Ubisi lwesoya lwaqala ukwethulwa emphakathini e-United States nguJohn Harvey Kellogg, owayengumsunguli wama-corn flakes kanye ne-granola (i-oatmeal enoshukela enamantongomane namagilebhisi omisiwe) kanye nenhloko ye-Battle Creek Sanitarium iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Umfundi kaKellogg, uDkt. Harry W. Miller, ulethe ulwazi lobisi lwesoya eChina. UMiller wasebenza ekuthuthukiseni ukunambitheka kobisi lwesoya futhi waqala ukukhiqizwa kwezentengiselwano eChina ngo-1936. Ngokuqinisekile ubisi lwesoya lungaba indawo efanelekayo yobisi lwezilwane. Emazweni ahlukahlukene asathuthuka, ukushoda kobisi lwenkomo kuye kwenze kwafiseleka ukutshala imali ekuthuthukisweni kweziphuzo ezisekelwe kumaprotheni emifino. Imingcele yokudla (ukuqeda i-cholesterol namafutha agcwele), izinkolelo zenkolo (ubuBuddha, ubuHindu, amahlelo athile obuKristu), ukucabangela izimiso zokuziphatha (“sindisa iplanethi”), nokukhetha komuntu siqu (ukuzonda imikhiqizo yobisi, ukwesaba izifo ezifana nesifo senkomo ) – Zonke lezi zici ziholela ekutheni liyanda inani labantu abathanda ubisi lwenkomo. Isithakazelo esikhulayo sichazwa nokucatshangelwa kwezempilo (ukungabekezelelani kwe-lactose, ukungezwani nobisi). Izindlela ezihlukile zobisi zanamuhla ziye zabizwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ngokuthi “izinto ezithatha indawo yobisi”, “izinye iziphuzo zobisi” kanye “neziphuzo ezingezona ezobisi”. Ubisi lwesoya luwumkhiqizo owodwa nje otholakala kubathengi namuhla. Isisekelo semikhiqizo engeyona yobisi ubhontshisi wesoya, okusanhlamvu, i-tofu, imifino, amantongomane kanye nembewu. Ubhontshisi wesoya wonke usetshenziswa njengesithako esiyinhloko ekudleni okuningi. Amalebula amaningi aklelisa ubhontshisi njengokuthi “ubhontshisi wesoya ephilayo” ukuze akhange abathengi abakhetha imikhiqizo etshalwe ngokwemvelo. I-Soy protein isolate, iphrotheni egxilile etholakala kubhontshisi wesoya, iyisithako sesibili esivame kakhulu kulolu hlobo lomkhiqizo. I-tofu isetshenziswa njengesithako esiyinhloko. I-Tofu yenziwe ngobhontshisi we-soya ocutshiwe, kufana noshizi we-cottage wenziwa ngobisi lwenkomo. Okunye ukudla kusebenzisa okusanhlamvu, imifino, amantongomane, noma imbewu (irayisi, i-oats, uphizi oluhlaza, amazambane, nama-alimondi) njengezithako eziyinhloko. Izindlela zokupheka zeziphuzo ezingezona zobisi ezenziwe ekhaya zisebenzisa ubhontshisi wesoya, ama-alimondi, ama-cashews, noma imbewu yesesame. Imikhiqizo okungeyona yobisi ibhekwa ngokuyinhloko ngokusekelwe kumibandela efana nokubukeka nokuhogela. Uma umkhiqizo une-caramel noma onsundu ngokuphuzi ngombala, khona-ke kungenzeka wenqatshwe ngaphandle kokuwuzama. Imikhiqizo emhlophe noma enemibala ekhilimu ibonakala ikhanga kakhulu. Iphunga elibi nalo alifaki ukukhanga komkhiqizo.
Izinto ezithinta kabi ukukhanga kwemikhiqizo engeyona yobisi:
- ukunambitheka - okumnandi kakhulu, okusawoti, okukhumbuza umcako,
- ukungaguquguquki - okunamafutha, okunamanzi, okusanhlamvu, okunothuli, okunamathiselwe, okunamafutha,
- i-aftertaste - ubhontshisi, umunyu, "umuthi".
