I-Myoclonus ibonakala ngokuvela kokunyakaziswa kwemisipha emifushane. Lokhu kubonakala ngokunyakaza okungazelelwe nokuzumayo. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ezihlanganisa i-myoclonus yokulala, noma i-myoclonus yesibili eyenzeka ikakhulukazi esithuthwaneni.

I-Myoclonus iwukunyakazisa okufushane komsipha okubangela ukunyakaza okungazelelwe, kungazelelwe futhi kungazelelwe. Zingenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo noma zenzeke njengokusabela kusisusa esinjengomsindo noma ukukhanya kokukhanya. Ukunyakazisa kungenzeka kumsipha owodwa noma kuthinte iqembu lemisipha.

Isibonelo esivamile se-myoclonus yi-hiccups, noma i-phrenoglottic myoclonus. Kungumphumela wokulandelana kokufinyela kwemisipha okuzenzakalelayo.

I-Myoclonus ingabangelwa ukufinyela kwemisipha kungazelelwe noma ukuma kungazelelwe emsebenzini wemisipha. Lezi zenzakalo zingaba nezincazelo ezimbalwa. Kuye ngecala, kunezinhlobo ezintathu ze-myoclonus:

• i-myoclonus ye-physiological, okuhlobene nokusebenza komzimba;
• i-myoclonus yesibili, ezibangelwa ukuvela kokuphazamiseka emzimbeni;
• ama-myoclonies iatrogènes, okuwumphumela wokwelashwa.

Izimbangela ze-myoclonus ye-physiological

I-Myoclonus ingaxhunyaniswa nokusebenza komzimba. Ngokwesibonelo singacaphuna:

• i-phrenoglottic myoclonus, eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi i-hiccups;
• i-myoclonus yokuqala yokulala, noma i-myoclonus yokulala, ebonakala njengokwethuka ebuthongweni futhi evame ukwenzeka phakathi nemizuzu embalwa yokuqala yokulala.

Ezinye izimbangela ze-physiological nazo zihlonziwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhathazeka, ukuvivinya umzimba nokudla.

Izinkinga ze-myoclonus yesibili

I-myoclonus yesibili ingaba ngenxa yezinkinga ezihlukahlukene ezifana nalezi:

• isithuthwane, isimo sezinzwa lapho i-myoclonus ingenye yezimpawu eziyinhloko;
• ukuwohloka komqondo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nesifo se-Creutzfeldt-Jakob, isifo i-Alzheimer's, isifo somzimba we-Lewy esabalalisa, ukuwohloka komqondo okubangelwa yi-frontotemporal noma i-Rett syndrome;
• ukuwohloka kwe-spinocerebellar, okwenzeka kumongo wezifo eziningana ze-neurodegenerative ezifana nesifo sika-Parkinson, isifo sikaHuntington, i-Ramsay-Hunt syndrome noma ngisho nesifo sikaWilson;
• i-encephalopathies engokomzimba neye-hypoxic, ukungasebenzi kahle kobuchopho okwenzeka ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokushaqeka kukagesi, ukushaywa ukushisa, i-hypoxia, ukulimala kobuchopho okubuhlungu kanye nesifo sokucindezeleka;
• i-encephalopathies enobuthi, ukulimala kobuchopho okuwumphumela ophawulekayo we-heavy metal poisoning;
• ukutheleleka, ikakhulukazi ku-encephalitis ebulalayo, i-herpes simplex virus encephalitis, i-encephalitis yangemva kokutheleleka, i-malaria, i-syphilis nesifo se-Lyme;
• izifo ezithile ze-metabolic, njenge-hyperthyroidism, ukwehluleka kwesibindi, ukwehluleka kwezinso, i-hypoglycemia, i-non-ketotic hyperglycemia kanye ne-hyponatremia.

Izimbangela ze-iatrogenic myoclonus

I-Myoclonus ngezinye izikhathi ingaba umphumela wokwelashwa. Ingakwazi, isibonelo, ilandele kusuka:

• ukwelashwa kwengqondo, ikakhulukazi uma usebenzisa i-lithium, i-antidepressants noma i-neuroleptics;
• imithi ethile elwa namagciwane, ikakhulukazi uma usebenzisa ama-quinolones;
• imithi ethile ye-cardiology;
• ukusetshenziswa kwamaphilisi okulala;
• ukusetshenziswa kwama-anticonvulsants;
• ukuthatha izinzwa.

Ukubonakaliswa komtholampilo kwe-myoclonus kuyahlukahluka kuye kwelinye icala. Ikakhulukazi zingahluka ngama-amplitude kanye nemvamisa. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukunyakazisa kwemisipha kungase kwenzeke ngokuqala kokuquleka.

Uma i-myoclonus ijwayelekile, iphikelela noma iphindaphinda, ukubonisana nodokotela okuphuthumayo kunconywa. Ukuphathwa kwezokwelapha kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlonza nokwelapha imbangela ye-myoclonus.

Ukuze uchaze umsuka we-myoclonus, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukwenza ukuqoshwa kwe-electrophysiological ukunyakaza okungavamile.

Ukuze kuncishiswe ukunyakazisa kwemisipha, ukwelashwa okunezimpawu ngezinye izikhathi kungenziwa. Lokhu kungasuselwa ekusetshenzisweni kwezidakamizwa ezahlukahlukene:

• i-benzodiazepines, njenge-clonazepam, okuyiqembu lezidakamizwa ze-psychotropic;
• ama-anti-epileptics njenge-valproate;
• ama-nootropics afana ne-piracetam;
• ama-anticonvulsants afana ne-leviracetam.