Okuqukethwe
Ama-macronutrients yizinto eziwusizo zomzimba, izinga lansuku zonke labantu lingama-200 mg.
Ukuntuleka kwama-macronutrients kuholela ekuphazamisekeni kwe-metabolic, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezitho nezinhlelo eziningi.
Kukhona isisho esithi: siyilokho esikudlayo. Kodwa-ke, uma ubuza abangani bakho ukuthi bagcina nini ukudla, isibonelo, isulfure noma i-chlorine, ukumangala ekuphenduleni akukwazi ukugwema. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, emzimbeni womuntu kukhona izakhi zamakhemikhali ezingaba ngu-60, izinqolobane zazo, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphandle kokuqaphela, zigcwalisa ngokudla. Futhi cishe i-96% yethu ngayinye iqukethe amagama amakhemikhali angu-4 kuphela amele iqembu lama-macronutrients. Futhi lokhu:
- umoya-mpilo (kukhona ama-65% kuwo wonke umzimba womuntu);
- ikhabhoni (18%);
- i-hydrogen (10%);
- i-nitrogen (3%).
Amaphesenti angu-4 asele ezinye izinto ezivela kuthebula le-periodic. Yiqiniso, zincane kakhulu futhi zimelela elinye iqembu lezakhi eziwusizo - ama-microelements.
Ezakhiweni zamakhemikhali ezivame kakhulu-ama-macronutrients, kuyisiko ukusebenzisa igama-igama elithi CHON, elakhiwe ngamagama amakhulu amagama: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in Latin (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen).
Ama-macroelements emzimbeni womuntu, imvelo ihoxise amandla abanzi impela. Kuncike kubo:
- ukwakheka kwamathambo namaseli;
- i-pH yomzimba;
- ukuthuthwa okufanele kwemizwa yezinzwa;
- ukwanela kokusabela kwamakhemikhali.
Ngenxa yokuhlolwa okuningi, kwatholakala ukuthi nsuku zonke umuntu udinga amaminerali angu-12 (i-calcium, insimbi, i-phosphorus, i-iodine, i-magnesium, i-zinc, i-selenium, ithusi, i-manganese, i-chromium, i-molybdenum, i-chlorine). Kodwa nalezi zi-12 ngeke zikwazi ukushintsha imisebenzi yezakhi.
Izakhi zomsoco
Cishe zonke izinto zamakhemikhali zidlala indima ebalulekile ebukhoneni bazo zonke izinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni, kodwa zingama-20 kuphela zazo eziyinhloko.
Lezi zakhi zihlukaniswe zaba:
- I-6 yezakhi eziyinhloko (ezimele cishe kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni futhi ngokuvamile ngamanani amakhulu);
- 5 imisoco emincane (etholakala ezintweni eziningi eziphilayo ngamanani amancane uma kuqhathaniswa);
- ukulandelela izakhi (izinto ezibalulekile ezidingekayo ngamanani amancane ukuze kugcinwe ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo ukuphila okuncike kuzo).
Phakathi kwezakhi zihlukaniswa:
- ama-macronutrients;
- trace izakhi.
Izakhi eziyinhloko ze-biogenic, noma ama-organogens, yiqembu le-carbon, i-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen, isulfure, ne-phosphorus. Izakhi ezincane zimelelwa yi-sodium, i-potassium, i-magnesium, i-calcium, i-chlorine.
I-Oxygen (O)
Lesi ngesesibili ohlwini lwezinto ezivame kakhulu eMhlabeni. Iyingxenye yamanzi, futhi, njengoba wazi, cishe amaphesenti angu-60 omzimba womuntu. Uma unegesi, umoya-mpilo uba yingxenye yomkhathi. Kuleli fomu, idlala indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni ukuphila eMhlabeni, ukuthuthukisa i-photosynthesis (ezitshalweni) nokuphefumula (ezilwaneni nakubantu).
Ikhabhoni (C)
Ikhabhoni ingabuye ibhekwe njengefana nempilo: izicubu zazo zonke izidalwa eziseplanethini ziqukethe i-carbon compound. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwamabhondi ekhabhoni kunomthelela ekuthuthukiseni inani elithile lamandla, elidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhambeni kwezinqubo ezibalulekile zamakhemikhali ezingeni lamaseli. Izinhlanganisela eziningi eziqukethe ikhabhoni zivutha kalula, zikhipha ukushisa nokukhanya.
