Ukuphazamiseka kolimi kuhlanganisa zonke izinkinga ezingase ziphazamise ikhono lomuntu lokukhuluma kodwa nokukhuluma. Zingaba ngemvelaphi engokwengqondo noma ngokomzimba (neurological, physiological, njll.), inkulumo yokukhathazeka, kodwa futhi semantics (ubunzima bokukhumbula igama elifanele, incazelo yamagama, njll.).

Ngokuvamile umehluko wenziwa phakathi kokuphazamiseka kolimi okwenzeka ezinganeni, okuyiziphazamiso noma ukubambezeleka ekutholeni ulimi, kanye nokuphazamiseka okuthinta abantu abadala ngendlela yesibili (ngemuva kokushaywa unhlangothi, isibonelo, noma ngemva kokushaywa unhlangothi. trauma). Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe u-5% wezingane zeqembu leminyaka eyodwa zinezinkinga zokukhula kolimi.

Izinkinga zolimi nezimbangela zazo zihluke kakhulu. Phakathi kwezinto ezivame kakhulu yilezi:

• i-aphasia (noma i-mutism): ukulahlekelwa ikhono lokukhuluma noma ukuqonda ulimi, olubhaliwe noma olukhulunywayo
• i-dysphasia: ukuphazamiseka kokukhula kolimi ezinganeni, ezibhaliwe nezikhulunywayo
• i-dysarthria: ukuphazamiseka kwamalunga ngenxa yokulimala kobuchopho noma ukulimala kwezitho ezihlukahlukene zokukhuluma
• ukungingiza: ukuphazamiseka kokugeleza kwenkulumo (ukuphindaphinda nokuvinjwa, ngokuvamile kuhlamvu lokuqala lwamagama)
• i-buccofacial apraxia: ukuphazamiseka ekuhambeni komlomo, ulimi kanye nemisipha ekuvumela ukuthi ukhulume ngokucacile
• i-dyslexia: ukuphazamiseka kolimi olubhaliwe
• la i-dysphonie spasmodique : ukukhubazeka kwezwi okubangelwa ama-spasms of the vocal cords (laryngeal dystonia)
• i-dysphonia: inkinga yezwi (izwi elihoshozayo, iphimbo elingafanele noma ukuqina, njll.)

Ukuphazamiseka kolimi nokukhuluma kuhlanganisa ndawonye izinhlangano eziningi ezinezimbangela ezihlukahlukene kakhulu.

Lezi zinkinga zingaba nemvelaphi yengqondo, imvelaphi yemisipha noma yezinzwa, i-cerebral, njll.

Ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukubala wonke ama-pathologies angathinta ulimi.

Ezinganeni, ukubambezeleka kolimi nokuphazamiseka kungaxhunyaniswa, phakathi kokunye:

• ukungezwa noma ukungezwa
• ukuphazamiseka kokunamathiselwe noma ukushiyeka kwe-psychoaffective
• ukukhubazeka kwezitho zokukhuluma
• izifo ezingavamile zezinzwa noma ukulimala kobuchopho
• izifo ze-neurodevelopmental (autism)
• ukushoda kwengqondo
• ngesizathu esinganqunyiwe (kaningi)

Kubantu abadala noma izingane ezilahlekelwa amandla azo okuziveza, izimbangela ezivame kakhulu yilezi (phakathi kwezinye):

• ukushaqeka ngokwengqondo noma ukuhlukumezeka
• ingozi ye-cerebral vascular
• ukuhlukumeza ikhanda
• isimila ebuchosheni
• isifo sezinzwa esifana nalokhu: i-multiple sclerosis, isifo sikaParkinson, i-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ukuwohloka komqondo ...
• ukukhubazeka noma ubuthakathaka bemisipha yobuso
• Isifo se-Lyme
• umdlavuza we-larynx (uthinta izwi)
• izilonda ze-benign zezintambo zezwi (i-nodule, i-polyp, njll.)

Ulimi luyisici esibalulekile ekuxhumaneni. Ubunzima ekuzuzeni ulimi nasekulusebenziseni kahle, ezinganeni, bungaguqula ukuthuthuka kobuntu bazo kanye namakhono abo obuhlakani, buphazamise impumelelo yabo ezifundweni, ukuhlangana kwabo emphakathini, njll.

Kubantu abadala, ukulahlekelwa kwamakhono olimi, kulandela inkinga yezinzwa, isibonelo, kunzima kakhulu ukuhlala nakho. Lokhu kungamhlukanisa nalabo abaseduze kwakhe futhi kumkhuthaze ukuba azihlukanise, kubeke engcupheni ukuqashwa kwakhe kanye nobudlelwano bomphakathi.

 Ngokuvamile, ukuvela kokuphazamiseka kolimi kumuntu omdala kuwuphawu lwe-neurological disorder noma ukulimala kobuchopho: ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuba ukhathazeke futhi uthintane ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi uma ukuguqulwa kwenzeka ngokuzumayo.

Ukuphazamiseka kolimi kuhlanganisa izinhlangano eziningi kanye nama-pathologies: isixazululo sokuqala ukuthola ukuxilongwa, kungaba esibhedlela noma kumelaphi wokukhuluma.

Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, ezinganeni, ukulandelela ekwelashweni kwenkulumo kuzokwenza kube lula ukuthola ukuhlolwa okuphelele okuzokwenza kube nezincomo zokuvuselela nokwelashwa.

Uma lesi sifo sincane kakhulu (i-lisp, ukungabi namagama), kungase kube kuhle ukulinda, ikakhulukazi enganeni encane.

Kubantu abadala, i-cerebral pathologies ye-cerebral noma ye-neurological eholela ekuphazamisekeni kolimi kufanele ilawulwe ngamathimba akhethekile e-multidisciplinary. Ukuvuselela ngokuvamile kuthuthukisa isimo, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokushaywa unhlangothi.