Ngokwe-World Health Organisation (WHO), i-ukukhuluphala ibonakala “ngokuqongelela ngokweqile noma ngokweqile kwamafutha omzimba angaba yingozi empilweni”.

Ngokuyinhloko, ukukhuluphala ngokweqile kungumphumela wokudla kakhulu ama-kilojoule maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, iminyaka eminingana.

Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile kufanele kuhlukaniswe nokusinda ngokweqile, nayo ekhuluphele ngokweqile, kepha engabalulekanga kangako. Ngokwengxenye yayo,ukukhuluphala ngokweqile uhlobo oluthuthuke kakhulu lokukhuluphala. Kungayilimaza kakhulu impilo ize ilahlekelwe yiminyaka engu-8 kuye kwengu-10 yempilo⁵⁴.

Xilonga ukukhuluphala

Asikwazi ukuthembela kuphela ku- isisindo umuntu ukunquma ukuthi zikhuluphele noma zikhuluphele ngokweqile. Kusetshenziswa izinyathelo ezahlukahlukene ukuhlinzeka ngemininingwane eyengeziwe nokubikezela umthelela wokukhuluphala ngokweqile empilweni.

• Inkomba yomzimba womzimba (BMI). Ngokusho kwe-WHO, leli yithuluzi eliwusizo kakhulu, noma lilinganiselwe, lokulinganisa ukukhuluphala ngokweqile nokukhuluphala kubantu abadala. Le nkomba ibalwa ngokuhlukanisa isisindo (kg) ngosayizi oyikwele (m²). Sikhuluma ngokukhuluphala ngokweqile noma ukukhuluphala ngokweqile lapho kuphakathi kuka-25 no-29,9; ukhuluphele lapho ilingana noma idlula 30; nokukhuluphala ngokweqile uma kulingana noma kudlula okungama-40 isisindo esinempilo ihambisana ne-BMI ephakathi kuka-18,5 no-25. Chofoza lapha ukubala inkomba yomzimba wakho (BMI).

  Amazwi

  - Okubi kakhulu ngaleli thuluzi lokulinganisa ukuthi alinikezi imininingwane ngokusatshalaliswa kwamafutha. Kodwa-ke, lapho amafutha egxila kakhulu esifundeni sesisu, ubungozi besifo sikashukela nesifo senhliziyo kuphezulu kunalokho uma kugxilwe ezinqeni nasemathangeni, isibonelo.

  - Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-BMI ayenzi kube nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwesisindo se- os, imisipha (ubukhulu bemisipha) kanye fat (amafutha amaningi). Ngakho-ke, i-BMI ayicacisi kubantu abanamathambo amakhulu noma eyakha kakhulu imisipha, njengabasubathi nabakhi bomzimba;

• Okhalweni. Imvamisa isetshenziswa ngaphezu kwe-BMI, ingathola amafutha amaningi esiswini. Kumayelanaukukhuluphala esiswini lapho umkhawulo wokhalo ungaphezu kwama-88 cm (34,5 in) wabesifazane no-102 cm (40 in) wabesilisa. Kulokhu, ubungozi bezempilo (isifo sikashukela, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, i-dyslipidemia, isifo senhliziyo, njll.) Banda kakhulu. Chofoza lapha ukuthola ukuthi ulinganisa kanjani ukhalo lwakho.
• Isilinganiso sobubanzi besinqe / okhalweni. Lesi silinganiso sinikeza umbono oqonde ngokwengeziwe wokusatshalaliswa kwamafutha emzimbeni. Isilinganiso sithathwa njengesiphezulu uma umphumela ungaphezu kuka-1 kwabesilisa, futhi ungaphezu kuka-0,85 kwabesifazane.

Abaphenyi basebenzela ukwakha amathuluzi amasha wokulinganisa amafutha amaningi. Omunye wabo, ushayele inkomba yamafutha amaningi ou I-IMA, kusekelwe ekulinganisweni komjikelezo we-hip nokuphakama¹⁶. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje akukaze kufakazelwe ngakho-ke akusetshenziswanga okwelapha njengamanje.

Ukuhlola ubukhona bezinto ezinobungozi ezifweni, a ukuhlolwa kwegazi (ikakhulukazi iphrofayili ye-lipid) inikeza imininingwane ebalulekile kudokotela.

Ukukhuluphala ngezinombolo

Isibalo sabantu abakhuluphele ngokweqile sikhuphukile kule minyaka engama-30 edlule. Ngokwe-World Health Organisation (WHO), ukubhebhetheka kokukhuluphala ngokweqile sekuthathile ubukhulu bomqedazwe Emhlabeni jikelele. Ukwanda kwesisindo esimaphakathi kuyabonakala kuwo wonke amaqembu eminyaka, kuwo wonke amaqembu ezenhlalo nezomnotho¹.

Nayi eminye imininingwane.

• In the monde, Abantu abadala abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1,5 abaneminyaka engama-20 nangaphezulu bakhuluphele ngokweqile, futhi okungenani izigidi ezingama-500 zabo zikhuluphele^2,3. Amazwe asathuthuka awasindiswa;
• Au Canada, ngokuya ngemininingwane yakamuva, abantu abadala abangama-36% bakhuluphele ngokweqile (BMI> 25) kanti ama-25% akhuluphele (BMI> 30)⁵ ;
• Kuya I-united states, cishe umuntu oyedwa kwabathathu abaneminyaka engama-20 nangaphezulu abakhuluphele kanti omunye umuntu wesithathu ukhuluphele ngokweqile⁴⁹ ;
• En France, cishe i-15% yabantu abadala ikhuluphele, futhi cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ikhuluphele ngokweqile⁵⁰.

