I-Mudskippers: incazelo yenhlanzi enesithombe, lapho itholakala khona, ukuthi idlani

Kunzima ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi lesi sidalwa esiphilayo singesezinhlanzi, njengoba i-mudskipper ibukeka njengexoxo elinamehlo ezinambuzane elinomlomo omkhulu oyisikwele noma inselele engenamilenze yangemuva.

Incazelo ye-Mudskipper

I-jumper akunzima ukuyibona ngekhanda layo elikhulu, elibonisa ubuhlobo bezinhlanzi nomndeni we-goby. Kulo mndeni, ama-mudskippers amelela uhlobo lwawo, "Periophthalmus". I-West African mudskipper noma i- common mudskipper yaziwa ngama-aquarists njengoba iwuhlobo oluvame ukudayiswa futhi iwuhlobo olukhulu kunawo wonke. Izibonelo zabantu abadala zalolu hlobo zinamaphiko amabili emhlane, ahlotshiswe ngomugqa oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ogqamile emaphethelweni amaphiko futhi ayakwazi ukukhula aze afike cishe ku-2 nengxenye amashumi amasentimitha.

Emvelweni, kukhona nabameleli abancane kakhulu balolu hlobo. Lawa abizwa ngokuthi ama-Indian noma ama-dwarf jumpers, afinyelela ubude obungekho ngaphezu kuka-5 cm. Abantu balolu hlobo lwezilwane bahlukaniswa ngamaphiko omhlane aphuzi ahlanganiswe nomugqa omnyama, kanti amaphiko anamachashaza abomvu-amhlophe. Njengomthetho, ku-dorsal fin yokuqala ungabona indawo enkulu, enombala osawolintshi.

ukubukeka

I-mudskipper iyisidalwa esiyingqayizivele esinikeza umuntu imizwa exubile. Imuphi umuzwa ongakwazi ukuwuvusa isidalwa esinamehlo aqhumayo, i-angle yokubuka engama-degree angama-180? Amehlo awagcini nje ngokuzungeza njenge-periscope yomkhumbi-ngwenya, kodwa ahlehliswa ezisekelweni zamehlo ngezikhathi ezithile. Kulabo bantu abazi lutho ngale nhlanzi futhi bengazi ukuthi ibukeka kanjani, ukubonakala kwe-jumper emkhakheni wabo wombono kungabangela ukwesaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlobo lunekhanda elikhulu nje.

I-mudskipper ingakwazi ukubhukuda ifike ogwini futhi ikhuphukele ogwini, ihamba ngobuchule ngamaphiko e-pectoral athembekile futhi isiza ngomsila. Into yokuqala efika engqondweni ukuthi inhlanzi ikhubazeke ingxenye, ngoba ingaphambili kuphela elisebenzela yona.

I- dorsal fin ende ibandakanyeka ekuhambeni kwezinhlanzi kukholamu yamanzi, kodwa amaphiko e-pectoral anamandla afakiwe emsebenzini wasemhlabeni. Ngenxa yomsila onamandla, osiza i-jumper ukuthi ihambe emhlabathini, inhlanzi iyakwazi ukugxuma iphume emanzini iye endaweni ephakeme kakhulu.

Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi! Ama-Mudskippers afana kakhulu ngesakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi yomzimba kuma-amphibians. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuphefumula ngosizo lwama-gill, kanye nokuba khona kwamaphiko, kubonisa ukuthi lokhu kuyinhlanzi.

Ngenxa yokuthi i-mudskipper ingathola umoya-mpilo esikhumbeni, ikwazi ukuphefumula kalula emhlabathini. Lapho i-jumper ishiya amanzi, ama-gill avala ngokuqinile, ngaphandle kwalokho angase ome.

Ingxenye ye-volumetric ye-jumper isebenza ukugcina umthamo othile wamanzi emlonyeni isikhathi esithile, okusiza ukugcina ukugxila kwe-oxygen oyifunayo. Umzimba we-jumper uhlukaniswa ne-gray-olive hue, futhi isisu sihlala silula, cishe sisiliva. Umzimba ubuye uhlotshiswe ngemivimbo noma amachashazi amaningi, futhi ukugoqa kwesikhumba kutholakala ngaphezu kodebe olungaphezulu.

Indlela yokuphila, ukuziphatha

I-mudskipper ingummeleli oyingqayizivele wezwe elingaphansi kwamanzi elikwazi ukuba khona kokubili kukholomu yamanzi nangaphandle kwamanzi, emhlabeni. Kukhona amafinyila amaningi emzimbeni we-mudskipper, njengexoxo, ngakho inhlanzi iyakwazi ukuhlala ezweni isikhathi eside. Lapho i-jumper, njengokungathi, igeza odakeni, ihileleka ekumanziseni isikhumba.

