Umlomo (kusuka ku-Latin bucca, "isihlathi") ukuvuleka lapho ukudla kungena khona emzimbeni. Kwakha ingxenye yokuqala yomgudu wokugaya ukudla kubantu nasezilwanyaneni ezithile futhi ivumela nokuphefumula nokushaya ucingo.

Umlomo, noma umgodi womlomo, wakhiwe ngezakhiwo eziningana. Kufakwe ngaphakathi nge-mucous membrane evikelayo. Kuvuleka ngezindebe zomlomo. Iboshwe ngezihlathi, phezulu ngophahla lomlomo olwakhiwa ulwanga lwamathambo nolwanga oluthambile oluholela emuva kolimi nakumathoni (izixuku ezimbili ezilinganayo zezicubu ze-lymphatic eziyingxenye amasosha omzimba). Ngezansi, kunqunyelwe phansi komlomo lapho ulimi luhlala khona. Ixhunywe phansi yi-frenulum yolimi, umgoqo omncane wolwelwesi lwamafinyila olukhawulela ukunyakaza kwalo emuva. Umlomo uqukethe imihlathi engezansi nangaphezulu, lapho kuhlala khona izinsini namazinyo.

Isikhala esilinganiselwe ngaphandle ngezihlathi nezindebe nangaphakathi ngamazinyo nezinsini kwakha i-vestibule yomlomo. Singakwazi futhi ukuhlukanisa umgodi ofanele womlomo, onqunyelwe ngaphambili nasezinhlangothini ngamazinyo.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko womlomo ukuthi ube yisango lokudla ukuze uqale inqubo yokugaya. Ukudla kugaywa futhi kuhlafunwe ngamazinyo kuhlanganiswe namathe aqukethe amajusi wokugaya ukudla. Ulimi lubamba iqhaza kulokhu kuxuba futhi luphusha ukudla kukupharynx: lokhu kugwinya.

Ulimi lubuye lumbozwe ebusweni balo ngeziqu zokunambitha ezibandakanyeka ekunambithekeni. Umlomo womlomo uvumela ukuxhumana komphakathi ngenkulumo noma ngemikhuba efana nokuqabula. Ingxenye yokuphefumula nayo ivunyelwe ngomlomo.

I-Ankyloglossie : ukungazalwa kahle kwe-frenulum yolimi okufushane kakhulu noma okuqinile kakhulu. Ukunyakaza kolimi kunqunyelwe, okungaphazamisa ukuncela kwengane nokukhuluma kamuva. Ukwelashwa kwenziwa ngokuhlinzwa: ukusikwa (i-frenotomy) noma isigaba se-frenulum (frenectomy).

Izilonda zomlomo : lezi yizilonda ezingenamqondo ezivame ukwakheka ezinhlakeni zomlomo ngaphakathi emlonyeni: ngaphakathi kwezihlathi, ulimi, ingaphakathi lezindebe, ulwanga noma izinsini.

I-Halitosis (umoya onukayo): imvamisa, amagciwane akhona olimini noma emazinyweni akhiqiza iphunga elingathandeki. Yize i-halitosis iyinkinga yezempilo encane, isengaba ngumthombo wengcindezi kanye nokukhubazeka emphakathini. Kungabangelwa ukudla okuthile, okufana nenhlanzeko embi noma ukutheleleka.

I-herpes yesisu : Eyaziwa ngamagama athandwayo "wesifo esibandayo" noma "ukubanda okubandayo", izilonda ezibandayo zibonakala ngokuvela kweqoqo lamabhamuza abuhlungu, kaningi ezindebeni nasemaceleni. Kuyisifo esidalwa yigciwane elibizwa nge-herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1).

gingivitis : ukuvuvukala kwezinsini. Lezi ziba bomvu, zicasuke, zivuvuke lapho zivame ukuba pinki ziqinile futhi ziphaphathekile. Bangopha kalula, ikakhulukazi lapho bexubha amazinyo.

I-Periodontitis: ukuvuvukala kwezicubu ezizungeze futhi zisekele amazinyo, okubizwa nge- "periodontium". Lezi zicubu zifaka ushungamu, imicu esekelayo ebizwa ngokuthi i-periodontium, kanye nethambo lapho amazinyo aboshelwe khona. Isifo esivela kubhaktheriya, sivela kaningi lapho amasosha omzimba entengantenga.

