Ukweqisa izici eziningi zobulili bomuntu kuyindlela enhle yokwakha umphakathi onenzondo, osetshenziswa kokubili eRussia kanye nabashisekeli bamaSulumane.
"I-Iliad" kaHomer iqala ngesigameko sentukuthelo ka-Achilles: U-Achilles wathukuthela u-Agamemnon ngoba wathatha uBriseis othunjiwe ngenxa yeqhawe elikhulu. Lokhu ukusabela okungokwemvelo ngokuphelele kowesilisa othukuthele. Okuwukuphela kwento engaqondakali ngokombono wesimanje: kungani u-Achilles edinga i-Briseis uma esenayo kakade i-Patroclus?
Uyangitshela - lena incwadi. Hhayi-ke, nansi indaba yakho: inkosi yaseSparta uCleomenes, ebalekela eGibhithe, yazama ukuhlela ukuketula umbuso lapho futhi yathatha amandla. Umzamo wehlulekile, abaseSpartan bazungezwe, uCleomenes wayala wonke umuntu ukuthi azibulale. Owokugcina owasinda kwakunguPantheus, lowo, ngokukaPlutarch, “owake wathandwa yinkosi futhi manje wathola imiyalo evela kuye ukuba afe ekugcineni lapho eqiniseka ukuthi bonke abanye bafile . . . wahlanekezela, wamanga inkosi, wahlala eduze kwakhe. Lapho uCleomenes ephelelwa yisikhathi, uPantheus wagona isidumbu futhi, ngaphandle kokuvula izingalo zakhe, wazigwaza wafa.
Ngemva kwalokho, njengoba uPlutarch esho, unkosikazi osemusha kaPanthea naye wazigwaza: "Bobabili behlelwa isiphetho esibuhlungu phakathi othandweni lwabo."
Futhi: ngakho uCleomenes noma unkosikazi omncane?
U-Alcibiades wayeyisithandwa sikaSocrates, okungazange kumvimbele ukuthi kamuva enze imibuthano yobulili obuhlukile kulo lonke elase-Athene. Umuntu othanda abesifazane uKhesari ebusheni bakhe "kwakuyindawo yokulala yeNkosi uNicomedes." U-Pelopidas, othandekayo ka-Epaminondas, wayala ibutho elingcwele laseTheban, elalihlanganisa abathandi nabathandi, okungazange kuvimbele umkakhe ukuba "ambone ngezinyembezi endlini." UZeus wathatha umfana uGanymede wamyisa e-Olympus ngezidladla, okungazange kuvimbele uZeus ekuyengeni uDemeter, iPersephone, iYurophu, uDanae futhi uhlu luyaqhubeka, futhi eGrisi lasendulo, amadoda othandweni afunga isifungo sokwethembeka komunye nomunye ethuneni. ka-Iolaus, uHercules othandekayo, uHercules amnika umkakhe uMegara. Umnqobi omkhulu wasendulo, u-Alexander Omkhulu, wayemthanda kakhulu uHephaestion wakhe kangangokuthi bashada kanye namadodakazi amabili kaDariyu. Laba akubona onxantathu bothando kuwe, lezi ezinye, eziqondile, zothando lwe-tetrahedra!
Njengomuntu owafundiswa nguyise umlando wasendulo kusukela eneminyaka eyisithupha, imibuzo emibili esobala iye yangikhathaza isikhathi eside.
- Kungani izitabane zanamuhla zibonwa umphakathi futhi ziziphatha njengomuntu wesifazane, kuyilapho ezikhathini zasendulo izitabane zazingamaqhawe anonya kakhulu?
- Futhi kungani ubungqingili manje sebubhekwa njengohlobo lokuthambekela kwezocansi okuyidlanzana, kuyilapho ezikhathini zasendulo kunalokho kwakuchazwa njengenkathi yokuphila kwenani elikhulu lamadoda?
Ingxoxo eyenzeka ngesikhathi semithetho yenkathi ephakathi yokucwasa izitabane eyamukelwa uMbuso Duma inginika ithuba lokukhuluma ngalolu daba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zombili izinhlangothi zengxabano zibonisa, ngokubona kwami, ukungazi okumangalisayo: kokubili labo abahlambalaza "isono esingezona ezemvelo" nalabo abathi: "Siyizitabane, futhi sizalwa ngaleyo ndlela."
Abekho ongqingili? Njengabobulili obuhlukile.