Ihamba emanzini, futhi ikakhulukazi ebusweni bayo, inhlanzi iphakamisa ikhanda layo kanye namehlo ayo ngendlela yama-periscopes, futhi ihlola yonke into ezungezile. Uma kwenzeka kuba namagagasi aphezulu, i-jumper izama ukumba ku-silt noma ifihle emigodini, igcine izinga lokushisa elilungile lomzimba. Lapho i-jumper isemanzini, isebenzisa izinzwa zayo ukuphefumula. Ngemva kwamagagasi aphansi, ziyakhasa ziphuma ezindaweni zazo zokukhosela bese ziqala ukukhasa ngaphansi kwechibi elikhishwe emanzini. Lapho inhlanzi inquma ukukhasela ogwini, ibamba futhi ibambe inani elithile lamanzi emlonyeni wayo, elisiza ekumanziseni amagobolondo.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Lapho abagxumagxuma bekhasela emhlabathini, ukuzwa nokubona kwabo kuba kubi kakhulu, okusiza ukubona izilwane ezingase zibe isisulu, kanye nokuzizwa. Lapho ingena emanzini, umbono we-jumper wehla kakhulu, futhi uba nombono omfushane.

Ama-Mudskippers athathwa njengama-brawlers angenakubekezeleleka, njengoba evame ukulungisa izinto phakathi kwawo futhi ahlele izingxabano ogwini, evikela indawo yawo. Ngasikhathi sinye, kuphawulwe ukuthi abameleli bezinhlobo ze- "Periophthalmus barbarus" yibo abalwa kakhulu.

Ngenxa yaleli qiniso, akunakwenzeka ukugcina lezi zinhlobo ku-aquarium ngamaqembu, kodwa kuyadingeka ukuzihlalisa emanzini ahlukene.

Okuxakayo, kodwa i-mudskipper iyakwazi ukuhamba endaweni eqondile. Ugibela ezihlahleni kalula, kuyilapho ethembele emaphikweni angaphambili aqinile futhi esebenzisa izinkomishi zokumunca ezitholakala emzimbeni wakhe. Kunama-suckers, kokubili emaphikweni nasesiswini, kuyilapho i-ventral sucker ibhekwa njengeyinhloko.

Ukuba khona kwama-sucker fins kuvumela izinhlanzi ukuthi zinqobe noma yikuphi ukuphakama, kuhlanganise nezindonga zama-aquariums. Emvelweni, lesi simo sivumela izinhlanzi ukuthi zizivikele esenzweni samagagasi. Uma igagasi liyisa abantu olwandle oluvulekile, khona-ke bazofa maduze.

Uphila isikhathi esingakanani i-mudskipper

Ngokunakekelwa okufanele ezimweni zokwenziwa, ama-mudskippers ayakwazi ukuphila iminyaka engaba ngu-3. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi i-aquarium kufanele ibe namanzi anosawoti omncane, ngoba ama-mudskippers angahlala emanzini anosawoti namanzi amasha.

Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi! Phakathi nesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, i-mudskipper isungule indlela ekhethekile elawula umzimba ngokuya ngezimo zokuphila.

I-dimorphism yocansi

Kulolu hlobo lwezilwane, i-dimorphism yezocansi ayithuthukisiwe kahle, ngakho-ke ngisho nochwepheshe abanolwazi noma ama-aquarists abakwazi ukuhlukanisa lapho owesilisa futhi lapho owesifazane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uma ubheka ukuziphatha kwabantu ngabanye, unganaka leli qiniso elilandelayo: abantu besifazane bazolile, futhi abesilisa baphikisana kakhulu.

Izinhlobo zama-mudskippers

Ososayensi emhlabeni wonke abakafinyeleli esivumelwaneni mayelana nokuba khona kwenqwaba yezinhlobonhlobo zama-mudskippers. Abanye babo baqamba inombolo engu-35, kanti abanye abazisho ngisho nezinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlobo. Okuvame kakhulu kwenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezilwane kubhekwa njenge-mudskipper evamile, imiphakathi eyinhloko esatshalaliswa emanzini anosawoti omncane ngasogwini lwaseNtshonalanga Afrika, kuhlanganise nangaphakathi kweGulf of Guinea.

Ngaphezu kwe-jumper evamile, ezinye izinhlobo eziningana zifakiwe kulolu hlobo:

• P. argentilineatus kanye ne-P. cantonensis;
• P. chrysospilos, P. kalolo, P. gracilis;
• P. magnuspinnatus kanye ne-P. modestus;
• P. minutus kanye ne-P. malaccensis;
• P. novaeguineaensis kanye no-P. pearsei;
• P. novemradiatus kanye no-P. sobrinus;
• P. waltoni, P. spilotus kanye no-P. variabilis;
• P. weberi, P. walailakae kanye no-P. septemradiatus.