I-candidiasis yomlomo : ukutheleleka kwemvubelo emlonyeni ngenxa yokwanda kwesikhunta esivela ngokwemvelo, ama-candida albicans. Izimbangela ziningi: ukukhulelwa, umlomo owomile, ukuvuvukala, isifo sikashukela… Kungabonakala ngokuvela kwe- "muget" emhlophe: ulimi nezihlathi kubomvu, kome bese kumbozwa izingcwecwe. okumhlophe.

Uhlelo lwe-lichen buccal : i-lichen planus yisifo sesikhumba semvelaphi engaziwa esingathinta umlomo womlomo. Izilonda zesikhumba zivame ukutholakala ezinhlangothini zombili zomlomo. Ulwelwesi lwezihlathi, emuva kolimi, nasezinsinini kuvame ukuthinteka yizilonda ezibonakala njengezinwele ezinsomi (ukuzwa ukuluma) ezinamaphaphu ezingambozwa ngento emhlophe. Isifo esingelapheki ngaphandle kokwelashwa, sizibonakalisa ngezikhathi zokubuyela emuva nokuxolelwa.

Umlomo owomile (xerostomia) : Kubonakala ngokushoda ekukhishweni kwamathe, okukhombisa ukuhlaselwa kwezindlala zamathe. Izimpawu ezisikisela kakhulu yizindebe ezinamathelayo noma ukungabikho kwamathe ngaphansi kolimi. Ukuxilongwa kwenziwa ngudokotela ukuguqula ukwelashwa.

Umdlavuza womlomo : isimila esibi esivela kumaseli omlomo.

Ikhula ngaphansi komlomo, ulimi, amalaka, ulwanga, izihlathi, izinsini nezindebe. Ngokusho kweNational Cancer Institute (7), ama-70% omdlavuza womlomo atholakala sekwephuze kakhulu, okunciphisa amathuba okululama. Kutholakala umdlavuza wangaphambilini womlomo, izindlela zokwelashwa ziphumelela ngokwengeziwe.

I-Amygdalite : ukuvuvukala nokutheleleka kwamathoni kulandela ukuxhumana negciwane noma amagciwane. Ziyakhula ngosayizi futhi zibe buhlungu, zivame ukuphazamisa ukugwinya. Ukuthatha imishanguzo (imishanguzo elwa nokuvuvukala kanye namagciwane uma kudingeka) imvamisa kwanele ukuqeda izimpawu.

I-cleft palate lip : Eyaziwa njengezindebe zomlomo ezingafanelekile, kuyisimo sokuzalwa esingalungile esibangelwa ukuhlangana okungafanelekile kwendebe ephezulu kanye / noma ulwanga lombungu ngesikhathi sikhula (6). Ilashwa ngokuhlinzwa.

Ngokuvamile, kubalulekile ukugcina inhlanzeko yomlomo efanele nokubhekwa komlomo wakho ngesikhathi uthintana nodokotela noma nodokotela wamazinyo. Kungabonakala izilonda futhi akulula ukuzibona, okungaba njalo ngomdlavuza womlomo. Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kwandisa amathuba okululama. Lokhu kungcono kakhulu kubantu ababhemayo nabasebenzisi botshwala abajwayelekile abathandelwa ukuthuthukiswa komdlavuza (7).

Ngokuphathelene nezimo ezinobungozi, izidakamizwa ezithile ziyaziwa ukuthi zikhuthaza ukuvela kwe-candidiasis. Ama-antibiotic we-Broad-spectrum (8), okusho ukuthi asebenza ngempumelelo ngokumelene nenani elikhulu lemindeni yama-bacteria (i-amoxicillin noma i-penicillin ngokwesibonelo), i-corticosteroids, imishanguzo ye-antacid (ukunciphisa i-asidi yesisu) noma i-neuroleptics (eyehlisa ukukhiqizwa amathe) yizibonelo.

Ukuhlolwa ngomlomo : ukuhlolwa okubukwayo okwenziwa ngudokotela noma udokotela ohlinzayo ohlola amazinyo, izinsini, ulimi, izicubu ezithambile ngaphansi kolimi, ulwanga nengaphakathi lezihlathi. Ihlose ukuvimbela noma iyiphi inkinga yamazinyo noma isifo somlomo. Kwezinye izimo, ukuxilongwa kusenesikhathi kwenziwa ukuvumela ukuphathwa okusheshayo kwe-pathology (9).