“Inkolelo yokuthi umuntu, noma kufanele abe, umuntu onobulili obuhlukile, imane nje iyinganekwane,” kubhala uJames Neill kweyakhe ethi, Umsuka nendima yobudlelwane bobulili obufanayo emiphakathini yabantu, incwadi ehlaziya ngokujulile izisekelo zobulili obufanayo. ukuziphatha komuntu, ngingaqhathanisa noSigmund Freud kuphela.
Yilapho siqala khona: ngokombono wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo zanamuhla, ukugomela kokuthi ubungqingili abukho emvelweni nokuthi ubulili buyadingeka ekuzaleni akulungile. Kusobala futhi kungamanga njengesitatimende esithi "Ilanga lizungeza uMhlaba."
Ngizonikeza isibonelo esilula. Isihlobo sethu esiseduze, kanye nemfene, i-bonobo, imfene ye-pygmy. Ukhokho ovamile wezimfene kanye nama-bonobos waphila eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-2,5 edlule, futhi ukhokho oyedwa wabantu, izimfene kanye nama-bonobos waphila cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-6-7 edlule. Ezinye izazi zezinto eziphilayo zikholelwa ukuthi ama- bonobo asondelene ngandlela-thile nabantu kunezimfene, ngoba anezici eziningi eziwenza ahlobane nabantu. Isibonelo, ama-bonobos wesifazane cishe ahlala ekulungele ukushada. Lesi yisici esiyingqayizivele esihlukanisa ama-bonobos nabantu kuzo zonke ezinye izinkawu.
Umphakathi weBonobo uhlukaniswa izici ezimbili eziphawulekayo phakathi kwezinkawu. Okokuqala, i-matriarchal. Ayiholwa yindoda ye-alpha, njengakwezinye izinkawu, kodwa iholwa yiqembu lezinsikazi ezindala. Lokhu kuyamangaza nakakhulu ngoba ama-bonobos, njengezihlobo zawo eziseduze kakhulu ama-homo nezimfene, asho i-dimorphism yobulili, kanti eyesifazane inesisindo somzimba esiphakathi kwama-80% wesilisa. Ngokusobala, le matriarchy ihlotshaniswa ngokunembile nekhono elishiwo ngenhla le-bonobos yesifazane lokuhlala ngokuzala.
Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu kuhlukile. I-Bonobo iyinkawu elawula cishe zonke izingxabano ngaphakathi kweqembu ngocansi. Lena inkawu, enkulumweni emangalisayo kaFranz de Waal, efaka ngokucacile isiqubulo samahippie: "Yenza uthando, hhayi impi"2.
Uma izimfene zixazulula izingxabano ngobudlova, khona-ke ama-bonobos azixazulula ngocansi. Noma kulula nakakhulu. Uma inkawu ifuna ukuthatha ubhanana kwenye inkawu, khona-ke uma kuyimfene, izokhuphuka, inikeze uphondo futhi ithathe ubhanana. Futhi uma kuyibhonobo, uzokhuphuka enze uthando, bese ethola ubhanana ngokubonga. Ubulili bazo zombili izinkawu akusho lutho. Ama-Bonobos anobulili obubili ngomqondo ogcwele wegama.
Uzongitshela ukuthi ama-bonobos ahlukile. Yebo, ngomqondo wokuthi baya ocansini njengendlela yokubonisa ukulingana.
Inkinga ukuthi zonke ezinye izinkawu nazo zihlanganyela ocansini lobungqingili, kuphela ngokuvamile kuthatha uhlobo oluhluke kancane.
Ngokwesibonelo, gorilla futhi izihlobo zethu eziseduze, imigqa yethu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo diverged 10-11 million edlule. Ama-gorilla ahlala ephaketheni elincane labantu abangu-8-15, lapho kukhona khona owesilisa obizwa ngokuthi i-alpha, abesifazane abangu-3-6 kanye nentsha. Umbuzo: kuthiwani ngabesilisa abasebasha abaxoshwa ephaketheni, kodwa abekho abesifazane abazobalungiselela? Amaduna asemancane avame ukwakha iqoqo lawo, njengoba abesilisa abasebancane bevame ukwakha ibutho, futhi ubudlelwano phakathi kweqoqo labafana abasha bugcinwa ngocansi.
