Isihlahla sikaphayini

Kukholakala ukuthi umbukiso wokuqala we-Kunstkamera wawuyingxenye yesihlahla sikaphayini, igatsha eliseceleni, elisontekile ngobuhlakani, lakhula laba yisiqu. Igatsha elinesicucu sesiqu lisabonakala emnyuziyamu. Noma kunjalo, umuthi awukwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi ojwayelekile. Nokho, enguqulweni yesiLatini, igama layo linguphayini wehlathi (Pinus sylvestris).

Lesi sihlahla simila yonke indawo futhi sijwayelekile kwabaningi. Akavamile ukudideka nezinye imidondoshiya eluhlaza. Ngaphandle uma ngesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi, ikakhulukazi lapho lezi zihlahla ezinhle kakhulu zisezincane, kuze kufike eminyakeni eyi-15-20. Ukuthi nje i-silhouette iyafana. Futhi bambalwa abantu abanaka ubude nombala wezinaliti. Ngendlela, amahlathi kaphayini ahlukaniswa njenge-coniferous elula, futhi uma i-spruce ibusa, lokhu kakade kuyihlathi elimnyama le-coniferous.

Ubude bezibonelo zabantu abadala be-Scotch pine buyi-20 - 30 m (1), futhi lokhu kungase kungabi umkhawulo.

Amafomu e-Scotch pine

Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, uphayini ovamile utshalwa ngokumba isihlahla endaweni ethile eceleni komgwaqo. Noma bashiya isithombo sikaphayini engadini, evele yavele yodwa, ivela embewini eyafika ivela ehlathini eliseduze.

Kodwa kuma-dachas, ezigcawini zedolobha nasemapaki, ungabona kaningi uhlobo olungelona lwemvelo lwe-Scots pine, hhayi i-subtypes, isibonelo, i-Balkan, i-Karelia noma i-Mongolia. Kukhona “izihlobo” ezihlangene futhi ezinhle ezifuywe ngabafuyi. Ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa ukwakheka kwezwe (2).

Izinhlobonhlobo ezidumile nezisabalele ezinomumo womqhele wekholomu I-Fastigiata, kuhlangene (kufika ku-4 - 7 m) Watereri, i-dwarfish I-Globose Green и intombazane.

I-Scotch pine inamafomu okuhlobisa anombala we-atypical wezinaliti. Ngegolide - aura и Wintergold, ngokumpunga okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - UBonn и i-glauc.

Ukunakekelwa kwe-Scotch pine

I-Scotch pine isihlahla esisebenzayo, kodwa ezinye izici zayo kusafanele zicatshangelwe lapho ukhula.

Ground

Kulula ukuqagela ukuthi i-Scotch pine ithembekile cishe kunoma yikuphi ukwakheka kwenhlabathi. Ngempela, emvelweni, ikhula esihlabathini, ezinhlabathini ezisanti, ama-loams, ubumba olunzima. Ngisho nasematsheni ane-thinnest, amamilimitha ambalwa, ungqimba oluvundile! Ikhono lokubambelela emthambekeni ngezimpande, ukulungisa inhlabathi enwabuzelayo, livame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezithambekele ze-landscaping (usebe lwamachibi nemifula, imithambeka yemihosha).

Amaphayini ahlukahlukene, izintandokazi zabahlali basehlobo nabaklami bendawo, adinga kakhulu kunokubukeka kwemvelo (3).

Lighting

Zombili izinhlobo zezitshalo nezinhlobonhlobo ze-Scotch pine ziningi kakhulu. Ngisho nasethunzini elingashiwongo kakhulu, umqhele uyaxega futhi ungabi muhle njengasezindaweni ezinelanga. 

Kodwa ukulahlekelwa ukuhlobisa akuyona into edabukisayo. Emthunzini, isihlahla sikaphayini siba buthaka, singagula futhi sibe isisulu esilula sezinambuzane. Ngakho ukutshala noma yiziphi izihlahla zikaphayini emthunzini akusizi ngalutho.

Ukunisela

Izihlahla zikaphayini ezivuthiwe ziyakwazi ukumelana nesomiso. Bangakwazi ngisho nokwenza ngaphandle kokunisela lapho kushisa. Okuhlukile yizitshalo ezisanda kutshalwa, ikakhulukazi ezinkulu, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezihlangene ezinezimpande ezingajulile.