Izimbangela eziningi

Lapho sizama ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ukukhuluphala kudlange kangaka, sithola lokho izimbangela ziningi futhi azihlali kumuntu kuphela. Uhulumeni, omasipala, izikole, umkhakha wezokudla kwezolimo, njll. Futhi unesabelo ekubhekaneni nezimo ze-obesogenic.

Sisebenzisa isisho imvelo obesogenic ukuchaza indawo yokuhlala ebangela ukukhuluphala:

• ukufinyeleleka kokudla okunothile Amafutha. Kuzo usawoti futhi ushukela, ikhalori kakhulu futhi ayinamsoco kakhulu (ukudla okungenamsoco);
• indlela yempilo ehlala phansi et ecindezelayo ;
• imvelo ephilayo engakulungeli ukuthuthwa okusebenzayo (ukuhamba, ukuhamba ngebhayisikili).

Le ndawo ye-obesogenic isibe yinto evamile emazweni amaningana athuthukile futhi itholakala emazweni asathuthuka njengoba abantu bethatha indlela yokuphila yaseNtshonalanga.

Abantu abanezakhi zofuzo ezenza kube lula ukuthola isisindo kungenzeka babe yizisulu zemvelo ye-obesogenic. Kodwa-ke, ukuthambekela okuhlobene nezakhi zofuzo akukwazi ukuholela ekukhuluphaleni kukodwa. Isibonelo, ama-80% amaNdiya asePima e-Arizona namuhla ahlushwa ukukhuluphala. Kodwa-ke, lapho belandela indlela yesiko yokuphila, ukukhuluphala kwakuyivelakancane.

Imiphumela

Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile kungakhuphula ubungozi kwabaningi izifo ezingapheliyo. Izinkinga zempilo zizoqala ukubonakala ngemuva kweminyaka engaba yishumi isisindo ngokweqile⁷.

Ubungozi kakhulu yanda¹ :

• thayipha isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 (90% wabantu abanalesi sifo sikashukela banenkinga yokukhuluphala ngokweqile noma abakhuluphele ngokweqile³);
• umfutho wegazi ophakeme;
• ama-gallstones nezinye izinkinga ze-gallbladder;
• i-dyslipidemia (amazinga angajwayelekile e-lipid egazini);
• ukuphefumula nokujuluka;
• ukulala ubuthongo.

Ubungozi kukhuphuke ngokulinganisela :

• izinkinga zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi: isifo semithambo yenhliziyo, izingozi ze-cerebrovascular (stroke), ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo, i-arrhythmia yenhliziyo;
• i-osteoarthritis yamadolo;
• kagawuthi.

Ubungozi yanda kancane :

• izinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza: umdlavuza othembele kuma-hormone (kwabesifazane, umdlavuza we-endometrium, isifuba, i-ovary, umlomo wesibeletho; emadodeni, umdlavuza wendlala yesinye) kanye nomdlavuza ohlobene nokugaya ukudla kohlelo (umdlavuza wekholoni, i-gallbladder, amanyikwe, isibindi, izinso);
• ukuncipha kokuzala, kubo bobubili ubulili;
• yokuwohloka komqondo, ubuhlungu beqolo obuphansi, i-phlebitis kanye nesifo se-reflux se-gastroesophageal.

Indlela okusatshalaliswa ngayo amafutha emzimbeni, esiswini noma okhalweni, kudlala indima ebonakalayo ekubonakaleni kwezifo. Ukuqoqwa kwamafutha esiswini, okujwayelekile kwe-ukukhuluphala kwe-android, kuyingozi kakhulu kunokusatshalaliswa komfaniswano (ukukhuluphala ngokweqile kwe-gynoid). Abesilisa banamafutha wesisu ngokwesilinganiso esiphindwe ka-2 kunabesifazane be-premenopausal¹.

Okukhathazayo, ezinye zalezi zifo ezingalapheki, ezinjengesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, manje seziqala ukuvelaukukhula, unikezwa inani elikhulayo labantu abasha abakhuluphele futhi abakhuluphele.

Abantu abakhuluphele banempilo esezingeni eliphansi ngoku ukuguga⁹ futhi isikhathi sokuphila mfushane kunabantu abanesisindo esinempilo^9-11 . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ochwepheshe bezempilo babikezela ukuthi abantu abasha banamuhla bazoba yisizukulwane sokuqala sezingane isikhathi sokuphila ezingeke seqe esabazali bazo, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemvamisa ekhulayoukukhuluphala usana⁵¹.

Ekugcineni, ukukhuluphala ngokweqile kungaba umthwalo wengqondo. Abanye abantu bazozizwa bekhishiwe emphakathini ngenxa ye- izindinganiso zobuhle olunikezwa imboni yezemfashini nabezindaba. Lapho bebhekene nobunzima bokulahlekelwa isisindo sabo esingeqile, abanye bazobhekana nosizi olukhulu noma ukukhathazeka, okungafika nasekucindezelekeni.