Esikhathini esingengakanani esidlule, ezinye izinhlobo ze-4 zathiwa yi-mudskippers, kodwa zabelwa kolunye uhlobo - uhlobo lwe-"Periophthalmodon".

izindawo zemvelo

Indawo yokuhlala yalezi zidalwa eziphilayo ezimangalisayo ibanzi impela futhi ihlanganisa cishe yonke i-Asia, i-Afrika ne-Australia. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wazo wokuphila, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ziphanga izimo ezihlukahlukene, ezihlala emifuleni nasemachibini, kanye namanzi anosawoti asogwini lwamazwe ashisayo.

Kumele kuqashelwe inombolo yezifunda zase-Afrika, lapho kutholakala khona izinhlobo eziningi ze-mudskippers "Periophthalmus barbarus". Ngokwesibonelo:

• V Angola, Gabon kanye neBenin.
• Cameroon, Gambia kanye neCongo.
• E-Côte d'Ivoire naseGhana.
• EGuinea, e-Equatorial Guinea naseGuinea-Bissau.
• eLiberia naseNigeria.
• E-Sao Tome nase-Prixini.
• I-Sierra Leone neSenegal.

Ama-mudskippers athanda imihlume, lapho azakhela khona amakhaya emanzini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, zitholakala emilonyeni yemifula, ezindaweni ezinamagagasi odaka ezimweni lapho ugu luvikelekile kumagagasi aphezulu.

Ukudla

Izinhlobo eziningi zibhekwa njenge-omnivorous, ngaphandle kwezinye izinhlobo ze-herbivorous, ngakho-ke ukudla kwazo kuhluke kakhulu. Njengomthetho, ama-jumpers adla ngemuva kwegagasi eliphansi, emba ku-silt ethambile, lapho ethola khona izinto zokudla.

Njengomthetho, ekudleni "Periophthalmus barbarus". Izinto eziphakelayo zazo zombili izilwane nemifino zifakiwe. Ngokwesibonelo:

• Ama-crustaceans amancane.
• Inhlanzi ayinkulu (gazinga).
• Uhlelo lwezimpande zomhlume omhlophe.
• Izimila zasolwandle.
• Izikelemu nezibungu zezinambuzane.
• Izinambuzane.

Lapho ama-mudskippers egcinwa ezimweni zokwenziwa, ukudla kwawo kuba okuhlukile. Ama-aquarists abanolwazi batusa ukuphakela ama-mudskippers ukudla okuhlukahlukene, okusekelwe kuzinhlanzi ezomile zezinhlanzi, kanye nezinhlanzi zasolwandle ezihlutshiwe, ngendlela yama-shrimp noma i-bloodworms efriziwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto efiselekayo ukuthi ukudla kuhlanganisa izinambuzane eziphilayo, ngendlela yamabhu nezimpukane ezincane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, awukwazi ukuphakela lezi zinhlanzi ngezikelemu kanye namakhilikithi, kanye nezilwane eziphilayo ezingatholakali emihlumeni, ngaphandle kwalokho lokhu kungabangela izinkinga ngesimiso sokugaya inhlanzi.

Ukuzala kanye nenzalo

Njengoba ama-mudskippers wesilisa evame ukuzithola esezimweni zokungqubuzana, awabekezeleleki ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzalanisa, ngoba akufanele alwele indawo yawo kuphela, kodwa futhi alwele abesifazane. Amaduna ayama abhekene futhi aphakamise amaphiko awo omhlane, futhi aphakame ngamaphiko awo asesifubeni phezulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba besho, "ngokugcwele" bavula imilomo yabo eyisikwele. Bangakwazi ukugxumelana bese beshwiba amaphiko abo ngokusabisayo. Isenzo siqhubeka kuze kube yilapho omunye wabaphikisi engakwazi ukumelana naso bese ehamba.

Kubalulekile ukwazi! Lapho eyeduna iqala ukuheha insikazi, yenza ukugxuma okuyingqayizivele. Lapho eyensikazi ivuma, inqubo yokukhwelana iyenzeka futhi amaqanda avundiswa ngaphakathi kwensikazi. Ngemva kwalokho, eyeduna iqala ukwakha indawo yokugcina amaqanda.

Inqubo yokwakha indawo yokugcina iyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba iduna kufanele limbe umgodi emhlabathini onodaka ngesaka lomoya. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umgodi unikezwa ngeminyango eminingana yokuzimela, ngendlela yemigudu eya phezulu. Kabili ngosuku, imigudu igcwaliswa ngamanzi, ngakho izinhlanzi kufanele ziwasuse emanzini nodaka. Ngenxa yobukhona bemigudu, inani lomoya omusha ongena esidlekeni liyakhula, ngaphezu kwalokho, abazali bangakwazi ukufika ngokushesha emaqanda ahlanganiswe ezindongeni zesidleke.

