I-melanoma iwumdlavuza wesikhumba ohlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuchayeka ngokweqile emisebeni ye-ultraviolet. Ngezinye izikhathi sikhuluma “nge-melanoma eyingozi” ngolimi lwansuku zonke.

Incazelo ye-melanoma

I-Melanoma umdlavuza wesikhumba, okuyisimila esiyingozi esivela kumangqamuzana esikhumba. Kulokhu, amangqamuzana enza i-melanin (i-pigment enikeza umbala esikhumbeni, izinwele nezinwele): ama-melanocyte.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-melanoma kuqala ku-epidermis. Sikhuluma ngemelanoma endaweni. Uma iqhubeka nokusabalala, i-melanoma izokhula ijule. Bese kuthiwa umdlavuza uyahlasela. Kulesi sigaba, amangqamuzana omdlavuza angakwazi ukuhlukana nethumba lokuqala, aqoqe ezinye izindawo zomzimba futhi abangele ama-metastases (umdlavuza wesibili).

I-melanoma ivame ukuvela ezindaweni ezisobala zesikhumba ngoba imisebe ye-UV iyisici esiyingozi esikhulu. Nokho, ezinye izimo zingavela ezindaweni ezingavezwanga. Kunezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko ze-melanoma:

• i-melanoma ejulile (phakathi kuka-60 no-70% wamacala) okuhlotshaniswa nokuthuthukiswa kokushiswa kwelanga okunamandla esikhathini esidlule;
• I-Dubreuilh's melanoma noma i-lentigo-malignant melanoma (phakathi kuka-5 no-10% wamacala) ahlotshaniswa nokuchayeka kaningi emisebeni ye-ultraviolet (UV);
• i-melanoma enesigaxa (ngaphansi kuka-5% wezigameko) ezishintsha ngokushesha futhi ezingavela kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yesikhumba, ngisho nezindawo ezingacacile;
• i-acrolentiginous melanoma noma i-melanoma yamaphethelo engahlotshaniswa nokuchayeka ngokweqile emisebeni ye-UV futhi ngokuvamile ibonakala kubantu abanesikhumba esimnyama.

Izimbangela kanye nezici zobungozi ze-melanoma

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-melanoma kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuba khona kwezinto eziyingozi. Phakathi kwazo kukhona:

• ukuchayeka emisebeni ye-UV, kokubili yelanga neyokwenziwa;
• umlando wokushiswa yilanga, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sobuntwana;
• isikhumba esihle;
• ukuzwela elangeni;
• ukuba khona okuphawulekayo kwama-moles, okulinganiselwa kuma-moles angaphezu kwama-50;
• ukuba khona kwama-moles abukeka engavamile noma amakhulu okuzalwa;
• umlando womdlavuza wesikhumba okungenzeka kube owomuntu siqu noma owomndeni;
• i-immunosuppression, okungukuthi, ukuwohloka kwamasosha omzimba.

Ukuxilongwa kwe-melanoma

I-melanoma ingase isolwe uma imvukuzane ishintsha ngokushesha noma uma kuvela isilonda esolisayo (imvamisa indawo engajwayelekile). Kusungulwe umthetho wokubona ibala lesikhumba elingavamile. Lo mthetho uchaza imibandela engu-5 “ABCDE”:

• I-A ye-Asymmetry echaza indawo yokuma okungavamile engeyona eyindilinga noma eyi-oval futhi enemibala nokuhlehlisa ngokungavamile enkabeni yayo;
• B Yemiphetho Engavamile echaza ibala elinemiphetho engachazwanga kahle kanye nengavamile;
• C ngombala onga-homogeneous ochaza ukuba khona kwemibala ehlukene (omnyama, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, onsundu obomvu noma omhlophe) ngendlela engahlelekile ngaphakathi kwendawo;
• D ye-Diameter uma indawo inobubanzi obungaphezu kuka-6 mm;
• E for Evolution enebala elishintsha ngokushesha usayizi, umumo, umbala noma ukujiya.

Ukubona uphawu olulodwa noma ngaphezulu akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi kunemelanoma. Nokho, kudinga ukuqokwa kodokotela ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlolwa okuphelele.

Ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwenziwa yi-dermatologist. Uma kusolwa i-melanoma, ukuhlolwa okubukwayo kulekelelwa ngokususa ukuxilongwa. Lokhu kwakamuva kuqukethe isampula yethishu ukuze ihlaziywe. Imiphumela yokuhlaziywa iqinisekisa i-melanoma futhi ichaza isigaba sayo sokukhula.

Kuye ngenkambo ye-melanoma, ukuhlolwa kwe-imaging yezokwelapha kungenziwa ukuze kuhlolwe izinga futhi kuhambisane nokuphatha.

Abantu abathintekayo yi-melanoma

I-melanoma yenza u-10% womdlavuza wesikhumba. Izibalo zikhomba ukuthi yiwona mdlavuza okhula kakhulu isibalo sabagulayo abasha ngonyaka. Ngo-2012, izigameko zayo zilinganiselwa ku-11. Itholakala eminyakeni yobudala eyi-176 futhi ibonakala ivame kakhulu kwabesifazane kunabesilisa.

I-melanoma ibonakala esikhumbeni njengendawo enemibala. Ezimweni ezingu-80%, i-melanomas ikhula "esikhumbeni esinempilo" esingenazo izilonda noma amabala. Ukuthuthuka kwabo kuholela ekubukeni kwendawo enemibala ngesimo semvukuzane. Kwezinye izimo, i-melanomas ikhula kusukela kumvukuzane ekhona kakade (nevus).

Kuye ngecala, abaphathi bangase basekelwe ekwelashweni okukodwa noma okuningi okuhlukile. Ukuhlinzwa, ukwelashwa ngezidakamizwa, nokwelashwa ngemisebe kungase kubhekwe njengokubhubhisa amangqamuzana omdlavuza.

Ngokuvamile, ukuphathwa kwe-melanoma kuwukuhlinzwa. Kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi ukukhishwa kabusha okwenziwa ukuze kutholakale ukuxilongwa kwanele ukususa isimila ngokuphelele.

Kuyaqashelwa ukuthi ingozi enkulu ye-melanoma ukuchayeka ngokweqile emisebeni ye-UV. Ukuvimbela kuhlanganisa ikakhulukazi:

• nciphisa ukuchayeka elangeni, ikakhulukazi phakathi namahora ashisa kakhulu;
• zivikele ngokusebenzisa ukhilimu ovimbelayo kanye nezingubo zokuzivikela;
• gwema ukushuka okwenziwa endlini.

Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kwe-melanoma kubalulekile futhi ukuze kukhawulwe ukukhula kwayo nokuvimbela izinkinga. Kunconywa ukuthi uzihlole njalo isikhumba sakho usebenzisa imibandela yomthetho we-“ABCDE” owethulwe ngenhla. Othandekayo angasiza ekuhloleni izindawo okungafinyeleleki kuzo. Esimeni sokungabaza kanye nokuhlolwa okuphelele, ukubonisana nochwepheshe bezempilo kubalulekile.