Okuqukethwe
Amaribhoni apinki naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, amakilabhu ezemidlalo abafana namantombazane, ubungcweti babesilisa nabesifazane… Yikhulunyaka lesi-XNUMX, kodwa umhlaba usaphila ngemibono ecatshangwayo eyazalwa emuva ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX. Isazi se-neuroscientist sashwibeka endaweni engcwele yezingcwele - inganekwane yomehluko webhayoloji phakathi kobuchopho bowesilisa nowesifazane, ophikiswa isayensi yesimanje.
Basembalwa ngokuphindwe kaningi abesifazane kwezesayensi, ezombangazwe, nabaphathi abaphezulu. Baholelwa imali encane kunabesilisa abasezikhundleni ezifanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kubonakala ngisho nasemazweni athuthukayo lapho ukulingana ngokobulili kumenyezelwa khona ngenkuthalo.
I-Gender Brain ka-Neuroscientist u-Gina Rippon akusona neze isikhali esisha emzabalazweni wabesifazane emhlabeni wonke ukuze uthole amalungelo abo. Lokhu kungamakhasi acishe abe ngu-500 - ukuhlaziywa kwezifundo eziningi ezenziwa ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, kubhekiselwa ezifundweni zokuqala ezenziwa emuva ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX, emsuka wenkolelo yokuthi kunomehluko wemvelo phakathi kobuchopho besilisa nabesifazane.
Yile nkolelo-mbono, ngokusho komlobi, engazange idukise isayensi kuphela, kodwa nomphakathi cishe iminyaka eyikhulu nesigamu.
Le ncwadi iwumzamo wangempela wokubekela inselele umbono wokuthi ubuchopho besilisa buphakeme ngandlela thile kunowesifazane futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Kungani inkolelo enjalo iyimbi - isinesikhathi eside ikhona, kungani ungaqhubeki ukuyilandela? Ama-stereotypes afaka amaketanga ebuchosheni bethu obuthambile, bepulasitiki, kusho u-Gina Rippon.
Ngakho yebo, kubalulekile ukulwa nabo. Kubandakanya ngosizo lwe-neurobiology namandla amasha obuchwepheshe ekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Umbhali walandela umkhankaso othi "sola ubuchopho" eminyakeni edlule futhi wabona "ukuthi ososayensi babefuna ngenkuthalo kangakanani lowo mehluko ebuchosheni obuzobeka owesifazane endaweni yakhe."
"Uma ipharamitha ethile ekhombisa isikhundla esiphansi kakhulu sowesifazane ingekho, kufanele isungulwe!" Futhi le siphithiphithi sokulinganisa siqhubeka ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX.
Lapho uCharles Darwin eshicilela incwadi yakhe yoguquko ethi On the Origin of Species ngo-1859 kanye neThe Descent of Man ngo-1871, ososayensi babenesisekelo esisha ngokuphelele sokuchaza izici zomuntu - umsuka webhayoloji wezimpawu zomuntu ngamunye ezingokomzimba nezingokwengqondo, okwaba umthombo okahle wokuchaza. umehluko. phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uDarwin wasungula inkolelo-mbono yokukhetha ubulili - mayelana nokukhangwa ubulili kanye nokukhetha umlingani wokushada.
Wachaza ngokucacile imingcele yamathuba abesifazane: owesifazane usesigabeni esiphansi kakhulu sokuziphendukela kwemvelo esihlobene nendoda, futhi ikhono lokuzala labesifazane liwumsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko. Futhi akazidingi nhlobo izimfanelo eziphakeme zomqondo ezinikezwe indoda. “Eqinisweni, uDarwin wayethi ukuzama ukufundisa intokazi yalolu hlobo okuthile noma ukuyinikeza ukuzimela kungamane kuyiphazamise le nqubo,” kuchaza umcwaningi.
Kepha izitayela zakamuva zengxenye yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwele-XNUMX zibonisa ukuthi izinga lemfundo nomsebenzi wobuhlakani wabesifazane alibavimbeli ekubeni omama.
Ingabe ama-hormone anecala?
Kunoma iyiphi ingxoxo mayelana nokuhluka kobulili ebuchosheni bomuntu, umbuzo uvame ukuvela: "Kuthiwani ngama-hormone?". Ama-hormone "aphelelwe amandla" avele ashiwo nguMacGregor Allan ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX lapho ekhuluma ngenkinga yokuya esikhathini kwaba yincazelo esemfashinini yokuthi kungani abesifazane kungafanele banikezwe amandla noma igunya.