Iduna nensikazi bavikela inzalo yabo yesikhathi esizayo ngokushintshana, benakekela umoya wokwakha. Ukuze umoya ohlanzekile ube khona endaweni yokwakhiwa kwamatshe, badonsa amabhamuza omoya ngokushintshana emlonyeni wabo, ngaleyo ndlela bagcwalise imbobo ngomoya.

Izitha zemvelo

Le nhlanzi inezitha eziningi zemvelo, ezinye zazo okuyizindwandwe, izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezidla inyama nezinyoka zasemanzini. Uma i-mudskipper isengozini, iyakwazi ukuthuthukisa ijubane elingakaze libonwe, ngokugxuma okuphezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, angamba odakeni noma acashe ezihlahleni, uma ekwazi ukubona izitha zakhe kusenesikhathi.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane

Uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lwe-mudskipper, i-Periophthalmus barbarus, olungabonwa ku-IUCN Red List, futhi lokho kusesigabeni esisengozini, kodwa esingabalulekile. Njengoba bebaningi kangaka abadlala ngodaka, izinhlangano zezokongiwa kwemvelo azikwazanga nje ukubala inani labo. Ngakho-ke, namuhla akekho owaziyo ukuthi likhulu kangakanani inani lama-mudskippers.

Kubalulekile ukwazi! Uhlobo, olukhona kuhlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN, seluthole isimo “Sokukhathaza Kancane”, esifundeni nasemhlabeni jikelele.

Okuqukethwe ku-aquarium

I-Mudskippers izakhamuzi ezingenakuzithoba ukuze zibe khona ekuthunjweni, kodwa kubo kuyadingeka ukuhlomisa indawo yokuhlala, kucatshangelwa ezinye zezici zale nhlanzi emangalisayo. Eqinisweni, hhayi i-aquarium edingekayo ukuze igcinwe, kodwa i-aquarium. Ukuphila kwabo okujwayelekile, hhayi indawo enkulu ye-u15bu20bland edingekayo, kanye nongqimba lwamanzi oda luka-26 cm, kungasekho. Kuhle uma kunezinyosi eziphuma emanzini noma kutshalwe izihlahla zomhlume emanzini. Kodwa uma kungenjalo, izinhlanzi zizizwa kahle ezindongeni ze-aquaterrarium. Usawoti wamanzi akufanele udlule u-30%, futhi ukwandisa ubulukhuni bawo, kungcono ukusebenzisa amatshe amatshe amancane noma ama-marble chips. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi awekho amatshe anemiphetho ebukhali, ngaphandle kwalokho izinhlanzi zingase zilimale lapho zigxuma. Abagxuma odakeni bazizwa bebahle ezingeni lokushisa lamanzi kanye nomoya ozungezile ongaba ngu-20-22 degrees, futhi kakade ezingeni lokushisa elingu-XNUMX-XNUMX degrees baqala ukubanda kakhulu. Isibani se-UV sizosebenza kahle. I-aquaterrarium nakanjani kuzodingeka imbozwe ngengilazi, ngaphandle kwalokho ama-jumpers azobaleka kalula ekhaya lawo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokumboza ikhaya labo ngengilazi, ungagcina umswakama oyifunayo ngaphakathi kwawo.

Akunconywa ukuxazulula inani elikhulu labantu endaweni eyodwa ye-aquaterrarium, njengoba bezongqubuzana njalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-mudskippers angakwazi ukuhambisana nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezithanda amanzi anosawoti, kanye nezinkalankala. Ama-Jumpers adla ukudla okuhlukahlukene futhi ngeke anqabe izikelemu eziphilayo noma izikelemu zegazi, izimfanzi eziqandisiwe, inyama, inhlanzi (eqoshwe esimweni senyama egayiwe), kanye namakhilikithi omile. Emanzini, ama-jumpers angaboni kahle, ngakho-ke ungawaphakela emhlabathini kuphela. Lezi zinhlanzi zithambisa ngokushesha futhi ziqala ukuthatha ukudla ezandleni zazo.

Ngeshwa, ekuthunjweni, ama-mudskippers awazali, ngoba akunakwenzeka ukudala umhlabathi onjalo we-viscous lapho ajwayele ukuhlala khona ezimweni zemvelo.

Ekuphetheni

Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ama-mudskippers abanjwe ngokukhethekile kulabo abathanda ukugcina izinhlanzi ekuthunjweni, kanye nokuba khona kwezitha zemvelo, le nhlanzi ayisongelwa ngokushabalala. Izakhamizi zakule ndawo aziyidli le nhlanzi, kuyilapho zithi izinhlanzi azikwazi ukudla uma zigibela ezihlahleni.