithathu.
Kamuva, sesisebenza njengezithandani ezinamamaki angu-20 ephaketheni lethu, sasivame ukuba nomona ngalaba asebekhulile futhi ngesinye isikhathi saqala imidlalo yothando ngamanye amathuba. Futhi ngo-1923, sasisalunguza ngembobo kakhiye, kodwa nalokho kwakwanele ukwenza iphunga langaleso sikhathi lishaye amakhala ethu. Kwenzeka ukuthi sifike kuleli holide, lapho kwakuqhubeka khona ubuhlanya obujabulisayo; lapho umphefumulo nomzimba ovuthiwe ovuthiwe, okhathazayo wawubusa khona ibhola; lapho babephuza khona i-ruff kusuka ezinhlobonhlobo zama-cocktails; sizwe izindaba ezivela entsheni esekhulile kancane futhi sathola ukwanga kungazelelwe, okushisayo okuvela entombazaneni eyakhiwe ngesibindi.
Kwakukhona nolunye uhlangothi lwemali. Inani labanxilayo landa nsuku zonke. Nsuku zonke kwakunyatheliswa imibiko eyengeziwe yokuzibulala.
Amabhodi ezikhangiso ayegcwele "Wanted!" izikhangiso njengokugetshengwa nokweba zakhula kakhulu. Ngolunye usuku ngabona isalukazi - noma kunalokho, isalukazi - sihlezi ebhentshini epaki simi ngendlela engavamile futhi singanyakazi kakhulu. Isixuku esincane sasibuthene kuye. “Ushonile,” kusho omunye odlula ngendlela. “Endlaleni,” kuchaza omunye. Lokhu akuzange kungimangaze ngempela. Nasekhaya sasilambile.
Yebo, ubaba wayengomunye walabo bantu ababengasiqondi isikhathi esasifikile, noma kunalokho babengafuni ukuqonda. Ngokufanayo, wake wenqaba ukuqonda impi. Wacasha ezikhathini ezizayo ngemuva kwesiqubulo esithi "Isikhulu sasePrussia asisebenzi ngezenzo!" futhi akazange athenge amasheya. Ngaleso sikhathi, lokhu ngangikubheka njengokubonakaliswa okusobala kokungabi nangqondo, okwakungavumelani kahle nesimilo sikababa, ngoba wayengomunye wabantu abahlakaniphe kunabo bonke engake ngabazi. Namuhla ngimqonda kangcono. Namuhla ngiyakwazi, nakuba ngokubheka emuva, ngihlanganyele ukunengeka ubaba anqaba ngakho «zonke lezi zinkathazo zesimanje»; namuhla ngiyakuzwa ukunengwa okungenakuphikiswa kukababa, okucashe ngezincazelo eziphansi ezinjengokuthi: awukwazi ukwenza lokho ongakwazi ukukwenza. Ngeshwa, ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwalesi simiso esiphakeme ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwaba ukukhohlisa. Le farce yayingaba inhlekelele yangempela ukube umama akazange athole indlela yokuzivumelanisa nesimo esishintsha njalo.
Ngenxa yalokho, yilokhu ukuphila okwakubonakala ngaphandle emkhayeni wesikhulu esiphakeme sasePrussia. Ngosuku lwamashumi amathathu nanye noma lokuqala lwenyanga ngayinye, ubaba wayethola umholo wakhe wenyanga, esasihlala kuwo kuphela - ama-akhawunti asebhange kanye namadiphozithi ebhange lokulondoloza imali sekwehlile kudala. Bewungakanani ngempela lo mholo, kunzima ukusho; yayishintshashintsha inyanga nenyanga; ngesinye isikhathi izigidi eziyikhulu kwakuyisamba esimangalisayo, ngesinye isikhathi ingxenye yebhiliyoni yaba ushintshi wephakethe.