Izimfene zihlala emihlambini emikhulu, abantu abangafika ku-100, futhi njengoba iqembu lamaduna e-alpha lisekhanda lomhlambi, umbuzo uphakama ngokuzenzakalelayo: iduna le-alpha lingabonisa kanjani ukuthi liphakeme kunamaduna asemancane ngaphandle kokuwabulala aze afe, futhi abasha. abesilisa, futhi, ukufakazela kanjani ukulalela kwenu? Impendulo isobala: owesilisa we-alpha ufakazela inzuzo yakhe ngokugibela ongaphansi, ngokuvamile owesilisa omncane. Njengomthetho, lobu ubuhlobo obuzuzisayo. Uma i-eromenos enjalo (amaGreki asendulo ayebiza leli gama ngokuthi lowo owathatha isikhundla se-Alcibiades ngokuphathelene noSocrates) ecasulwa ezinye izinkawu, uzokhala, futhi owesilisa omdala uzohlenga ngokushesha.
Ngokuvamile, ubulili obufanayo namadoda asemancane buvame kakhulu phakathi kwezinkawu kangangokuthi abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izinkawu zidlula esigabeni sobungqingili ekukhuleni kwazo3.
Ubudlelwano bobungqingili emvelweni buyindawo lapho uguquko lwaseCopernican lwenzeka khona phambi kwamehlo ethu. Ekuqaleni kuka-1977, umsebenzi kaGeorge Hunt wokuphayona kuma-lesbian couples phakathi kwama-goll anamakhanda amnyama eCalifornia wenqatshwa izikhathi eziningana ngenxa yokungahambisani nemibono yebhayibheli yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo.
Khona-ke, lapho kungenakwenzeka ukuphika amahloni, isigaba sezincazelo zeFreudian safika: "Lona ngumdlalo", "Yebo, le mfene yagibela enye imfene, kodwa lokhu akulona ubulili, kodwa ukubusa." Isiqu kuyacaca ukuthi ukubusa: kodwa kungani ngale ndlela?
Ngo-1999, umsebenzi wempumelelo kaBruce Bagemill4 wabala izinhlobo ezingama-450 ezinobudlelwano bobungqingili. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uhlobo olulodwa noma olunye lobuhlobo bobungqingili lulotshwe ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,5, futhi manje inkinga ihluke ngokuphelele: izazi zezinto eziphilayo azikwazi ukufakazela ukuthi kunezinhlobo zezilwane ezingenazo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imvelo kanye nemvamisa yalokhu kuxhumana kwehluka ngokungavamile komunye nomunye. Ebhubesini, inkosi yezilwane, ngokuziqhenya, kuze kufike ku-8% wokuthintana ngokocansi kwenzeka phakathi kwabantu bobulili obufanayo. Isizathu sifana ncamashi nesezimfene. Inhloko yokuziqhenya yindoda ye-alpha (akuvamile ukuba ababili, bese beyizelamani), futhi owesilisa we-alpha udinga ukwakha ubuhlobo nesizukulwane esisha kanye nombusi ohlangene ukuze bangadlani.
Emihlambini yezimvu zasezintabeni, kufika ku-67% wabantu abathintana nabo abathandana nabobulili obufanayo, kanti imvu yasekhaya iyisilwane esiyingqayizivele, lapho u-10% wabantu usazogibela kwenye imvu, ngisho noma kukhona insikazi eduze. Nokho, lesi sici singabalelwa ezimweni ezingezona ezemvelo lapho ukuziphatha ngokuvamile kushintsha khona: ake siqhathanise, isibonelo, nokuziphatha kocansi kwamadoda emajele aseRussia.
Esinye isilwane esiyingqayizivele indlulamithi. Ufinyelela ku-96% wabantu axhumana nabo bangongqingili.
Konke lokhu okungenhla kuyizibonelo zezilwane ezifuywayo okuthi, ngocansi phakathi kobulili obufanayo, zinciphise ukungqubuzana eqenjini, zibonise ukubusa, noma, ngokuphambene, zigcine ukulingana. Nokho, kunezibonelo zongqingili ezilwaneni ezihlala ngababili.
Isibonelo, ama-25% amadada amnyama angama-gay. Amaduna akha umbhangqwana ongahlukaniseki, akhe isidleke ndawonye futhi, ngendlela, afukamele inzalo eqinile, ngoba insikazi ebonile umbhangqwana onjalo ngokuvamile iyanyonyoba futhi igingqa iqanda esidlekeni. Njengoba kokubili abesilisa kuyizinyoni ezinamandla, banensimu enkulu, ukudla okuningi, futhi inzalo (hhayi eyabo, kodwa izihlobo) zinhle kakhulu.
