I-superorder enkulu yezinhlanzi ze-cartilaginous. Ukubonakala kwalezi zilwane kubonakala kakhulu futhi kujwayelekile kubantu abaningi kusukela ebuntwaneni. Ushaka, ngokuqonda kweningi, unomzimba omude omise okwe-torpedo, inani elikhulu lamazinyo abukhali, i- dorsal fin egobile, njalonjalo. Eqinisweni, izinhlanzi eziningi ezingaziwa kakhulu zalolu hlobo zinezinhlobo ezingavamile futhi azihambisani nale ncazelo. Zingaphezu kuka-450 izinhlobo zoshaka ezaziwayo njengamanje. Ngokombono we-biology, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi oshaka baye bazivumelanisa kahle kakhulu nezimo zokuphila. Indlela yabo yokuphila kanye nekhono lokuzivumelanisa nezimo kuye kwavumela lezi zinhlobo ukuba ziguquke cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-450. Isici sesici ubukhona be-cartilaginous, kunokuba i-bone skeleton. NgesiRashiya, igama elithi "shark" livela ku-Old Norse "hákall". Ngokwendlela yokuphila kanye nemvelo, oshaka abakwazi ukuhlanganiswa babe iqembu elilodwa. Bazivumelanise cishe nanoma iyiphi indawo. Kukhona izimo zokubonwa koshaka ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha angama-3700. Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlobo zezilwane ihola indlela yokuphila ye-pelargic emanzini aseduze nangaphezulu. Izinhlobo eziningi ziye zajwayela ukuphila endaweni engasogwini yamanzi angashoni nokunye. Oshaka bahlala cishe kuzo zonke izilwandle ezihlobene nolwandle. Ubukhulu boshaka buyahlukahluka kakhulu, kusuka ku-17 cm kuya ku-20 m. Indlela yokuphila ingahluka kuye ngomjikelezo wokuphila nezimo zokuphila. Ngisho nababodwa abaziwayo ngezikhathi ezithile bakha amaqoqo, futhi bahola umhlambi osebenzayo wempilo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zoshaka ziye zajwayela ukuphila hhayi kuphela emanzini anosawoti noma anosawoti ezichwebeni zemifula, kodwa futhi zingaba khona ngokuphelele emanzini ahlanzekile emifula emikhulu.
Izindlela zokudoba
Mayelana nokudoba izindondo, abadobi abayizimfundamakhwela bathanda kakhulu oshaka - izilwane ezidla ezinye ezihlala ezindaweni ezivulekile noma ogwini lolwandle olushisayo. Kuzakhamuzi eziningi ezisenyakatho ye-Eurasia, ukudoba okunjalo akujwayelekile. Uhambo lokudoba oshaka oluthakazelisa kakhulu luhlelwa izinhlangano zezivakashi ezindaweni ezishisayo zasolwandle. Kungaba ukudoba ezikebheni nasezikebheni kusetshenziswa izinto zokudonsa noma izinduku zokuphotha ezisezingeni lolwandle. Ekudobeni, kusetshenziswa kokubili ukudla okwenziwa kanye nemvelo, izinhlanzi zivame ukuyengwa ngezilo ezihlukahlukene zemvelaphi yezilwane. Indawo eyaziwa kakhulu yokubamba oshaka ogwini ugu lwaseNamibia, iSkeleton Coast. EMpumalanga Ekude YaseRussia, oshaka abakhulu - izilwane ezidliwa yizilwane - abazuzi abavame ukutholakala, futhi akufanelekile ukuxhuma uhambo lapho ngezibonelo ezinjalo. Lawa mazwe asevele engavamile kakhulu kubantu abahlala engxenyeni yaseYurophu. Noma kunjalo, izinhlobo eziningana zoshaka zingena emanzini asenyakatho ogwini lwaseRussia. Kuhlanganisa, ama-herring shoals alandelwa yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi. "i-herring sharks". Noma kunjalo, isakhamuzi saseRussia yaseYurophu, enesifiso esikhulu sokubamba ushaka, akudingeki siye emazweni ashisayo ashisayo. Ukuthunjwa kwalolu hlobo kufinyeleleka kakhulu, isibonelo, oLwandle Olumnyama. Ushaka omncane uhlala lapho - i-katran, evame ukuba yinto yokubamba abadobi bendawo.