Kunoma ikuphi, ubaba wazama ukuthenga ikhadi lesitimela esihamba ngaphansi komhlaba ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze okungenani akwazi ukuya emsebenzini nasekhaya isikhathi esingangenyanga, nakuba uhambo oluhamba ngaphansi komhlaba lwalusho ukuchezuka okude nokumosha isikhathi esiningi. Kwabe sekugcinwa imali yokuqasha neyesikole, futhi ntambama umndeni waya kumlungisi wezinwele. Konke okunye kwanikezwa umama - futhi ngakusasa wonke umndeni (ngaphandle kukababa) kanye nencekukazi babevuka ngehora lesine noma lesihlanu ekuseni futhi bahambe ngetekisi baye eMakethe Ephakathi. Ukuthengwa okunamandla kwahlelwa lapho, futhi kungakapheli ihora iholo lenyanga lekhansela lesifundazwe langempela (oberregirungsrat) lachithwa ekuthengeni imikhiqizo yesikhathi eside. Oshizi abakhulu, imibuthano yamasoseji ashunqiswe kanzima, amasaka amazambane - konke lokhu kulayishwe etekisini. Uma indawo yayingekho emotweni, incekukazi kanye nomunye wethu babethatha inqola baphathe igilosa baye ekhaya ngayo. Cishe ngehora lesishiyagalombili, ngaphambi kokuba kuqale isikole, sasibuya eMakethe Emaphakathi sesilungele ukuvinjezelwa kwanyanga zonke. Yilokho kuphela!
Kwaphela inyanga singenayo nhlobo imali. Umbhaki ojwayelekile wasinika isinkwa ngesikweletu. Ngakho-ke sasiphila ngamazambane, inyama ebhemayo, ukudla okusemathinini nama-bouillon cubes. Ngezinye izikhathi kwakunezindleko ezengeziwe, kodwa ngokuvamile kwakuvela ukuthi sasimpofu kakhulu kunabampofu. Sasingenayo ngisho nemali eyanele yethikithi lethilamu noma iphephandaba. Angikwazi ukucabanga ukuthi umkhaya wethu wawuyosinda kanjani ukube uhlobo oluthile lweshwa lwalusehlele: ukugula okubi noma into enjalo.
Kwakuyisikhathi esinzima, esingajabulisi kubazali bami. Kwakubonakala kungavamile kimi kunokungajabulisi. Ngenxa yohambo olude olujikelezayo oluya ekhaya, ubaba wayechitha isikhathi esiningi engekho ekhaya. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngathola amahora amaningi enkululeko ephelele, engalawuleki. Yiqiniso, yayingekho imali yephakethe, kodwa abangane bami basesikoleni abadala babonakala becebile ngomqondo ongokoqobo wegama, abakwenzanga nakancane kube nzima ukungimemela eholidini labo eliwumsangano.
Ngahlakulela ukunganaki inhlupheko yasekhaya kanye nengcebo yamaqabane ami. Angizange ngicasuke ngeyokuqala futhi angizange ngibe nomona ngesesibili. Ngisanda kuthola kokubili okungajwayelekile futhi okuphawulekayo. Eqinisweni, ngase ngiphila ingxenye kuphela yami «I» esikhathini samanje, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi okuthakazelisayo futhi eziyengayo kwazama ukuba.
Umqondo wami wawukhathazeke kakhulu ngezwe lezincwadi engangena kuzo; lomhlaba ugwinye iningi lobukhona bami nobukhona bami
Ngifunde iBuddenbrooks noTonio Kroeger, uNiels Luhne kanye noMalte Laurids Brigge, izinkondlo zikaVerlaine, uRilke wakuqala, uStefan George noHoffmannsthal, ngoNovemba kaFlaubert noDorian Gray kaWilde, Flutes and Daggers kaHeinrich Manna.
Ngangiphenduka umuntu ofana nabalingiswa bakulezo zincwadi. Ngaba uhlobo lomuntu okhathele wezwe, ofuna ubuhle be-fin de siècle. Umfana othize, obukeka esendle, oneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha ubudala, okhule esudi yakhe, esike kabi, ngizulazula emigwaqweni eshisa izikhotha, ehlanyayo yaseBerlin ekhuphukayo, ngizicabangela manje njengomfundisi waseMann, manje njengoWilde dandy. Lo muzwa wobumina awuzange uphikiswe nakancane ukuthi ekuseni ngalo lolo suku mina, kanye nencekukazi, ngalayisha inqola eneziyingi zikashizi namasaka amazambane.