Sengiphetha, ngizokutshela enye indaba, nayo ehlukile, kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu.
Abacwaningi baqaphele ukuthi inani lama-lesbian pair phakathi kwama-gull anamakhanda amnyama e-Patagonia lincike ku-El Niño, ngamanye amazwi, esimweni sezulu kanye nenani lokudla. Uma kunokudla okuncane, inani lezithandani ezithandanayo liyakhula, kuyilapho i-gull eyodwa inakekela umlingani osevele evundisiwe, futhi bakhulisa amatshwele ndawonye. Okusho ukuthi, inani elincishisiwe lokudla liholela ekwehleni kwenani lamatshwele ngenkathi kuthuthukisa izinga lempilo yalawo asele.
Empeleni, le ndaba ikhombisa kahle indlela yokuvela kobungqingili.
Ukucabanga ukuthi umshini wokuphindaphinda i-DNA - futhi thina siyimishini ephindaphinda i-DNA - udinga ukwenza amakhophi amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka kuwukuqonda kwakudala kakhulu ngoDarwin. Njengoba uRichard Dawkins oyisazi sesayensi yezindaba zesimanje esidumile, uRichard Dawkins eye wabonisa kahle kangaka, umshini wokuphindaphinda i-DNA udinga okuthile okuhlukile—okungukuthi amakhophi amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka asindayo ukuze akhiqizeke.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha okuyisiphukuphuku kwalokhu akukwazi ukuzuzwa. Uma inyoni izalela amaqanda ayi-6 esidlekeni, futhi inezinsiza ezi-3 kuphela zokondla, khona-ke wonke amatshwele azofa, futhi leli isu elibi.
Ngakho-ke, kunamasu amaningi okuziphatha okuhloswe ngawo ukukhulisa ukusinda. Elinye isu elinjalo, ngokwesibonelo, indawo.
Izinsikazi zezinyoni eziningi ngeke zishade neduna uma ingenayo isidleke - funda: indawo azokondla kuyo amatshwele. Uma enye iduna isinda esidlekeni, insikazi iyohlala esidlekeni. Ushadile, gu.e. engakhulumeli eyeduna, kodwa ngesidleke. Ngezinsiza zokudla.
Elinye isu lokusinda ukwakha i-hierarchy kanye nokupakisha. Ilungelo lokukhiqiza kabusha lithola okungcono kakhulu, owesilisa we-alpha. Isu elihambisana nesikhundla ubulili bobungqingili. Ephaketheni, kuvame ukuba nemibuzo emithathu okufanele ixazululwe: owesilisa we-alpha angakufakazela kanjani ukuphakama kwakhe phezu kwabafana abasebasha ngaphandle kokubakhubaza (okuzonciphisa amathuba okuphila komshini wofuzo), abafana abancane bangakha kanjani ubuhlobo phakathi kwabo , futhi ngaphandle kokugencana kuze kube sekufeni, Nokuqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi abesifazane abalwi bodwa?
Impendulo icacile.
Futhi uma ucabanga ukuthi umuntu ungaphezu kwalokho, nginombuzo olula. Ngicela ungitshele, lapho umuntu eguqa phambi kombusi, okungukuthi, phambi kwendoda ye-alpha, noma, ngaphezu kwalokho, eguqa, usuke esho ukuthini futhi yiziphi imikhuba yebhayoloji yokhokho abakude lesi senzo sibuyela emuva. ?
Ucansi luyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu ukuthi lingasetshenziswa ngendlela eyodwa. Ucansi aluyona nje indlela yokukhiqiza kabusha, kodwa futhi luyindlela yokwakha izibopho ngaphakathi kweqembu elinomthelela ekusindeni kweqembu. Izinhlobonhlobo ezimangalisayo kakhulu zezinhlobo zokuziphatha ezisekelwe ebulilini obufanayo zibonisa ukuthi leli qhinga lavela ngokuzimela emlandweni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, njengoba, isibonelo, iso lavela izikhathi eziningana.
Phakathi kwezilwane eziphansi, kukhona nezitabane eziningi, futhi ekugcineni - lokhu kungumbuzo wokuhlukahluka - angikwazi ukukusiza kodwa ngikujabulise ngendaba ye-bug evamile. Lesi sigelekeqe sihlangana nesinye isiphazamisi ngesizathu esilula: uzihlanganisa nomuntu osanda kuncela igazi.