Izakhamzimba ezijwayele ukungezwa eziphuzweni ezingezona ezobisi yilezo ezitholakala ngamanani aphezulu obisini lwenkomo. Lezi zakhi zihlanganisa: amaprotheni, i-calcium, i-riboflavin (uvithamini B2), uvithamini B12 (cyanocobalamin B12) novithamini A. Ubisi lwenkomo kanye neminye imikhiqizo engeyona eyentengiso yobisi inovithamini D. Manje sekuneziphuzo ezingaphezu kwamashumi amathathu ezingezona ezobisi emakethe yomhlaba, futhi kunemibono eyahlukene mayelana nokuthi ifaneleka kangakanani inqaba yabo. Ezinye iziphuzo aziqinisiwe nhlobo, kuyilapho ezinye ziqiniswa kakhulu abakhiqizi bazo ukuze zisondezwe ngangokunokwenzeka obisini lwenkomo ngokwenani lesondlo. Nakuba ukunambitheka okwamukelekayo kuyisici esibalulekile ekukhethweni kwemikhiqizo engeyona yobisi, ukubaluleka komsoco wemikhiqizo kufanele kunikezwe ukubaluleka okukhulu. Kuyafaneleka ukukhetha uhlobo oluqinile, uma kungenzeka, oluqukethe okungenani ama-20-30% wephrofayili ejwayelekile yokudla okunomsoco we-calcium, i-riboflavin ne-vitamin B12, efana nephrofayili yokudla okunomsoco wemikhiqizo yobisi. Abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho (lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kubuthakathaka kakhulu ebusika ukuze uvithamini D angahlanganiswa umzimba ngokwawo) kufanele bakhethe iziphuzo ezingezona ezobisi eziqiniswe ngovithamini D. Kunombono ovamile nongelona iqiniso wokuthi iziphuzo ezingezona zobisi zingasebenza njenge esikhundleni sobisi kunoma yiziphi izindlela zokupheka. . Ubunzima obukhulu ekuphekeni buvela esigabeni sokushisa (ukupheka, ukubhaka) imikhiqizo engeyona yobisi. Iziphuzo ezingezona ezobisi (ezisekelwe ku-soy noma i-calcium carbonate ephezulu) ziyajiya emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Ukusetshenziswa kweziphuzo ezingezona ezobisi kungaholela ekushintsheni kokuvumelana noma ukuthungwa. Isibonelo, ama-puddings amaningi awaqini lapho kusetshenziswa izithako zobisi. Ukuze wenze ama-gravies, udinga ukusebenzisa inani elikhulu le-thickener (isitashi). Ekukhetheni isiphuzo esingenalo ubisi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo okuqhubekayo ekuphekeni, iphunga liyisici esibalulekile. I-sweet or vanilla flavour ayifanele neze isobho noma izitsha ezinoshukela. Iziphuzo ezingezona ezobisi ezisekelwe ku-soy ngokuvamile zijiyile futhi zenziwe ngendlela engaphezulu kunezinhlamvu ezifanayo noma iziphuzo ezinamantongomane. Iziphuzo ezingezona ezobisi ezinerayisi zine-flavour elula, emnandi ekhumbuza abantu abaningi ngemikhiqizo yobisi. Iziphuzo ezingezona ezobisi ezisekelwe kumantongomane zifaneleka kakhulu izitsha ezinoshukela. Kuhle ukwazi ukuthi amalebula asho ukuthini. "1% amafutha": lokhu kusho ukuthi "1% ngesisindo somkhiqizo", hhayi i-1% yamakholori nge-kg. "Umkhiqizo awunayo i-cholesterol": lena inkulumo efanele, kodwa khumbula ukuthi yonke imikhiqizo engeyona yobisi ayinayo i-cholesterol ngoba itholakala emithonjeni yezitshalo. Emvelweni, azikho izitshalo eziqukethe i-cholesterol. “Ikhalori Elula/Ephansi/Anamafutha”: Okunye ukudla okunamafutha amancane kunama-kilojoule amaningi. Isiphuzo esingesona esobisi, nakuba singenawo amafutha, siqukethe ama-kilocalories angu-160 ngengilazi yamaounce ayisishiyagalombili. Ingilazi eyodwa yamaounce ayisishiyagalombili yobisi lwenkomo olunamafutha amancane iqukethe ama-kilocalories angama-90. Ama-kilocalories engeziwe eziphuzweni ezingezona ezobisi avela kuma-carbohydrate, ngokuvamile asesimweni sikashukela olula. "Tofu": Eminye imikhiqizo ekhangiswa “njengeziphuzo ezingezona ezobisi ezisekelwe ku-tofu” inoshukela noma isiphuzo esimnandi esikhundleni se-tofu njengesithako esiyinhloko; okwesibili - amafutha; okwesithathu i-calcium carbonate (i-calcium supplement). I-Tofu ibonakala njengesithako sesine, sesihlanu noma sesithupha esibaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kungase kusho ukuthi isisekelo seziphuzo ezinjalo ama-carbohydrate namafutha, hhayi i-tofu. Lapho ukhetha isiphuzo esithatha indawo yobisi, cabanga ngalokhu okulandelayo: 1. Ukukhethwa kwesiphuzo esingesona esobisi esinamafutha ancishisiwe noma ajwayelekile kuncike ekutheni yiziphi izakhamzimba umthengi afuna ukuzithola. Kuyafaneleka ukukhetha iziphuzo eziqukethe okungenani u-20-30% wokudla okunconyiwe kwansuku zonke kwe-calcium, i-riboflavin ne-vitamin B12. 2. Uma ukukhetha kwenziwa ngokuvuna iziphuzo ezingezona ezobisi ezinokuqukethwe okuphansi kwezakhi, khona-ke okunye ukudla okucebile nge-calcium, i-riboflavin ne-vitamin B12 kufanele kudliwe nsuku zonke. 3. Udinga ukuthenga ama-substitutes obisi ngamanani amancane, ukuze uhlolwe, ukuze uqonde ukuthi afanelekile yini kumthengi ngokubukeka, iphunga kanye nokunambitha. Lapho uxuba imikhiqizo ngendlela yezimpushana, imiyalelo yomkhiqizi kufanele ilandelwe. 4. Ayikho kule mikhiqizo elungele izingane. Iziphuzo okungezona ezobisi ngokuvamile azinawo amaprotheni namafutha anele futhi azihloselwe isimiso somntwana sosana sokugaya ukudla esingavuthiwe. Izingane ezingaphansi konyaka owodwa ubudala zifanelekela iziphuzo ezikhethekile zesoya zezingane.