“Ngokuthakazelisayo, i-World Health Organization yenze izifundo eziye zathola ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko ezikhalweni ezihlobene nesigaba sangaphambi kokuya esikhathini,” ubhala umlobi. - Ukuguquguquka kwemizwa kwabikwa cishe ngabesifazane abavela eNtshonalanga Yurophu, e-Australia naseNyakatho Melika kuphela; abesifazane abavela emazweni asempumalanga, njengamaShayina, babevame ukubika izimpawu ezingokomzimba, ezinjengokuvuvukala, futhi mancane amathuba okuba babike izinkinga ezingokomzwelo.”
Emazweni aseNtshonalanga, umqondo we-premenstrual syndrome (PMS) uye wamukelwa kabanzi kangangokuthi uye waba uhlobo “lwesiprofetho esizigcwalisa ngokungenakugwenywa.”
I-PMS yayisetshenziselwa ukuhumusha izenzakalo ezingase zichazwe ngezinye izici. Kokunye ukuhlola, cishe abesifazane babevame ukusho isimo sabo sokuya esikhathini ngenxa yesimo sengqondo esibi, ngisho nalapho kuhileleke ezinye izici.
Kokunye ukuhlola, kwatholakala ukuthi lapho owesifazane ekhohliswa ekuboniseni izici zakhe ezingokomzimba ezibonisa ukuya esikhathini ngaphambi kokuya esikhathini, kwakungenzeka kakhulu ukuba abike izimpawu ezingezinhle kunowesifazane owayecabanga ukuthi kwakungakabi isikhathi se-PMS. Yiqiniso, abanye besifazane bangase babe nemizwa engathandeki engokomzimba nengokomzwelo ngenxa yokushintshashintsha kwamazinga e-hormone, isazi sezinto eziphilayo siyaqinisekisa.
Ngokubona kwakhe, i-PMS stereotype yayiyisibonelo esihle kakhulu somdlalo wokusola kanye ne-biological determinism. Ubufakazi obuyinhloko balo mbono kuze kube manje busekelwe ekuhloleni amazinga e-hormone yezilwane kanye nokungenelela okukhulu okufana ne-oophorectomy ne-gonadectomy, kodwa ukukhohlisa okunjalo akukwazi ukuphindwa kubantu.
“Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, lonke ucwaningo lwama-hormone, okuthiwa angamandla ebhayoloji ashayelayo anquma kokubili umehluko wobuchopho nokuziphatha phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, aluzange luveze impendulo eqondile enganikezwa izifundo zezilwane. Yiqiniso, ama-hormone anomthelela omkhulu kuzo zonke izinqubo zezinto eziphilayo, futhi amahomoni ahlotshaniswa nokwehluka kobulili awahlukile.
Kodwa kunzima kakhulu ukufakazela umcabango wokuthi ithonya lamahomoni lidlulela ezicini zobuchopho.
Kuyacaca ukuthi izithiyo zokuziphatha zokuhlola komuntu ngama-hormone azinakunqotshwa, u-Gina Rippon uyaqiniseka. Ngakho-ke, abukho ubufakazi balo mbono. “Ucwaningo lwakamuva lukaSari van Anders we-Neuroscientist waseNyuvesi yaseMichigan nabanye luphakamisa ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwamahomoni nokuziphatha buzobuyekezwa kabusha ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ikakhulukazi mayelana nendima eyinhloko ye-testosterone kubudlova nokuncintisana kwabesilisa.
Sibheka ithonya elinamandla lomphakathi nokucwasa kwawo njengokuguquguquka okushintsha ubuchopho, futhi kusobala ukuthi indaba iyafana namahomoni. Ngokulandelayo, ama-hormone ahlanganiswa nakanjani ebudlelwaneni bobuchopho nemvelo, ”kusho umbhali wencwadi.
Umqondo oguquguqukayo ugobela emhlabeni oguqukayo
Ngo-2017, uhlelo lwe-BBC No More Boys and Girls lwenza ucwaningo ngokusabalala kocansi kanye nemibono yobulili phakathi kwamantombazane nabafana abaneminyaka engu-XNUMX ubudala. Ososayensi basusa zonke izimpawu ezingase zibe khona ekilasini base bebheka izingane amasonto ayisithupha. Abacwaningi babefuna ukuthola ukuthi lokhu kuzoshintsha kangakanani indlela izingane ezizibheka ngayo noma ukuziphatha kwazo.
Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kokuqala yayidabukisa: wonke amantombazane ayefuna ukuba mahle, futhi abafana babefuna ukuba omongameli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amantombazane aneminyaka engu-7 ubudala ayengazihloniphi kakhulu kunabafana. Uthisha wasebenzisa izikhalazo zobulili ezinganeni: "umngane" wabafana, "imbali" yamantombazane, ebheka lokhu njengento "ethuthukisiwe".
Amantombazane ayebukela phansi ikhono lawo emidlalweni yamandla futhi akhala uma ethola amaphuzu aphezulu, kuyilapho abafana, ngokuphambene, babelinganisela ngokweqile futhi bakhale ngenjabulo lapho behluliwe. Kodwa emasontweni ayisithupha nje, isimo sesishintshe kakhulu: amantombazane athole ukuzethemba futhi afunde ukuthi kumnandi kanjani ukudlala ibhola nabafana.
Lokhu kuhlola kungobunye bobufakazi bokuthi ukuhlukana kobulili yisithelo sokukhuliswa komphakathi, futhi akusona isimo sebhayoloji nhlobo.
Ukutholwa okubaluleke kakhulu kwesayensi yobuchopho eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule kube ipulasitiki yobuchopho, hhayi nje ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa, kodwa futhi eminyakeni yakamuva yokuphila. Ubuchopho bushintsha ngolwazi, ngezinto esizenzayo futhi, ngokumangalisayo, nezinto esingazenzi.
Ukutholakala "kwe-plasticity-based based plasticity" etholakala ebuchosheni kukho konke ukuphila kuye kwadonsela ukunaka endimeni ebalulekile yezwe elisizungezile. Impilo umuntu ayiphilayo, imisebenzi yakhe yobungcweti kanye nomdlalo awuthandayo - konke lokhu kuthinta ubuchopho bakhe. Akekho osabuza ukuthi yini ebumba ubuchopho, imvelo noma ukukhuliswa.
"Imvelo" yobuchopho isondelene kakhulu "nemfundo" eshintsha ubuchopho futhi ihlelwe yisipiliyoni somuntu empilweni. Ubufakazi be-plasticity esenzweni bungatholakala kochwepheshe, abantu abaphumelele endaweni eyodwa noma kwenye.
Ingabe ubuchopho babo buyohluka ebuchosheni babantu abavamile futhi ingabe ubuchopho babo buzocubungula ulwazi lochwepheshe ngendlela ehlukile?
Ngenhlanhla, abantu abanjalo abanawo amathalenta kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuzimisela ukukhonza njenge "guinea pigs" for neuroscientists. Umehluko ezakhiweni zobuchopho babo, uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchopho "babantu abafayo nje", kungachazwa ngokuphepha ngamakhono akhethekile - abaculi abadlala izinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo banendawo enkulu ye-motor cortex elawula isandla sobunxele, kuyilapho abadlali bekhibhodi. ube nendawo ethuthuke kakhudlwana yesandla sokudla.
Ingxenye yobuchopho enomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzelana neso lesandla kanye nokulungiswa kwamaphutha ikhuliswa kubaqwali abavelele, futhi amanethiwekhi axhumanisa ukuhlelwa kokunyakaza nezindawo zokubulala ezinenkumbulo yesikhashana esifushane abe mkhulu kubashayi be-judo. Futhi akunandaba ukuthi umgilwa noma umqwali ubulili buni.
Ubuchopho obuluhlaza nobomvana
Umbuzo wokuqala owabuzwa ososayensi ngesikhathi bethola imininingwane yobuchopho bezingane wawumayelana nokwehlukana kobuchopho bamantombazane nabafana. Enye yemicabango eyisisekelo kuzo zonke «izinsolo zobuchopho» ukuthi ubuchopho bowesifazane buhlukile ebuchosheni bomuntu ngoba buqala ukukhula ngendlela ehlukile futhi umehluko uhlelwe futhi usobala kusukela ezigabeni zokuqala ezingahlolwa kuphela.
Ngempela, ngisho noma ubuchopho bamantombazane nabafana buqala ukukhula ngendlela efanayo, kunobufakazi obunamandla bokuthi ubuchopho bamuva bukhula ngokushesha kunobokuqala (cishe ama-cubic millimeters angu-200 ngosuku). Lokhu kukhula kuthatha isikhathi eside futhi kubangela ubuchopho obukhulu.