Njengoba ungabona kalula ngenhla, embusweni wezilwane, ubudlelwano bobungqingili bubonakala ngezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu. Baveza inani elikhulu kakhulu lobudlelwano ngezindlela ezihluke kakhulu.
Umuntu ongenazo izimpendulo zokuziphatha ngokwemvelo, kodwa onenani elingavamile lamasiko, imithetho nemikhuba, futhi la masiko awagcini nje kuphela kusayensi yokwakheka komzimba, kodwa futhi angena empendulweni ezinzile ngayo futhi ayithonye - ukuhlakazeka kwamaphethini okuziphatha mayelana ubungqingili obuningi. Umuntu angakha isikali eside sokuhlukaniswa kwemiphakathi ngokwesimo sabo sengqondo ngobungqingili.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwalesi sikali kuyoba, ngokwesibonelo, impucuko yamaJudeo-Christian kanye nokuvinjelwa kwayo okunezigaba kwesono saseSodoma.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwesilinganiso kungaba, isibonelo, umphakathi we-Etoro. Lesi yisizwe esincane eNew Guinea, lapho, njengezizwe eziningi zaseNew Guinean ngokuvamile, into efana nembewu yesilisa ibamba indima ebalulekile endaweni yonke.
Ngokombono we-Etoro, umfana akakwazi ukukhula ngaphandle kokuba athole imbewu yesilisa. Ngakho-ke, lapho beneminyaka eyishumi, bonke abafana bathathwa kwabesifazane (ngokuvamile babaphatha kabi abesifazane, bababheke njengabathakathi, njll.) futhi babayise endlini yamadoda, lapho umfana osukela eminyakeni eyi-10 kuya kwengama-20 njalo ethola isabelo sakhe. ye-ejenti ekhuthaza ukukhula, ngomlomo nangomlomo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, "umfana ngeke akhule." Emibuzweni yabacwaningi: “Kanjani, nawe futhi?” - abantu bomdabu baphendula: "Hhayi-ke, uyabona: ngakhula." Umfowabo womkakhe wesikhathi esizayo uvame ukusizakala ngomfana, kodwa ngezikhathi ezinzima abanye abasizi abaningi bahlanganyela kulo mkhuba. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-20, umfana uyakhula, izindima ziyashintsha, futhi usevele esebenza njengomnikeli wezindlela zokukhula.
Ngokuvamile ngalesi sikhathi uyashada, futhi njengoba evame ukushada nentombazane esencane, okwamanje unabangane ababili, bobabili akhuluma nabo, njengoba umfundisi ongumProthestani esho, “ngendlela engezona engokwemvelo.” Khona-ke intombazane iyakhula, inezingane, futhi lapho ineminyaka engu-40 iqala ukuphila ukuphila kobulili obuhlukile ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kokubala umsebenzi womphakathi ngezinsuku ezinesizotha ukusiza isizukulwane esizayo sikhule.
Ngokulandela imodeli ye-thioro, amaphayona kanye ne-Komsomol bahlelwa e-USSR yethu, umehluko kuphela ukuthi bashaya ubuchopho, hhayi ezinye izingxenye zomzimba.
Angiyena umlandeli omkhulu wokulunga kwezepolitiki, othi wonke amasiko abantu ahlukile futhi ayamangalisa. Amanye amasiko awakufanelekeli ukuba khona. Akwenzeki neze ukuthola into enyanyeka kakhulu ohlwini lwamasiko abantu kune-etoro, ngaphandle, vele, umkhuba omnandi wabapristi bezinye izimpucuko zaseMelika ezingasekho ukuhambisana nezisulu zesikhathi esizayo ngaphambi komhlatshelo.
Umehluko phakathi kwesiko lobuKristu kanye ne-etoro ubonakala ngeso lenyama. Futhi kulele eqinisweni lokuthi isiko lobuKristu liye lasakazeka emhlabeni wonke futhi liye lanikeza impucuko enkulu, futhi ama-Etoros abelokhu ehlezi emahlathini awo futhi ehlezi. Ngendlela, lesi simo sihlobene ngokuqondile nemibono ngocansi, ngoba amaKristu ayenqabela ubudlelwano bobulili obufanayo futhi athela futhi anda ngezinombolo kangangokuthi kwakudingeka azixazulule, futhi ngenxa yemikhuba yabo yomshado, i-thioros ilingana nemvelo.
