I-Bioplastic
Leli gama eliguquguquka kakhulu njengamanje lisetshenziselwa uhla lwamapulasitiki, okuhlanganisa kokubili amapulasitiki enziwe ngamafutha enziwe ngezinto eziphilayo abolayo, kanye namapulasitiki asekelwe ku-bio angaboli. Ngamanye amazwi, asikho isiqiniseko sokuthi “i-bioplastic” izokwenziwa ngamafutha angenabuthi, angewona ama-fossil noma ukuthi izowohloka.
ipulasitiki engakheki
Umkhiqizo obolayo kufanele, ngosizo lwama-microorganisms, ubole ube izinto zokusetshenziswa zemvelo esikhathini esithile. "I-Biodegradation" inqubo ejulile kunokuthi "ukubhubhisa" noma "ukubola". Uma bethi ipulasitiki "iyaphuka", empeleni iba yizicucu ezincane zepulasitiki. Alikho izinga elamukelekayo lokulebula umkhiqizo ngokuthi “ongaboli”, okusho ukuthi ayikho indlela ecacile yokuchaza ukuthi usho ukuthini, ngakho-ke abakhiqizi bawusebenzisa ngokungahambisani.
Izithako
Amakhemikhali anezelwa ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki ukuze ayenze ibe namandla, iphephe, iguquguquke, kanye nenani lezinye izici ezifiselekayo. Izithasiselo ezijwayelekile zifaka izinto ezixosha amanzi, izinqamuleli zamalangabi, ama-thickeners, izinto ezithambisayo, i-pigments, nama-ejenti okwelapha ama-UV. Ezinye zalezi zithako zingaqukatha izinto ezingaba nobuthi.
Ipulasitiki evundisiwe
Ukuze into ikwazi ukuvundisa, kufanele ikwazi ukubola ibe izakhi zayo zemvelo (noma i-biodegradable) “endaweni yokwenza umquba ephusile”. Amanye amapulasitiki ayavuthwa, nakuba amaningi angeke ahlanganiswe enqwabeni yomquba evamile engasemuva. Kunalokho, zidinga izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu phakathi nesikhathi ukuze zibole ngokugcwele.
Microplastics
Ama-Microplastic ayizinhlayiya zepulasitiki ezingaphansi kwamamilimitha amahlanu ubude. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-microplastics: eziyinhloko kanye nezesibili.
Ama-microplastics ayisisekelo ahlanganisa ama-pellets e-resin ancibilikiswa ukwenza imikhiqizo yepulasitiki kanye ne-microbeads engezwe emikhiqizweni efana nezimonyo, insipho kanye nomuthi wokuxubha amazinyo njengama-abrasives. I-microplastic yesibili ibangelwa ukuchotshozwa kwemikhiqizo emikhulu yepulasitiki. Ama-Microfiber ayimicu yepulasitiki ngayinye elukwa ndawonye ukuze kwenziwe izindwangu ezifana ne-polyester, inayiloni, i-acrylic, njll. Uma igugile futhi iwashwa, ama-microfiber angena emoyeni nasemanzini.
Ukucubungula kokusakaza okukodwa
Uhlelo lapho zonke izinto ezigaywa kabusha - amaphephandaba, amakhadibhodi, ipulasitiki, insimbi, ingilazi - zifakwa emgqonyeni owodwa wokugaywa kabusha. Imfucuza yesibili ihlungwa esikhungweni sokugaywa kabusha ngemishini nangezandla, hhayi abanikazi bezindlu. Le ndlela inobuhle nebubi. Abasekeli bathi ukugaywa kabusha kokusakaza okukodwa kukhulisa ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi ekugayweni kabusha, kodwa abaphikisi bathi kuholela ekungcoleni okwengeziwe ngoba ezinye zezinto ezigaywa kabusha zigcina zisezimpondweni futhi zibiza kakhulu.
Amapulasitiki alahlwayo
Imikhiqizo yepulasitiki okuhloswe ukuthi isetshenziswe kanye kuphela, njengezikhwama zegrosa ezizacile namaphakethe efilimu avala yonke into kusukela ekudleni kuya kumathoyizi. Cishe u-40% wawo wonke amapulasitiki angewona amafayibha asetshenziselwa ukupakisha. Izazi zemvelo zizama ukukholisa abantu ukuthi banciphise amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye futhi esikhundleni salokho bakhethe izinto ezihlala isikhathi eside ezisetshenziswa kaningi njengamabhodlela ensimbi noma izikhwama zikakotini.
imisinga eyindilinga yolwandle
Kunemisinga eyindilinga eyisihlanu emikhulu Emhlabeni, okuyizinhlelo ezinkulu zemisinga yolwandle ezungezayo edalwe imimoya namagagasi: INorth and South Pacific Circular Currents, North and South Atlantic Circular Currents, kanye ne-Indian Ocean Circular Current. Imisinga eyindilinga iqoqa futhi igxilise imfucumfucu yasolwandle ezindaweni ezinkulu zemfucumfucu. Wonke ama-gyres amakhulu manje aneziqephu zemfucumfucu, futhi ama-patches amasha avame ukutholakala kuma-gyres amancane.
amapheshana kadoti olwandle
Ngenxa yesenzo semisinga yasolwandle, imfucumfucu yasolwandle ivame ukuqoqana emanzini ayindilinga olwandle, yakhe lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi ama-debris patches. Emisinga enkulukazi eyindilinga, la mapheshana angamboza amamayela-skwele ayisigidi. Izinto eziningi ezakha la mabala yipulasitiki. Enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zemfucumfucu yasolwandle ibizwa ngokuthi iGreat Pacific Garbage Patch futhi itholakala phakathi kweCalifornia neHawaii eNyakatho yePacific Ocean.
Ama-Polymers
Amapulasitiki, abizwa nangokuthi ama-polymers, enziwa ngokuhlanganisa amabhulokhi amancane noma amayunithi amayunithi. Lawo mabhuloki osokhemisi abawabiza ngokuthi ama-monomers akhiwe ngamaqembu ama-athomu atholakala emikhiqizweni yemvelo noma ngokuhlanganisa amakhemikhali ayinhloko kawoyela, igesi yemvelo, noma amalahle. Kwamanye amapulasitiki, njenge-polyethylene, i-athomu yekhabhoni eyodwa kuphela nama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen angaba iyunithi ephindayo. Kwamanye amapulasitiki, njengenayiloni, iyunithi yokuphinda ingafaka ama-athomu angama-38 noma ngaphezulu. Uma esehlangene, amaketango e-monomer aqinile, alula futhi ahlala isikhathi eside, okuwenza abe usizo kakhulu ekhaya - futhi abe yinkinga lapho elahlwa ngokunganaki.
I-PAT
I-PET, noma i-polyethylene terephthalate, ingenye yezinhlobo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zama-polymers noma amapulasitiki. Ipulasitiki esobala, eqinile futhi engasindi yomndeni we-polyester. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza izinto zasendlini ezijwayelekile.