Okuqukethwe
Muva nje, sivame ukuzwa izinkulumo ezinjenge-carbohydrate eyingozi futhi enempilo, esheshayo futhi ihamba kancane, elula futhi eyinkimbinkimbi. Lawa magama athandwa kakhulu ngabantu abaphilile.
Abanye ochwepheshe bezokwelapha bakholelwa ukuthi ama-carbohydrate ayisisekelo somzimba onempilo, noma kunalokho ukusetshenziswa kwawo okulungile. Ngemuva kwakho konke, umphumela wokungalingani kokulinganisela kwama-carbohydrate emzimbeni isimo esibi, ukunganaki, ukwanda kovalo, ukwehla komsebenzi wengqondo nowomzimba, isifo sikashukela nokunye okuningi.
Kuzoba mnandi futhi kube wusizo kwabaningi ukufunda ngezimpawu zezimpawu nezimfanelo ezinhle zelinye lamaqembu ama-carbohydrate - i-monosaccharides.
Ukudla okunothe ngama-monosaccharides:
Izici ezijwayelekile zama-monosaccharides
Ama-monosaccharides yiqembu lama-carbohydrate abizwa ngoshukela olula. Azishiswa ngamanzi; zibukeka njengamakhemikhali e-polyhydroxyl aqukethe i-aldehyde noma amaqembu e-ketone. Ama-monosaccharides ancishiswa ngokushesha, angena ngokushesha egazini, futhi awagcinwa ezinqolobaneni zamafutha. Lawa ma-carbohydrate abaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kobuchopho.
Ama-monosaccharides anambitheka kamnandi wobukhulu obuhlukahlukene futhi angaqedwa kalula emanzini. Leli fomu lama-carbohydrate limelwe yizingxenye ezilandelayo:
- i-glucose yi-monosaccharide ejwayelekile kakhulu engakhiwa ngenxa yokuwohloka kwama-disaccharides nesitashi ekudleni;
- i-fructose - igxiliwe kalula, ayibangeli ukweqisa ushukela egazini;
- i-galactose ingumkhiqizo wokuwohloka we-lactose.
Esimweni esikhululekile, izingxenye ezimbili zokuqala zitholakala ezithelo nasezimbalini. Ngokuvamile zifakwa ngesikhathi esisodwa emifino, izithelo, amajikijolo, futhi zikhona kuju lwezinyosi. I-galactose ayiyona ingxenye yokudla.
Amaqiniso omlando
Umcwaningi waseRussia uKG Sigismund okokuqala ngqa ngo-1811. Wenza izivivinyo futhi wathola i-glucose nge-hydrolysis yesitashi. Ngo-1844, usokhemisi waseRussia uK. G. Schmidt wethula umqondo wama-carbohydrate.
Ngo-1927. Ososayensi bathole ukwakheka kwama-carbohydrate, amelwe yizinto zemvelo nezinto zokwenziwa. Ama-carbohydrate aqala ukuhlukaniswa ngamaqembu. Elinye lawo labizwa ngokuthi “monosaxaridы".
Imfuneko yansuku zonke yama-monosaccharides
Ngokuya ngomsebenzi kanye neminyaka yobudala, ukuthathwa kwama-monosaccharides kufanele kube ngamaphesenti angu-15-20 wesamba se-carbohydrate. Ngokusebenza kobuchopho okuvamile, isidingo sansuku zonke sama-monosaccharides singama-160 - 180 g, okuyingxenye eyodwa kwezine yawo wonke ama-carbohydrate adliwa ngokudla (300-500 g ngosuku). Isibonelo, uma ingxenye yoju idliwe, khona-ke amanye amaswidi nokusanhlamvu kufanele kukhohliwe kuze kube ngakusasa.
Lapho kukhona izinkomba zezokwelapha, inani lokusetshenziswa kwama-monosaccharides lingehliswa, kepha kuncike ekunciphiseni kancane kwenani liye ku-100 g ngosuku.