Izivivinyo ze-Medical imaging:

Lezi zindlela zisiza ekutholeni ubukhulu bezinye izinhlaka zomdlavuza womlomo.

• I-Radiography: inqubo yezithombe yezokwelapha esebenzisa ama-X-ray. Ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile okuyireferensi, isinyathelo sokuqala esiyimpoqo futhi kwesinye isikhathi kwanele ukuxilongwa.
• Iskena: inqubo yokuhlola yokuhlola equkethe “ukuskena” isifunda esinikeziwe somzimba ukuze wakhe izithombe ezihlukanisayo, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kogongolo lwe-X-ray. Igama elithi "isithwebuli" empeleni igama ledivayisi yezokwelapha, kepha livame ukusetshenziselwa ukuqamba ukuhlolwa. Siphinde sikhulume nge-computed tomography noma i-computed tomography.
• I-MRI (imaging resonance imaging): ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha ngenhloso yokuxilonga okwenziwa kusetshenziswa idivaysi enkulu eyindilinga lapho kukhiqizwa khona amandla kazibuthe namagagasi omsakazo ukukhiqiza izithombe eziqonde kakhulu, ku-2D noma i-3D, yomlomo. I-MRI wukuhlolwa okunamandla kakhulu kokufunda izicubu (ukuma nokubukeka).
• I-PET Scan: ebizwa nangokuthi i-positron emission tomography (i-PET noma i- “positron emission tomography” ngesiNgisi) ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging okuvumela ukuthi ubone ngeso lengqondo ukusebenza kwezitho (i-functional imaging). Ihlanganisa ukujova komkhiqizo okhipha imisebe ebonakalayo ezithombeni nasekuthatheni izithombe isithwebuli.

I-Endoscopy / Fibroscopy: ukuhlolwa kwezithenjwa okwenza kubonakale ngeso lengqondo ukwakheka kwangaphakathi komzimba ngenxa yokwethulwa kweshubhu eliguquguqukayo elibizwa nge-fiberscope noma i-endoscope enamakhamera amancane. Le ndlela isetshenziselwa ukukhomba izindawo ezisolisayo futhi iqondise ukuxilongwa komdlavuza.

Isidumbu: ukuhlolwa okuqukethe ukususa isiqeshana sezicubu noma isitho. Ucezu olususiwe lubhekwa ukuhlolwa okuncane kakhulu kanye / noma ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali ukuqinisekisa isimo somdlavuza wesimila, isibonelo.

I-Amygdalectomy : Ukuhlinzwa okuqukethe ukususwa kwamathoni. Kwenziwa ngamacala angama-80% kulandela i-hypertrophy (amalaka amakhulu ngokweqile) avimba imigwaqo yomoya futhi ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele ukuphefumula. Ezimweni ezingama-20%, kulandela i-tonsillitis ephindaphindiwe ehambisana nobuhlungu nomkhuhlane. Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo evamile, lokhu akuyona into engenamsebenzi: kudinga ukucatshangelwa ngamacala ngamacala nokuqapha okubalulekile ngemuva kokusebenza (11).

I-Frenotomy : ukusikeka kwe-frenum yolimi. Ukungenelela okubonisiwe esimweni se-ankyloglossia. Ivumela ukunwetshwa kwe-frenulum ukubuyisa imisebenzi yolimi. Kungenziwa endaweni yangakini usebenzisa i-laser.

I-Phenectomy : ukususwa kwe-frenulum yolimi. Ukungenelela okubonisiwe esimweni se-ankyloglossia. Ivumela ukususwa kwe-frenulum okunomphumela wokubuyisela imisebenzi yolimi. Kungenziwa endaweni yangakini usebenzisa i-laser.

Umlomo uyindawo erogenous, emadodeni nakwabesifazane, kusukela ebusheni. Kuyisibonakaliso senkanuko nokuyenga.

Umlomo ungafaniswa nomnyango, ukungenisa noma ukukhipha amagama nemisindo. Lo mbono womnyango siwuthola lapho kusetshenziswa igama elithi ukuqamba ichweba lomfula (13).

EGibhithe lasendulo, kwakuyisiko ukuvula umlomo kamufi ukuze umphefumulo wakhe ubuyele emzimbeni wakhe. Umphefumulo ngaleyo ndlela wagcinwa ngokulandelayo.