Kuyinto engathandeki ukutshala uphayini ezindaweni ezimanzi, nakuba ngokwemvelo lezi zinhlobo zama-conifers zisatholakala ezindaweni ezimanzi.

umquba

Uphayini awudingi kakhulu umsoco wenhlabathi kunezihlahla eziningi ezihlala ziluhlaza. Ngakho-ke, akudingekile ukufaka umanyolo walezi zitshalo e-cottage yazo yasehlobo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, "ukudla okunomsoco" ngokweqile, isibonelo, uma kungumanyolo omusha noma kune-nitrogen eningi kumanyolo wamaminerali, kungalimaza izitshalo. Ikakhulukazi lapho wenza ekupheleni kwehlobo futhi kamuva.

Ukudla

Kwesinye isikhathi enhlabathini kukhona ukushoda kwesici esithile esibalulekile ezitshalweni, esisodwa noma ezimbalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kulokhu, imvamisa kanye isizini noma ngaphansi kaningi, entwasahlobo, ngemuva kokuncibilika kweqhwa, ukutshala kuyaphakelwa, kwethulwa umanyolo oyinkimbinkimbi ofanelekile wamaconifers. Noma basebenzisa ithuluzi elikhethekile kakhulu, elihlanganisa i-microelement (i-boron, i-manganese, njll.), okumele igcwaliswe ukuntuleka kwayo.

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-Scots pine

Kunezindlela ezi-3 zokusabalalisa i-Scotch pine.

Imbewu. Indlela elula yokusabalalisa imbewu. Yile ndlela izihlahla zikaphayini ezisakazwa ngayo emahlathini. Kwenzeka ukuthi imbewu kaphayini evuthiwe, ngenxa yophiko oluncane (kufika ku-20 mm), ihlakazeke kude nesihlahla esingumzali. Ngemva konyaka, ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, eziningi ziyaqhuma. Ngakho-ke ungamangali uma uthola uphayini osemusha ungabonakali ehlathini likaphayini.

Ingabe ufuna ukuhlwanyela imbewu ye-Scotch pine ngokwakho? Okokuqala, badinga ukukhishwa kuma-cones akhiwe, avuthiwe futhi aqala ukuvula. Isikhathi esifanele sokuqoqa izigaxa zikaphayini yikwindla (Septhemba no-Okthoba).

Ama-cones abekwe ngezingqimba ezi-1 - 2 ephephandabeni noma afakwe epuleti elikhulu, endishini, noma esikhwameni sendwangu sohlobo lwe-pillowcase. Gcina izinsuku ezimbalwa endaweni eyomile, efudumele, ugovuze ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, imbewu ngokwayo izowa ngaphandle kwama-cones. Kunconywa ukuhlwanyela ngokushesha, ngaphambi kobusika, ukuze zithole i-stratification yemvelo. Khona-ke ukuhluma kuyoba nobungane, futhi izithombo zizoba nempilo. Hlwanyela endaweni elungisiwe enelanga noma enomthunzi kancane. Zijule ngo-2 - 3 cm. Ukuhlwanyela kungcono ngemigqa, hhayi ngokungahleliwe, nebanga phakathi kwembewu engu-15 cm. Ungahlwanyela ngokuminyene, kodwa ngokulindela ukuthi ukuphungula kuzokwenziwa ngesikhathi esifanele.

Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-1-2, izithombo zikaphayini zingatshalwa endaweni ehlala njalo. Noma funda kabusha, okungukuthi, hlala endaweni ebanzi, ukuze ukhule.

Ukufakelwa kabusha entwasahlobo noma ekuqaleni kwekwindla kubekezelelwa kalula ama-specimens amancane we-Scots pine, ngenxa yesistimu yezimpande etholakala ngaphandle. Kamuva, lapho ukuphakama kwezihlahla kufinyelela cishe ku-1,5 m, isistimu yezimpande zompompi iqala ukwakheka, okunzima kakhulu ukuyilondoloza lapho kumbiwa. Kodwa nakulokhu, ngokufakelwa ngokucophelela nokunakekelwa okulandelayo, ukujwayela amaphayini amancane endaweni entsha kuvame ukuphumelela.

Ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zikaphayini waseScots ngokuhlwanyela imbewu akuziphenduleli, ngoba izithombo azivamile ukuphinda izici zezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zokuqala. Kodwa imbewu yokuhlwanyela isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa amafomu amasha okuhlobisa.

Ukusika. Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Scots pine ngokusikwa nokubeka izingqimba kuhlotshaniswa nenani lobunzima, ngakho-ke akuvamile ukuthi kusetshenziswe. Ukusika kuqalwa entwasahlobo ngaphambi kokukhula okusebenzayo kwamahlumela amasha. Ukusikwa okungu-10-15 cm ubude kuthathwe kumahlumela akhula aqondile ezitshalo ezincane. Kufanele babe “nesithende”, okungukuthi, engxenyeni engezansi yehlumela langonyaka odlule kukhona ucezu lonyaka ngaphambi kokhuni lwangonyaka odlule.