Lokhu ikakhulukazi kubathandi bokulinganisela nemvelo: sicela ungakhohlwa ukuthi ezinye zezizwe ezazikulokhu kulinganisa zazuza le homeostasis eyajabulisa imiphefumulo ye-"green" ngosizo lwe-pedophilia kanye ne-cannibalism.
Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona inqwaba yamasiko emhlabeni ayengaphumeleli kancane kuneyethu, ngezinye izikhathi ayengabanduleli bayo futhi ayebubekezelela ubungqingili.
Okokuqala, lesi isiko lasendulo esengishilo kakade, kodwa futhi isiko lamaJalimane asendulo namaSamurai Japan. Ngokuvamile, njengoba nje phakathi kwama-gorilla asemancane, kwenzeka ubulili phakathi kwamaqhawe asemasha, futhi ukuthandana kwenza ibutho elinjalo linganqotshwa ngokuphelele.
Inkampani engcwele yaseTheban yonke yayakhiwe izinsizwa, ziboshwe ngale ndlela, ziqala ngabaholi bazo, izikhulu zombuso ezidumile uPelopidas no-Epaminondas. UPlutarch, ovame ukungazwani kakhulu ngocansi phakathi kwabesilisa, usixoxele indaba yokuthi iNkosi uPhilip, ehlule abaseTheban eChaeronea futhi ebona izidumbu zezithandani nezithandani ezafa behlangene ngaphandle kokuhlehla, " Makashabalale okholwa ukuthi wenze into eyihlazo.”
Ukuqoqwa kwezithandani ezisencane kwakuyisici samaJalimane anonya. Ngokwendaba kaProcopius waseKhesariya6, u-Alaric, owaphanga iRoma ngo-410, wazuza lokhu ngobuqili: okungukuthi, ekhethe intsha engama-300 engenazintshebe ebuthweni lakhe, wayinikeza odokotela abahahayo ngaleli bhizinisi, futhi yena ngokwakhe wenza sengathi ususa ikamu: ngosuku olumisiwe, intsha, eyayiphakathi kwamaqhawe anesibindi, yabulala onogada bedolobha futhi yangenisa amaGoth. izinhlanga.
AmaSamurai aphatha ubungqingili ngendlela efanayo namaSpartan, okungukuthi, gu.e. ekhuluma, wayevunyelwe, njengebhola noma ukudoba. Uma ukudoba kuvunyelwe emphakathini, lokhu akusho ukuthi wonke umuntu uzokwenza. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akukho lutho olungavamile oluyotholakala kuwo, ngaphandle uma, ngokuqinisekile, umuntu ewela ekuhlanyeni ngenxa yokudoba.
Sengiphetha, ngizokhuluma ngesikhungo sezenhlalakahle, okungenzeka, hhayi wonke umuntu owaziyo ngaso. Lesi yisikhungo senhlalakahle saseKorea esithi «hwarang» seSilla Dynasty: ibutho labafana abayizicukuthwane, abadume ngesibindi sabo, kanye nomkhuba wabo wokudweba ubuso nokugqoka njengabesifazane. Inhloko yeHwarang Kim Yushin (595-673) yabamba iqhaza eliphambili ekuhlanganisweni kweKorea ngaphansi kokubusa kukaSilla. Ngemva kokuwa kobukhosi, igama elithi "hwarang" laqala ukusho "isifebe sowesilisa".
Futhi uma uthola imikhuba ye-Hwarang ixakile, khona-ke umbuzo oyisimungulu: ngicela ungitshele ukuthi kungani amaqhawe amaningi kangaka emiphakathini ehlukahlukene eya empini enemibala enemibala eminingi nezimpaphe, njengezifebe ezisephaneli?
Empeleni, manje kuzoba lula ngathi ukuphendula umbuzo obuzwe ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko: kungani u-Achilles abe noBriseis uma esevele enoPatroclus?
Emphakathini wesintu, ukuziphatha akunqunywa yisayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Ihambisana namasiko. Ngisho nezinkawu azinawo amaphethini okuziphatha azalwa nawo: amaqembu ezimfene angahluka ngemikhuba engengaphansi kwezizwe zabantu. Nokho, kubantu, ukuziphatha akunqunywa nhlobo ngesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kodwa ngesiko, noma kunalokho, ngokuguqulwa okungalindelekile kwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo ngesiko.