Umthamo wobuchopho babafana ufinyelela umkhawulo wawo eminyakeni engaba ngu-14 ubudala, emantombazaneni le minyaka ineminyaka engaba ngu-11 ubudala. Ngokwesilinganiso, ubuchopho babafana bukhulu ngo-9% kunobuchopho bamantombazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa okuphezulu kwe-grey and white matter emantombazaneni kwenzeka ngaphambili (khumbula ukuthi ngemva kokukhula okunamandla kwe-gray matter, ivolumu yayo iqala ukuncipha ngenxa yenqubo yokuthena).
Kodwa-ke, uma sicabangela ukulungiswa kwevolumu yobuchopho obuphelele, akukho mehluko osele.
UGene Rippon uyabhala: “Ingqikithi yobukhulu bobuchopho akufanele ibhekwe njengesici esihlobene nezinzuzo noma ukungalungi. - Ama-macrostructures alinganisiwe angase angabonisi i-dimorphism yocansi yezinto ezibalulekile ezisebenzayo, ezifana nokuxhumeka kwe-interneuronal kanye nokuminyana kokusabalalisa izamukeli.
Lokhu kugqamisa ukuhlukahluka okungavamile kukho kokubili usayizi wobuchopho nezindlela zokukhula ngazinye okubonakala kuleli qembu elikhethwe ngokucophelela lezingane ezinempilo. Ezinganeni ezineminyaka efanayo ezikhula futhi zikhule ngendlela evamile, umehluko ongamaphesenti angu-50 wevolumu yobuchopho ungabonwa, ngakho-ke kudingekile ukuba uchaze ukubaluleka kokusebenza komthamo wobuchopho obuphelele ngokucophelela.”
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngokuvamile kuyamukelwa ukukhuluma mayelana nokuba khona kwe-asymmetry evamile yobuchopho kusukela ekuzalweni, ukuba khona kokuhlukana kobulili kungabizwa ngokuthi indaba ephikisanayo. Ngo-2007, ososayensi baselebhu kaGilmore yokukala umthamo wobuchopho bathola ukuthi amaphethini we-asymmetry ayafana kuzo zombili izinsana zabesifazane nabesilisa. Eminyakeni eyisithupha kamuva, iqembu elifanayo lososayensi lasebenzisa ezinye izinkomba, indawo engaphezulu kanye nokujula kwama-convolutions (ukucindezeleka phakathi kokugoqa kwe-medulla).
Kulokhu, amanye amaphethini we-asymmetry abonakala etholakala. Isibonelo, enye "ye-convolutions" yobuchopho engxenyeni engakwesokudla itholwe ingamamilimitha angu-2,1 ukujula kubafana kunamantombazane. Umehluko onjalo ungabonakala ngokuthi "uncane ngokushabalala".
Njengoba sekusele amasonto angu-20 ngaphambi kokuba umuntu omusha afike, umhlaba usuvele uwapakishe ebhokisini elibomvana noma eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lapho ziseneminyaka emithathu ubudala, izingane zabela ubulili kumathoyizi, kuye ngombala wazo. Okubomvana nokunsomi okwamantombazane, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokunsundu okwabafana.
Ingabe sikhona isisekelo sebhayoloji sezintandokazi ezivelayo? Ingabe zibonakala kusenesikhathi ngempela futhi ngeke zishintshe kukho konke ukuphila?
Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zaseMelika uVanessa Lobou noJudy Deloah zenze ucwaningo oluthakazelisa kakhulu lwezingane ezingu-200 kusukela ezinyangeni eziyisikhombisa kuya eminyakeni emihlanu ubudala futhi zaqapha ngokucophelela ukuthi lokhu kuthanda kubonakala kusenesikhathi kangakanani. Abahlanganyeli ekuhlolweni baboniswe izinto ezibhanqiwe, enye yazo ehlala ibomvana. Umphumela wawusobala: kuze kube yilapho eba neminyaka emibili ubudala, akukho abafana noma amantombazane abonisa ukulangazelela pink.
Nokho, ngemva kwalesi senzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando, yonke into yashintsha kakhulu: amantombazane abonisa intshiseko eyeqile yezinto ezibomvana, futhi abafana babezenqaba ngenkuthalo. Lokhu kwabonakala ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezineminyaka emithathu ubudala nangaphezulu. Okubalulekile ukuthi izingane, njengoba sezifunde amalebula obulili, zishintsha ukuziphatha kwazo.
Ngakho, ososayensi abahlola ubuchopho bosana olusemaqenjini axubile abawuboni umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwabafana namantombazane. Ngakho-ke ubani othengisa indaba yokuhlukana kobulili bobuchopho? Kubonakala sengathi akuyona i-biology yomuntu nhlobo, kodwa umphakathi.