I-shark trolling
Oshaka, kanye nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye ezinkulu zasolwandle, babhekwa njengabaphikisi abafaneleka kakhulu ngenxa yobukhulu nobumnene babo. Ukuze uzibambe, uzodinga ukudoba okunzima kakhulu. Ukuze uthole ukusesha okusebenzayo kwezinhlanzi, indlela efanelekile kakhulu i-trolling. I-Sea trolling iyindlela yokudoba ngosizo lwemoto ehambayo, njengesikebhe noma isikebhe. Ukudoba olwandle nasezindaweni ezivulekile zasolwandle, kusetshenziswa imikhumbi ekhethekile enamathuluzi amaningi. Okuyinhloko kukhona abanikazi bezintambo, ngaphezu kwalokho, izikebhe zifakwe izihlalo zokudlala izinhlanzi, itafula lokwenza ama-baits, imisindo enamandla ye-echo nokunye. Izinduku nazo zisetshenziswa ezikhethekile, ezenziwe nge-fiberglass namanye ama-polymers anokufakwa okukhethekile. Amakhoyili asetshenziswa ngokuphindaphinda, umthamo omkhulu. Idivayisi yama-trolling reels ingaphansi komqondo oyinhloko walelo giya - amandla. I-mono-line, kuze kufike ku-4 mm ubukhulu noma ngaphezulu, ikalwa, ngokudoba okunjalo, ngamakhilomitha. Ziningi impela izinto ezisizayo ezisetshenziswa kuye ngezimo zokudoba: ukujulisa okokusebenza, ukubeka izinti endaweni yokudoba, ukunamathisela isiheho, nokunye, okuhlanganisa izinto eziningi zokusebenza. I-Trolling, ikakhulukazi lapho uzingela imidondoshiya yasolwandle, iwuhlobo lweqembu lokudoba. Njengomthetho, kusetshenziswa izinduku eziningana. Endabeni yokulunywa, ukuze kubanjwe ngempumelelo, ukuhambisana kweqembu kubalulekile. Ngaphambi kohambo, kuhle ukuthola imithetho yokudoba esifundeni. Ezimweni eziningi, ukudoba kwenziwa ngabaqondisi abangochwepheshe abanomthwalo wemfanelo ngokugcwele kulo mcimbi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukucinga indondo olwandle noma olwandle kungase kuhlotshaniswe namahora amaningi okulinda ukulunywa, ngezinye izikhathi kungaphumeleli.
Ukubamba oshaka ngokukhukhuleka
Ukudoba oshaka ngokukhukhuleka kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwezikebhe ezihlonyiswe ngokukhethekile noma eziphethe izinduku. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ubukhulu bezintambo bungabonakala bubaluleke kakhulu, obudinga ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile kubahleli bokudoba. Ukudoba kwenziwa ngosizo lwezinduku zasolwandle ezinama-snaps for baits yemvelo. "Ukukhukhuleka" ngokwako kwenziwa ngenxa yamaza olwandle noma umoya. Ezimweni eziningi, ukudoba kwenziwa ngokuhuheka kwezilwane ezidla ezinye ngezilwane ezihlukahlukene zokubunjwa kwezilwane. Ku-rig, abanye abadobi basebenzisa ama-alamu amakhulu e-bobber bite. Ukuhamba kancane komkhumbi kwandisa indawo yokudoba futhi kudala ukulingisa ukunyakaza kwe-bait.
Amahubo
Kuye ngendlela yokudoba, kusetshenziswa ama-bait ahlukene. Kuyiqiniso elaziwayo ukuthi oshaka bayizinhlanzi ezinohlelo oluphelele kakhulu lokubona izinto ezithinta ukudla, okuhlanganisa nabahlaziyi abathuthuke kakhulu bokubunjwa kwamakhemikhali emvelo. Ngakho-ke, abadobi bavame ukusebenzisa izithiyo ezikhipha iphunga lenyama yezilwane. Lapho udoba i-trolling, njengesisekelo se-bait, ukulingiswa kwezilwane zasolwandle kusetshenziswa: izinhlanzi, i-mollusks, njalonjalo. Endabeni yokudoba nge-classic spinning tackle, lawa ama-volumetric nozzles amakhulu - zonke izinhlobo zokuguqulwa kwama-wobblers ngezinhloso ezihlukahlukene. Izindawo zokudoba kanye nezindawo zokuhlala Njengoba sekushiwo, oshaka basakazeke kakhulu kulo lonke elase-World Ocean nezilwandle zalo. Ngokuya ngezinhlobo zezilwane, izindawo ezisatshalaliswa zalezi zinhlanzi zihlanganisa zonke izindawo kanye nezindawo zezulu. Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zihlala ezindaweni ezivulekile zamanzi anosawoti olwandle, kodwa ezinye zizingela emifuleni emikhulu, zikhuphukela phezulu amakhilomitha angamashumi.
Ukuzalela
Isici esibalulekile salolu hlobo ukuvundiswa kwangaphakathi. Ngokungafani nezinhlanzi eziningi ezinamathambo, ukuguquka kwesikhathi eside koshaka kanye nesimiso sabo sokuzala sekuhambile, ngokwenzalo, ekuthuthukisweni kwekhwalithi yenani elincane labantu. Ngokungafani nokujwayelekile kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, ngokuvundiswa kwangaphandle, ukuzala kwezigidi noma izinkulungwane zamaqanda kanye nomkhawulo ophansi wokusinda, oshaka besimanje banesitho sakudala sokuzala, esifana ne-placenta yezilwane ezincelisayo. Kodwa lapha kufanelekile ukwenza isichibiyelo ukuthi oshaka, ngokuvumelana nesimiso sokuthuthukiswa komntwana, bahlukaniswe ngama-oviparous, ovoviviparous kanye ne-viviparous. Ubukhulu obuncane benzalo ku-viviparous. Oshaka, lapho umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa kwe-fetus u-extrauterine, ubeka amaqanda angaba ngu-100, okuhloswe ngawo ukwandisa ukusinda kwezingane ezimweni ezinzima zemvelo. Izinhlobo eziningi zine-reflex yokuvikela inzalo ethuthuke kakhulu. Akuzona zonke izinhlobo zoshaka ezingabhekwa njengezichumayo. Lokhu akubangelwa kuphela inyamazane edlayo, kodwa futhi ngenxa yezinguquko ezimweni zokuphila.