Isibonelo salokhu, ngendlela, i-homophobia. Ucwaningo lwesayensi lukhombisa ukuthi imvamisa abantu abathandana nabantu bobulili obufanayo bangabantu abasondelene nabobulili obufanayo. I-homophobe evamile yisitabane esikhungathekile esicindezele ukushayela kwakhe futhi esikhundleni saso sabeka inzondo ngalabo abangazange.
Futhi nasi isibonelo esiphambene: emphakathini wanamuhla, ngabesifazane (okungukuthi, labo ngokusobala abangeke basolwe ukuthi bayizitabane) abanozwela kakhulu ngobungqingili besilisa. UMary Renault wabhala inoveli ngo-Alexander Omkhulu egameni lesithandwa sakhe sasePheresiya uBagoas; othandekayo wami uLois McMaster Bujold wabhala inoveli ethi "Ethan kusukela kuplanethi i-Eytos", lapho insizwa evela emhlabeni wongqingili (ngalesi sikhathi inkinga yokuzala ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kowesifazane ngokwakhe, yebo, kwase kukade kuxazululiwe) ungena emhlabeni omkhulu futhi uhlangane - oh, ukwesaba! - lesi sidalwa esibi - owesifazane. Futhi uJK Rowling uvumile ukuthi uDumbledore uyisitabane. Ngokusobala, umbhali wale migqa naye ukule nkampani enhle.
Umphakathi wama-gay usanda kuthanda kakhulu ucwaningo mayelana nezimbangela ze-biochemical zobungqingili (ngokuvamile sikhuluma ngamahomoni athile aqala ukukhiqizwa ngisho nasesibelethweni ngesikhathi sokucindezeleka). Kodwa lezi zimbangela zamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo zikhona ngokunembile ngenxa yokuthi zibangela ukusabela kokuziphatha okwandisa amathuba okuthi uhlobo oluthile luphile ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Lokhu akuyona inkinga ohlelweni, lolu uhlelo oluncane olunciphisa inani labantu, kodwa lukhuphula inani lokudla kwabanye futhi luthuthukise ukusizana kwabo.
Ukuziphatha komuntu kuyipulasitiki engenasiphelo. Amasiko abantu akhombisa zonke izinhlobo zokuziphatha kwezinkawu. Ngokusobala umuntu angahlala emindenini enomfazi oyedwa futhi ngokusobala (ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo zengcindezi noma i-despotism) uyakwazi ukuqoqa imihlambi emikhulu enezikhulu, i-alpha wesilisa, i-harem, kanye nohlangothi olungemuva lwesigaba sabaphathi - ubungqingili, kokubili ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. okungokomfanekiso.
Phezu kwalo lonke leli pie, umnotho ubuye ubekwe phezulu, futhi emhlabeni oshintsha ngokushesha, ngekhondomu, njll., zonke lezi zindlela zokuziphatha zasendulo ekugcineni zehlulekile.
Ukuthi lezi zindlela zishintsha ngokushesha kangakanani, futhi yiziphi izinto ezingezona ezemvelo ezincike kuzo, zingabonakala emsebenzini wakudala ka-Edward Evans-Pritchard wesikhungo sikaZande 'somfazi womfana'. Emuva ngeminyaka yama-8s, ama-Azande ayenamakhosi anemizi emikhulukazi; babeshoda abantu besifazane emphakathini, ukuya ocansini ngaphandle komshado kwakujeziswe ngokufa, ilobolo lalibiza kakhulu, nezinsizwa zamaqhawe esigodlweni zazingakwazi ukuyikhokhela. Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwe-Azande ethuthukisiwe, njengaseFrance yanamuhla, umshado wobulili obufanayo wawuvunyelwe, abaphenduli bakwenza kucace ku-Evans-Pritchard ukuthi isikhungo "samakhosikazi" sibangelwa ukushoda kanye nezindleko eziphezulu zabesifazane. Lapho nje ukunyamalala kwesikhungo samaqhawe angashadile esigodlweni (cf. nama-gorilla asemancane noma amaJalimane asendulo), ilobolo nokufa ngenxa yobulili bangaphandle komshado, “abafazi babafana” nabo baphela.
Ngomqondo othile, ongqingili abekho nhlobo. Kanye nabobulili obuhlukile. Kunobulili bomuntu obusezimpendulo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinkambiso zomphakathi.