Ingabe le mizwa yayingenasisekelo ngokuphelele? Ingabe ayefundwa kuphela? Kuyacaca ukuthi osemusha oneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha ubudala kusukela ekwindla kuya entwasahlobo ngokuvamile uvame ukukhathala, ukungabi nathemba, isithukuthezi kanye ne-melancholy, kodwa asikaze sihlangabezane nokwanele - ngisho thina kanye nabantu abafana nami - kakade sekwanele ukubuka umhlaba ngokukhathala. , ngokungabaza, ngokunganaki, ngokuhleka usulu ukuthola kithi izici zikaThomas Buddenbrock noma uTonio Kröger? Esikhathini sethu esidlule, kwaba nempi enkulu, okungukuthi, umdlalo wempi omkhulu, kanye nokushaqeka okwabangelwa umphumela wayo, kanye nokufunda kwezombusazwe ngesikhathi soguquko okwadumaza kakhulu abaningi.
Manje sase singababukeli nabahlanganyeli embukwaneni wansuku zonke wokuwohloka kwayo yonke imithetho yezwe, ukuqothuka kwabantu abadala ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kwezwe. Sishaye indesheni ezinhlobonhlobo zezinkolelo nezinkolelo ezingqubuzanayo. Isikhathi esithile sasingama-pacifist, sabe singabashisekeli bobuzwe, futhi kamuva sathonywa iMarxism (into efana nemfundo yezocansi: kokubili iMarxism nemfundo yobulili yayingekho emthethweni, umuntu angase athi akukho emthethweni; kokubili ubuMarx kanye nemfundo yobulili kwasebenzisa izindlela ezishaqisayo zemfundo. futhi wenza iphutha elifanayo: ukucabangela ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu, enqatshelwe ukuziphatha komphakathi, lilonke - uthando kwelinye icala, umlando kwelinye). Ukufa kukaRathenau kwasifundisa isifundo esinonya, esibonisa ukuthi ngisho nendoda enkulu iyafa, futhi i-"Ruhr War" yasifundisa ukuthi kokubili izinhloso ezinhle nezenzo ezingabazisayo "zigwinywa" ngumphakathi ngokulinganayo.
Ingabe kwakukhona okwakungakhuthaza isizukulwane sethu? Phela ugqozi luyintelezi yentsha. Akukho okusele ngaphandle kokuncoma ubuhle baphakade obuvutha amalangabi emavesini kaGeorge noHoffmannsthal; lutho ngaphandle kokungabaza okuzidlayo futhi, yiqiniso, amaphupho othando. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ayikho intombazane eyayisaluvuse uthando lwami, kodwa ngenza ubungane nensizwa eyayinemibono yami kanye nezibikezelo zezincwadi. Kwakuyilokho okucishe kube yi-pathological, ethereal, enamahloni, ubudlelwano obunothando ukuthi izinsizwa kuphela ezikwaziyo, bese kuphela kuze kube yilapho amantombazane engena ezimpilweni zawo. Amandla obudlelwano obunjalo ashabalala ngokushesha.
Sasithanda ukuhlala emigwaqweni amahora amaningi ngemva kokuphuma kwesikole; sifunda ukuthi izinga lokushintshaniswa kwedola lishintshe kanjani, sishintshana ngamazwi avamile mayelana nesimo sezombangazwe, ngokushesha sakhohlwa ngakho konke lokhu futhi saqala ukuxoxa ngezincwadi ngenjabulo. Sakwenza kwaba ngumthetho kukho konke ukuhamba ukuze sihlaziye ngokucophelela incwadi entsha esisanda kuyifunda. Sigcwele injabulo eyesabekayo, saphenya imiphefumulo yethu ngokwesaba. Umkhuhlane wokwehla kwamandla emali wawudlange nxazonke, umphakathi wawuqhekeka ngokubonakala komzimba, umbuso waseJalimane wawuphenduka incithakalo phambi kwamehlo ethu, futhi yonke into yayiyisizinda nje sokucabanga kwethu okujulile, ake sithi, mayelana nemvelo yenhlakanipho, mayelana. ukuthi ubuthakathaka bokuziphatha kanye nokuwohloka kuyamukeleka yini kungqondongqondo.
Futhi yeka ukuthi kwakuyisizinda esingakanani—esingasoze salibaleka!
Ukuhumusha: U-Nikita Eliseev, ehlelwe nguGalina Snezhinskaya
. Incwadi ye I-Ivan Limbach Publishing House.