Isidingo sama-monosaccharides siyanda:
- lapho senza umsebenzi osindayo womzimba nokuqeqeshwa kwezemidlalo;
- ngemithwalo ephezulu yengqondo nokuncipha okukhulu kokusebenza kwengqondo;
- usemncane, lapho amandla adingeka kakhulu ekukhuleni;
- ngokozela nokukhathala ngokomzimba;
- kulabo abanezimpawu zokudakwa komzimba;
- ngezifo zesibindi, isimiso sezinzwa, i-gastrointestinal tract;
- Isimo semizwa esingesihle;
- ngesisindo somzimba esiphansi;
- ukuncipha kwamandla.
Isidingo se-monosaccharides siyancipha:
- ngokukhuluphala;
- indlela yokuphila;
- kwabadala;
- nomfutho wegazi ophezulu.
Ukugayeka kwama-monosaccharides
Ama-monosaccharides adonswa kalula futhi ngokushesha ngumzimba. Banikeza ukwanda okusheshayo kwamandla emzimbeni. Ngakho-ke, banconyelwa imithwalo yesikhashana ephezulu kakhulu. Bafaka isandla ekwandeni okusheshayo kwamazinga kashukela egazini, ngakho-ke asetshenziselwa i-hypoglycemia. Ukusetshenziswa kwala ma-carbohydrate kufanele kulawulwe futhi kungeqiwe.
Izakhiwo eziwusizo zama-monosaccharides nomphumela wazo emzimbeni
- ukucebisa umzimba ngamandla;
- ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kobuchopho;
- ukuqedwa kobuthi;
- esetshenziselwa ubuthakathaka bemisipha yenhliziyo;
- kudingekile ukuqinisa amasosha omzimba;
- ukwanelisa kahle indlala, ngokukhetha okufanele kwemikhiqizo (okusanhlamvu, imifino eluhlaza, izithelo);
- ukuvuselelwa kwamandla ngemuva kokuzivocavoca;
- isimo esithuthukisiwe.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemifino, okuyizinto ezithwala ama-monosaccharides, kuphephe impela kulabo abanesifo sikashukela. Kodwa izithelo kuleli cala kufanele zidliwe ngokuqapha.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-fructose kunciphisa ubungozi bokubola kwamazinyo, i-diathesis, futhi kusiza ukulawula amazinga kashukela uma kwenzeka ukuthambekela kwesifo sikashukela. Ngempela, i-fructose ayidingi i-insulin ukuthi idlulele egazini nasezitho zangaphakathi.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi inzuzo ye-monosaccharides emelelwa yi-galactose ukuthi isiza ukumunca i-calcium, ithuthukisa isimiso samathumbu, futhi ivuselele izinqubo zokulawulwa kwezinzwa.
I-glucose ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba iyingxenye yegazi. Lesi yisici sokudla esibaluleke kakhulu samandla.
Ukusebenzisana nezinye izinto
Ama-monosaccharides akhuthaza ukumuncwa kwe-calcium ne-vitamin C. Awonakali ngesikhathi se-hydrolysis.
Izimpawu zokuntuleka kwama-monosaccharides emzimbeni:
- ukwehlisa ushukela egazini;
- isiyezi;
- indlala;
- ukwephulwa kwenqubo yokuguqula umzimba;
- ukwehla okukhulu kwesisindo somzimba;
- ukucindezeleka.
Izimpawu zokweqisa kwama-monosaccharides emzimbeni:
- umfutho wegazi ophakeme;
- ukwephula ibhalansi ye-acid-base;
- ukuqina kwesibindi;
- ukungabekezelelani emikhiqizweni yobisi.
Izici ezithinta okuqukethwe kwama-monosaccharides emzimbeni
Ngokuyinhloko, ama-monosaccharides angena emzimbeni nokudla. I-glucose ne-fructose ingahlanganiswa kusetshenziswa ama-disaccharides nesitashi.
Ama-monosaccharides ngobuhle nempilo
Ukusetshenziswa okulungile kwama-monosaccharides kwenza umzimba usebenze, ube namandla, ugcwale amandla namandla. Ubuchopho busebenza ngokugcwele, umuntu akashiyi isimo esihle. Ngempela, kunenzuzo eyodwa ebalulekile ekudleni okumnandi - ukusetshenziswa kwabo kunomthelela ekukhiqizeni i-hormone yenjabulo.