I-Hydrogen (H)
Lesi isici esilula futhi esivame kakhulu eMkhathini (ikakhulukazi, ngendlela yegesi yama-athomu amabili H2). IHydrojeni iyinto esebenzayo futhi evuthayo. Ngomoya-mpilo yenza izingxube eziqhumayo. Ine-isotope engu-3.
I-nitrogen (N)
I-elementi enenombolo ye-athomu 7 iyigesi eyinhloko emkhathini womhlaba. I-nitrogen iyingxenye yama-molecule amaningi ezinto eziphilayo, kuhlanganise nama-amino acid, ayingxenye yamaprotheni nama-nucleic acid akha i-DNA. Cishe yonke i-nitrogen ikhiqizwa emkhathini - lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-nebulae yeplanethi eyakhiwe izinkanyezi eziguga inothisa i-Universe ngalesi sici esikhulu.
Amanye ama-macronutrients
I-Potassium (K)
I-Potassium (0,25%) iyisithako esibalulekile esibhekele izinqubo ze-electrolyte emzimbeni. Ngamagama alula: uthutha inkokhiso ngoketshezi. Lokhu kusiza ukulawula ukushaya kwenhliziyo futhi kudlulise imizwa yesimiso sezinzwa. Futhi kuhileleke ku-homeostasis. Ukushoda kwesici kuholela ezinkingeni ngenhliziyo, kuze kube sekugcineni kwayo.
I-calcium (Ca)
I-calcium (1,5%) iyisakhi esivame kakhulu emzimbeni womuntu - cishe zonke izinqolobane zale nto zigxile ezicutshini zamazinyo namathambo. I-calcium inesibopho sokufinyela kwemisipha kanye nokulawulwa kwamaprotheni. Kodwa umzimba "uzodla" lesi sici esivela emathanjeni (okuyingozi ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-osteoporosis), uma uzwa ukuntuleka kwayo ekudleni kwansuku zonke.
Kudingeka izitshalo ukuze kwakhiwe ulwelwesi lwamaseli. Izilwane nabantu badinga le macronutrient ukuze bagcine amathambo namazinyo enempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-calcium idlala indima "yomongameli" wezinqubo ku-cytoplasm yamaseli. Emvelweni, emelelwe ekubunjweni kwamadwala amaningi (ishoki, i-limestone).
I-calcium kubantu:
- ithinta i-neuromuscular excitability - ibamba iqhaza ekunciphiseni kwemisipha (i-hypocalcemia iholela ekuguleni);
- ilawula i-glycogenolysis (ukuwohloka kwe-glycogen esimweni se-glucose) emisipha kanye ne-gluconeogenesis (ukwakheka kwe-glucose kusuka ekubunjweni okungewona ama-carbohydrate) ezinso nasesibindini;
- kunciphisa ukungena kwezindonga ze-capillary kanye nolwelwesi lwamaseli, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise imiphumela elwa nokuvuvukala kanye ne-anti-allergic;
- ikhuthaza ukujiya kwegazi.
I-calcium ions iyizithunywa ezibalulekile ze-intracellular ezithinta i-insulin kanye nama-enzyme okugaya emathunjini amancane.
Ukumuncwa kwe-Ca kuncike kokuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus emzimbeni. Ukushintshaniswa kwe-calcium ne-phosphate kulawulwa nge-hormonal. Ihomoni ye-Parathyroid (ihomoni ye-parathyroid) ikhulula i-Ca emathanjeni iye egazini, kanti i-calcitonin (ihomoni yegilo) ikhuthaza ukubekwa kwento ethile emathanjeni, enciphisa ukugcwala kwayo egazini.
I-Magnesium (Mg)
I-Magnesium (0,05%) idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamathambo nemisipha.
Iyingxenye yokusabela kwe-metabolic okungaphezu kuka-300. I-cation ejwayelekile ye-intracellular, ingxenye ebalulekile ye-chlorophyll. Ikhona kuhlaka lwamathambo (70% yenani eliphelele) nasemisipheni. Ingxenye ebalulekile yezicubu noketshezi lomzimba.
Emzimbeni womuntu, i-magnesium inesibopho sokuphumula kwemisipha, ukukhipha ubuthi, nokwenza ngcono ukugeleza kwegazi enhliziyweni. Ukushoda kwento kuphazamisa ukugaya futhi kubambezele ukukhula, okuholela ekukhathaleni okusheshayo, i-tachycardia, ukuqwasha, ukwanda kwe-PMS kwabesifazane. Kodwa ukweqisa kwe-macro cishe njalo ukuthuthukiswa kwe-urolithiasis.
