I-medulla oblongata, ebizwa nangokuthi i-medulla emide, iyingxenye yobuchopho, eyingxenye yesimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi futhi idlala indima ebalulekile emisebenzini yokusinda.

Isikhundla. I-medulla oblongata yakha ingxenye engezansi ye-brainstem. Lesi sakamuva sisuka ngaphansi kobuchopho ngaphakathi kwebhokisi le-cranial futhi sidlula ku-occipital foramen ukuze sijoyine ingxenye engenhla yomgogodla we-vertebral, lapho izokwelulwa yintambo yomgogodla (1). I-brainstem yakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu: i-midbrain, ibhuloho kanye ne-medulla oblongata. Ngakho-ke lesi sakamuva sitholakala phakathi kwebhuloho nomgogodla.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi. I-brainstem, kuhlanganise ne-medulla oblongata, yenziwe ngento empunga ezungezwe into emhlophe. Ngaphakathi kwalolu daba olumhlophe, kukhona futhi i-gray matter nuclei lapho kuphuma khona imizwa engu-10 kwezingu-12 ze-cranial (2). Phakathi kwalokhu kwakamuva, izinzwa ze-trigeminal, izinzwa ezikhukhumezayo, imizwa yobuso, imizwa ye-vestibulocochlear, i-glossopharyngeal nerves, i-vagus nerve, i-accessory nerves kanye ne-hypoglossal nerves iphuma ngokuphelele noma ingxenye ku-medulla oblongata. Eminye imicu yezinzwa ye-motor kanye neyenzwa nayo iyatholakala esakhiweni se-medulla oblongata ngendlela yama-protrusions njengamaphiramidi noma iminqumo (2).

Isakhiwo sangaphandle. Indawo engemuva ye-medulla oblongata kanye nebhuloho zakha udonga lwangaphambili lwe-ventricle yesine, umgodi lapho uketshezi lwe-cerebrospinal luzungeza khona.

Ukudlula kwezindlela zemoto nezinzwa. I-medulla oblongata yakha indawo yokudlula yemizila eminingi yezimoto nezinzwa.

Isikhungo senhliziyo. I-medulla oblongata idlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni inhliziyo. Ilungisa imvamisa namandla okufinyeza kwenhliziyo. Iphinde iguqule umfutho wegazi ngokuba nomthelela kububanzi bemithambo yegazi (2).

Isikhungo sokuphefumula. I-medulla oblongata iqala futhi iguqule isigqi sokuphefumula kanye ne-amplitude (2).

Eminye imisebenzi ye-medulla oblongata. Ezinye izindima zihlotshaniswa ne-medulla oblongata njengokugwinya, ukuqhinqa, ukuququda, ukuhlanza, ukukhwehlela noma ukuthimula (2).

I-Bulbar syndrome ibhekisela kuma-pathologies ahlukahlukene athinta i-medulla oblongata. Zingaba ze-degenerative, ze-vascular noma imvelaphi yesimila.

Isibungu. Ingozi ye-cerebrovascular, noma i-stroke, ibonakala ngokuvinjelwa, njengokwakheka kwamahlule egazi noma ukuphuka komkhumbi wegazi lobuchopho.3 Lesi simo singathinta imisebenzi ye-medulla oblongata.

Head ukuhlukumezeka. Ihambisana nokwethuka kogebhezi okungadala ukulimala kwengqondo. (4)

Isifo seParkinson. Ihambisana nesifo se-neurodegenerative, izimpawu zaso ikakhulukazi ukuthuthumela lapho uphumule, noma ukwehlisa ijubane nokwehla ebangeni lokunyakaza. (5)

multiple sclerosis. Lesi sifo siyisifo esizimele sohlelo oluphakathi lwezinzwa. Amasosha omzimba ahlasela i-myelin, umgogodla ozungeze imicu yezinzwa, obangela ukusabela kokuvuvukala. (6)

Izimila ze-medulla oblongata. Izimila eziyingozi noma ezimbi zingakhula ku-medulla oblongata. (7)

I-Thrombolyse. Isetshenziselwa unhlangothi, lokhu kwelashwa kuhlanganisa ukuphula i-thrombi, noma amahlule egazi, ngosizo lwezidakamizwa.

Izidakamizwa zokwelapha. Ngokuya nge-pathology etholakele, ukwelashwa okuhlukile kungabekwa njengezidakamizwa ezilwa nokuvuvukala.

Ukwelapha okuhlinzwa. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwe-pathology olutholakele, ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa kungenziwa.

I-Chemotherapy, i-radiotherapy. Ngokuya ngesigaba sesimila, lezi zindlela zokwelashwa zingabekwa.

Ukuhlolwa komzimba. Okokuqala, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa komtholampilo ukuze kugcinwe futhi kuhlolwe izimpawu ezibonwa yisiguli.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging yezokwelapha. Ukuze kuhlolwe ukulimala kwe-brainstem, i-cerebral kanye nomgogodla we-CT scan noma i-cerebral MRI ingenziwa ikakhulukazi.

i-biopsy. Lokhu kuhlolwa kuqukethe isampula lamaseli.

Ukukhishwa kwe-Lumbar. Lokhu kuhlolwa kuvumela ukuthi i-cerebrospinal fluid ihlaziywe.

UThomas Willis ungudokotela oyiNgisi othathwa njengomunye wamavulandlela e-neurology. Ube ngomunye wabokuqala ukwethula incazelo ephathekayo yobuchopho, ikakhulukazi ngencwadi yakhe i-cerebral anatomy. (I-8)