Izingxenye ezingezansi zokusika zigezwa emanzini amahora angu-1-3 ukuze kukhishwe i-resin. Ngemuva kwalokho ziphathwa ngezikhuthazi zokwakheka kwezimpande futhi zitshalwe ku-greenhouse, ngokufanelekile ngokufudumeza okuphansi. I-rooting yinde, iphesenti lokusikwa okunezimpande lincane. Ukutshala amahlumela anezimpande kwenziwa ekwindla yonyaka olandelayo noma kamuva.

I-inoculation. Ukuthola amafomu okuhlobisa, ukusabalalisa amaphayini e-varietal, ukuxhunyelelwa kuvame ukusetshenziswa. Kuyizitshalo ezixhunyelelwe esivame ukuzibona ezinkulisa.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukuxhunyelelwa kanye nokuzalanisa izinhlobo ezintsha zama-conifers, kuhlanganise nophayini, akuzona kuphela izingxenye zezinhlobo ezaziwayo (futhi ezibhalisiwe) ezisetshenziswayo, kodwa futhi okuthiwa imishanelo yomthakathi etholakala emvelweni.

Izifo ze-Scots pine

Ukuthi amaphayini asehlathini agula kanjani, ngokuvamile asiboni. Kodwa ezitshalweni zasemadolobheni, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu uma kungazelelwe uhlobo oluthile lweshwa lenzeke esihlahleni sikaphayini endaweni engaphansi kwedolobha, inkinga ngokushesha noma kamuva iba sobala.

Yiqiniso, akunakwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi ukunquma ukuthi yini ngempela eyenzeka esihlahleni, ikakhulukazi esigabeni sokuqala sesilonda. Futhi ukukhetha izidakamizwa zokwelashwa noma ezinye izindlela zomzabalazo akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izifo zamaphayini namanye ama-conifers zihluke kakhulu ezinkingeni ze-apula efanayo noma i-currant!

I-Scotch pine kanye nezinhlobo zayo zithintwa izinhlobo eziningana ze-schütte, i-rust fungus, nezinye izifo. Ngakho-ke, bahlukanisa phakathi kukaphayini ojwayelekile kanye nesithwathwa seqhwa. Esimweni sokuqala, izinaliti ziba bomvu, amachashazi amnyama (imivimbo) avela kuzo. Ezinaliti ezithintekayo yi-snow shute, i-tint empunga ekhanyayo iyisici.

Okufana kakhulu nokugqwala kwenaliti kanye nokutheleleka, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-pine spinner. Ngokugqwala, izinaliti ziphenduka zibe nsundu, zome, kodwa zingawi isikhathi eside. Futhi i-pine spinner ikakhulukazi "isebenza" ngamahlumela. Izingxenye ezithelelekile zamagatsha amancane, uma zingafi, zingagcina zisontekile, zibe nezimo eziyinqaba.

Kungcono ukuletha ukutheleleka ekusakazeni okukhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho ungalahlekelwa izitshalo. Ngezibonakaliso zokuqala zokutheleleka kwefungal (pine spinner, rust, shute, njll.), ukwelashwa ngamalungiselelo aqukethe ithusi kuqala. Isibonelo, i-Bordeaux liquid (isixazululo esingu-1%), kanye ne-XOM, amalungiselelo e-Agiba-Peak. Ingamisa ukuthuthukiswa kokutheleleka nge-Topaz, i-biofungicides i-Alirin-B, i-Gliocladin, i-Fitosporin (4).

Ukutshala (kufaka phakathi inhlabathi engaphansi kwezitshalo) kuzodingeka kufafazwe ngamalungiselelo kaningi, okungenani izikhathi ezi-3-4 ngesizini. Aqala entwasahlobo ngemva kokuncibilika kweqhwa. Ikhefu phakathi kokwelashwa kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-5-7. Ngaphambi kwalokho, kuma-compact low specimens, kuyadingeka ukususa nokubhubhisa izinaliti ezifile, amagatsha athinteke kakhulu ukutheleleka.

Izinambuzane zikaphayini we-Scotch

Uhlu lwezinambuzane ze-coniferous luhlanganisa nama-aphid aziwayo, izinambuzane zesikali, izibungu zesicabucabu, nabameleli bezilwane, "ezikhethekile" ikakhulukazi kumaphayini. Abanye badla izinaliti, abanye badla ijusi, abanye benza amaphaseji emagxolweni nasezindaweni ezijulile zokhuni, njll.