I-Sodium (Na)
I-sodium (0,15%) iyisici esikhuthaza ibhalansi ye-electrolyte. Kuyasiza ukudlulisa imizwa yezinzwa emzimbeni, futhi inesibopho sokulawula izinga loketshezi emzimbeni, ukuvimbela ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni.
Isibabule (S)
Isibabule (0,25%) sitholakala kuma-amino acid ama-2 akha amaprotheni.
I-Phosphorus (P)
I-Phosphorus (1%) igxile emathanjeni, okungcono kakhulu. Kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho, kune-molecule ye-ATP enikeza amangqamuzana amandla. Kwethulwa kuma-nucleic acid, ulwelwesi lwamaseli, amathambo. Njenge-calcium, iyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe kahle futhi kusebenze uhlelo lwe-musculoskeletal. Emzimbeni womuntu wenza umsebenzi wesakhiwo.
I-Chlorine (Cl)
I-Chlorine (0,15%) ivame ukutholakala emzimbeni ngesimo se-ion engalungile (i-chloride). Imisebenzi yayo ihlanganisa ukugcina ibhalansi yamanzi emzimbeni. Ezingeni lokushisa lasekamelweni, i-chlorine iyigesi eluhlaza enobuthi. I-ejenti ene-oxidizing enamandla, ingena kalula ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali, yenza ama-chloride.
Indima yama-macronutrients kubantu
| Isici esikhulu | Izinzuzo zomzimba | Imiphumela yokushoda | Imithombo ye |
|---|---|---|---|
| i-potassium | Ingxenye ye-intracellular fluid, ilungisa ibhalansi ye-alkali nama-acids, ikhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwe-glycogen namaprotheni, ithinta umsebenzi wemisipha. | I-arthritis, izifo zemisipha, ukukhubazeka, ukudluliselwa okungahambi kahle kwemizwa yezinzwa, i-arrhythmia. | Imvubelo, izithelo ezomisiwe, amazambane, ubhontshisi. |
| Calcium | Iqinisa amathambo, amazinyo, ikhuthaza ukunwebeka kwemisipha, ilawula ukujiya kwegazi. | I-osteoporosis, ukudlikizeka, ukuwohloka kwezinwele nezinzipho, ukopha izinsini. | Bran, amantongomane, izinhlobo ezahlukene iklabishi. |
| magnesium | Ithinta i-carbohydrate metabolism, yehlisa amazinga e-cholesterol, inikeze ithoni emzimbeni. | Izinzwa, ukuba ndikindiki kwezitho, ukuphakama kwengcindezi, ubuhlungu emhlane, intamo, ikhanda. | Okusanhlamvu, ubhontshisi, imifino eluhlaza okumnyama, amantongomane, ama-prunes, ubhanana. |
| Sodium | Ilawula ukwakheka kwe-acid-base, iphakamisa ithoni. | Ukungezwani kwama-acids nama-alkali emzimbeni. | Iminqumo, ummbila, imifino. |
| Sulfure | Ikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kanye ne-collagen, ilawula ukujiya kwegazi. | I-tachycardia, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, ukuqunjelwa, ubuhlungu emalungeni, ukuwohloka kwezinwele. | U-anyanisi, iklabishi, ubhontshisi, ama-apula, ama-gooseberries. |
| phosphorus | Ibamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwamaseli, amahomoni, ilawula izinqubo ze-metabolic namaseli obuchopho. | Ukukhathala, ukuphazamiseka, i-osteoporosis, ama-rickets, amajaqamba emisipha. | Ukudla kwasolwandle, ubhontshisi, iklabishi, amakinati. |
| I-chlorine | Ithinta ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrochloric acid esiswini, ibandakanyeka ekushintshaneni koketshezi. | Ukunciphisa i-acidity yesisu, i-gastritis. | Isinkwa se-rye, iklabishi, imifino, ubhanana. |
Yonke into ephilayo eMhlabeni, kusukela esilwaneni esincelisayo esikhulu kunazo zonke kuya esinambuzaneni esincane kunazo zonke, ithatha izindawo ezihlukahlukene ku-ecosystem yeplanethi. Kodwa, noma kunjalo, cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo zidalwe ngamakhemikhali kusukela "izithako" ezifanayo: i-carbon, i-hydrogen, i-nitrogen, i-oxygen, i-phosphorus, isulfure nezinye izakhi ezivela etafuleni le-periodic. Futhi leli qiniso lichaza ukuthi kungani kubaluleke kangaka ukunakekela ukugcwaliswa okwanele kwama-macrocell adingekayo, ngoba ngaphandle kwabo akukho ukuphila.