Inkulumo-ze ye-LGBT ivamise ukuphinda umusho mayelana “no-10% wezitabane ezizalwa nazo kunoma yisiphi isibalo sabantu”9. Konke esikwaziyo ngamasiko esintu kuyakhombisa ukuthi lokhu kungamampunge aphelele. Ngisho naphakathi gorilla, inani gay akuxhomekile zofuzo, kodwa imvelo: ingabe abesifazane babe khulula? Hhayi? Ingabe insizwa encane ingasinda yodwa? Noma ingabe kungcono ukwakha «ibutho»? Esingakusho nje ukuthi isibalo sezitabane kusobala ukuthi asiyona i-zero nalapho kunamakhanda amaningi khona; ukuthi i-100% kulawo masiko lapho iphoqelekile khona (ngokwesibonelo, ezizweni eziningi zaseNew Guinea) nokuthi phakathi kwamakhosi aseSpartan, ababusi bamaRoma nabafundi be-goji yaseJapane lesi sibalo sidlule ngokucacile ku-10%, futhi uPatroclus akazange aphazamise. noBriseis nganoma iyiphi indlela.
Ingqikithi. Ukuthi ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX ukuthi ubulili obufanayo yi-peccarum contra naturam (isono esimelene nemvelo) kufana nokusho ukuthi ilanga lijikeleza umhlaba. Manje izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo zinenkinga ehluke ngokuphelele: azikwazi ukuthola ngokuthembekile izilwane ezinobulili obubili ezingenayo, okungenani ngendlela engokomfanekiso.
Esinye sezici eziyingozi kakhulu kokubili kwe-homophobia kanye nenkulumo-ze ye-LGBT, ngokubona kwami, ukuthi zombili ziphoqelela insizwa ezwe isithakazelo ngobulili bayo, umqondo wokuthi "ungumuntu ophambukayo" kanye “nedlanzana” . I-Samurai noma i-Spartan kulesi simo yayiyodoba futhi yayingeke iphazamise ubuchopho bayo: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iningi labo lilabo abadoba noma cha, nokuthi ukudoba akuphikisani nomshado nowesifazane. Ngenxa yalokho, umuntu kwelinye isiko, njengo-Alcibiades noma uKhesari, angabheka ukuziphatha kwakhe njengengxenye nje yobulili bakhe noma isigaba sokukhula kwakhe, uphenduka abe umuntu okhungathekile othanda abantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo owamukela imithetho yenkathi ephakathi, noma ungqingili okhungathekile ohambayo. kuma-parades gay. , efakazela, "Yebo, nginguye."
Okunye okubalulekile kimina yilokhu.
Ngisho noGeorge Orwell ngo-"1984" waphawula indima ebaluleke kakhulu ukuvinjelwa ngokocansi okudlalayo ekwakheni umphakathi wobushiqela. Yiqiniso, u-Putin akakwazi, njengesonto lobuKristu, ukwenqabela noma yiziphi izinjabulo zokuphila, ngaphandle kokuxhumana nabantu bobulili obuhlukile esikhundleni sezithunywa zevangeli ngenjongo yokuzala. Kungaba kuningi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukuphikisa izici eziningi zobulili bomuntu kuyindlela enhle yokwakha umphakathi ongasebenzi, ogcwele inzondo, osetshenziswa yibo bobabili uPutin kanye nabashisekeli bamaSulumane.
Isikhundla sabahleli be-Psychologos: “Ukulala nesilwane, ukujola noma ubungqingili - ngokombono wentuthuko yezenhlalo yomphakathi, futhi ngokombono wentuthuko yomuntu ngamunye - kumayelana nomsebenzi oyimpikiswano ofanayo nokudlala imishini ye-slot. Njengomthetho, ezintweni zanamuhla, lokhu kuwumsebenzi oyisiphukuphuku futhi oyingozi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uma ukulala nezilwane kanye ne-pedophilia namuhla akunaso isizathu (asihlali ezweni lasendulo) futhi singalahlwa ngokuzethemba, khona-ke kunzima nakakhulu ngobungqingili. Lokhu ukuchezuka okungafuneki kakhulu emphakathini, kodwa hhayi njalo ukukhetha okukhululekile kumuntu - abanye abantu bazalwa benokuphambuka okunjalo. Futhi kulokhu, umphakathi wanamuhla uvame ukuhlakulela ukubekezelelana okuthile.