Shchitovki. Kulula ukuzibona futhi zivela ezitshalweni njengama-plaques, ama-warts aphakanyisiwe, noma ukwakheka okufana ne-lentil eyindilinga. 

Akulula ukubhekana nezinambuzane, nakuba "zidla" ngokukhululekile ezinaliti. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi kuzokwazi ukuqoqa izinambuzane zesikali ezinamathele ngokuqinile ezinaliti, futhi ukuthola wonke umuntu kuwumsebenzi ongenakwenzeka. Ngakho kunenketho eyodwa kuphela - ukuhlasela kwamakhemikhali. U-Aktara, u-Aktellik (4) uzosiza. Lawa malungiselelo mahle uma ama-aphid ehlasela uphayini futhi amakhambi esintu awakwazi ukubhekana nakho.

I-spider mite. Ekulweni nezibungu zesicabucabu, izinambuzane eziyingozi okuthi, lapho zisatshalaliswa kakhulu ehlobo elishisayo, elomile, zibambe amahlumela ngolwembu olumhlophe oluncane, kuqala kunikezwa amanye amaqhinga. 

Okokuqala, kufanelekile ukusebenzisa imiqhele yokufafaza. Kudingeka ukufafaza, futhi uzame ukumanzisa amagatsha avela ngezansi, kanye nazo zonke izindawo okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo ekujuleni kwemiqhele eminyene ye-varietal pines. Phela, yilapho i-spider mite ihlezi khona, inkathazo encane, evame ukungabonakali ngaphandle kwengilazi yokukhulisa.

Uma izinqubo zamanzi ezivamile emasontweni ambalwa ngokusobala azizange zisize, zishintshela ekusetshenzisweni kwamalungiselelo akhethekile, kuhlanganise nalawo ahlosiwe kancane, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene nemikhaza (ama-acaricides). Futhi, ama-agent asebenza ezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane zasengadini ayasebenza ngokumelene nezibungu zesicabucabu. Lena yiFitoverm, i-Aktellik (4).

I-Pine sawfly. Eminyakeni yamuva, emahlathini amaningi kaphayini wendawo ephakathi ehlobo, umuntu angabona inkathazo engathandeki kakhulu - i-pine sawfly. Izibungu eziningi ngamaqembu eshumi nambili zithatha izinaliti zikaphayini futhi ziwudle ngenkuthalo. Umbukwane, lapho ubhekwa kude, uyesabeka, ngisho nokwenyanyeka kakhulu. Izibungu zihamba kakhulu futhi ziyingozi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ziningi kumahlumela kaphayini. Ngezinye izikhathi badla zonke izinaliti ezindala (baqala ngayo) bese kuphela baqhubekela kwabancane, izinaliti ezisanda kwakhiwa.

Izakhamizi zasehlobo ziya ngokuya zikhononda nge-pine sawfly, elimaza izihlahla zikaphayini ezijwayelekile kanye nezahlukahlukene. Uma ukuqoqwa okwenziwa ngesandla noma ukuwisa izibungu phansi ngokucindezela okunamandla kwamanzi kungasizi, i-Aliot, i-Pinocide, i-Aktara, i-Lepidocid ingasetshenziswa ukuqeda izinambuzane. Futhi ngobumnene ukhulule imibuthano eseduze nesiqu ngaphansi kwezihlahla ekwindla, uzama ukungonakali izimpande.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo ezidumile

Sikhulume ngokukhula kukaphayini waseScots nge isazi sezolimo namahlathi uSvetlana Mikhailova.

Imithombo ye 

1. U-Aleksandrova MS Izitshalo ze-Coniferous engadini yakho // eMoscow, CJSC "Fiton +", 2000 - 224 p.

2. Markovsky Yu.B. Amaconifers amahle kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwengadi // eMoscow, CJSC Fiton +, 2004 - 144 p.

3. Gostev VG, Yuskevich NN Ukuklama izingadi namapaki // Moscow, Stroyizdat, 1991 - 340 p.

4. Ikhathalogi yezwe yezibulala-zinambuzane namakhemikhali ezolimo avunyelwe ukusetshenziswa endaweni ye-Federation kusukela ngomhla ka-6 Julayi 2021 // Umnyango Wezolimo we-Federation

https://mcx.gov.ru/ministry/departments/departament-rastenievodstva-mekhanizatsii-khimizatsii-i-zashchity-rasteniy/industry-information/info-gosudarstvennaya-usluga-po-gosudarstvennoy-registratsii-pestitsidov-i-agrokhimikatov/