Izazi zokudla okunomsoco ziphinda ngazwi linye - imikhiqizo engenayo i-gluten inempilo futhi iyasiza ukuthi ingakhuluphali. Umhlaba ugcwele i-gluten phobia. U-Alan Levinowitz uchithe iminyaka emihlanu ehlaziya ucwaningo ngale phrotheni esekwe ezitshalweni, ekhuluma nalabo abadela isinkwa, i-pasta kanye nokusanhlamvu. Watholani?
Psychology: Alan, unguprofesa wefilosofi nenkolo, hhayi isazi sezokudla. Unqume kanjani ukubhala incwadi mayelana nokudla okunomsoco?
U-Alan Levinovic: Isazi sokudla okunempilo (uchwepheshe bokudla okunomsoco. - Approx. ed.) akasoze abhala into enjalo (ehleka). Phela, ngokungafani nezazi zokudla okunomsoco, ngijwayelene nezinkolo eziningi zomhlaba futhi nginombono omuhle wokuthi, isibonelo, umthetho we-kosher uyini noma imiphi imingcele yokudla abalandeli beTaoism abaphendukela kuyo. Nasi isibonelo esilula sakho. Eminyakeni engu-2000 edlule, izindela zamaTao zazithi ukudla okungenanhlamvu, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kungasiza umuntu azuze umphefumulo ongafi, ikhono lokundiza nokuthumela izingcingo, ukuhlanza umzimba wakhe ngobuthi, futhi kuhlanze isikhumba sakhe esikhumbeni. Kwadlula amakhulu amaningana eminyaka, futhi izindela ezifanayo zamaTao zaqala ukukhuluma ngokudla imifino. Imikhiqizo "Ehlanzekile" kanye "nokungcola", "emibi" kanye "nemihle" ikunoma iyiphi inkolo, kunoma yisiphi isizwe nanoma yisiphi isikhathi. Manje sesinazo "ezimbi" - gluten, amafutha, usawoti kanye noshukela. Kusasa, kukhona okunye okuzothatha indawo yabo.
Le nkampani izisola kakhulu nge-gluten. Ihambe kanjani isuka kuphrotheni yezitshalo eyaziwa kancane iye Enemy #1? Ngezinye izikhathi kubonakala sengathi ngisho namafutha e-trans awanangozi kakhulu: phela, awabhalwanga kumalebula abomvu!
AL: Anginandaba namalebula ayisixwayiso: ukungabekezelelani kwe-gluten kuyisifo sangempela, kubantu abatholakala benesifo se-celiac (ukugaya okubangelwa ukulimala emathunjini amancane ngokudla okuthile okuqukethe amaprotheni athile. - Approx. ed.), le phrotheni yemifino iphikisana. Ngokusho kososayensi, lisekhona iphesenti elincane labantu abangezwani nalo. Nabo, bayaphoqeleka ukuthi balandele ukudla okungenayo i-gluten noma okune-carbohydrate ephansi. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba wenze ukuxilongwa okunjalo, kufanele udlule izivivinyo ezifanele futhi uthintane nodokotela. Ukuzihlola ngokwakho kanye nokwelashwa ngokwakho kuyingozi kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwe-gluten ekudleni - nje ukuvimbela - kuyingozi kakhulu, kungase kubangele ezinye izifo, kubangele ukuntuleka kwensimbi, i-calcium ne-vitamin B.
Kungani-ke uhlambalaza i-gluten?
AL: Izinto eziningi zahambisana. Nakuba ososayensi baqala ukutadisha isifo se-celiac, eMelika endaweni ephakeme yokuthandwa kwakuwukudla kwe-Paleo (ukudla okuphansi kwe-carbohydrate, okusolwa ukuthi kusekelwe ekudleni kwabantu benkathi ye-Paleolithic. - Approx. Ed.). Khona-ke uDkt Atkins waphonsa izinkuni emlilweni: wakwazi ukukholisa izwe - izwe, ngokuphelelwa yithemba owaphupha ukulahlekelwa isisindo, ukuthi ama-carbohydrates mabi.
"Ngenxa yokuthi iqembu elincane labantu abangezwani kahle lidinga ukugwema i-gluten akusho ukuthi wonke umuntu kufanele enze okufanayo."
Waqinisekisa umhlaba wonke ngalokhu.
AL: Yilokho kuphela. Futhi ngeminyaka yawo-1990s, kwaba negagasi lezincwadi nemiyalezo evela kubazali abane-autistic mayelana nemiphumela emangalisayo yokudla okungenalo gluten. Yiqiniso, izifundo ezengeziwe azizange zibonise ukusebenza kwayo ku-autism nezinye izifo zezinzwa, kodwa ngubani owaziyo ngalokhu? Futhi konke kwakuxutshwe ezingqondweni zabantu: indaba eyinganekwane mayelana nepharadesi elilahlekile - inkathi yePaleolithic, lapho bonke abantu bephilile; ukudla okungenalo i-gluten abathi kuyasiza nge-autism futhi ngokunokwenzeka nokuyivimbela; kanye nezimangalo zika-Atkins zokuthi ukudla okune-carbohydrate ephansi kukusiza ulahlekelwe isisindo. Zonke lezi zindaba zifaka i-gluten ngandlela thile. Ngakho waba «persona non grata».
Manje sekuyimfashini ukwenqaba imikhiqizo equkethe i-gluten.
AL: Futhi kubi! Ngoba ngenxa yokuthi iqembu elincane labantu abangezwani kahle kufanele likugweme, lokho akusho ukuthi wonke umuntu kufanele enze okufanayo. Abanye abantu badinga ukulandela ukudla okungenasawoti ngenxa yomfutho wegazi ophakeme, othile akazwani namakinati noma amaqanda. Kodwa asenzi lezi zincomo zibe yinjwayelo yawo wonke umuntu! Emuva ngo-2007, ibhikawozi yomkami yayingenazo izinto ezibhakwayo ezingenagluten. Alukho usuku oludlula ngo-2015 lapho othile engaceli ukunambitheka kwe-"gluten-free brownie." Ngenxa ka-Oprah Winfrey no-Lady Gaga, cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabathengi banesithakazelo ekudleni okungenalo i-gluten, futhi imboni eMelika iyodwa izodlula u-$ 2017 billion ngo-10. Ngisho nesihlabathi sokudlala sezingane manje sibhalwe ngokuthi "i-gluten-free"!
Ingabe abantu abaningi abacabanga ukuthi banokungabekezelelani kwe-gluten akunjalo?
AL: Kulungile! Kodwa-ke, lapho izihlabani zaseHollywood kanye nabaculi abadumile bekhuluma ngendlela abazizwa bejabule ngayo ngemva kokuyeka isinkwa nezitsha zangasese, lapho ososayensi mbumbulu bebhala ngeqhaza elibalulekile lokudla okungenalo i-gluten ekwelapheni i-autism ne-Alzheimer's, kwakhiwa umphakathi uqiniseka ukuthi abantu abanjalo. ukudla kuzobasiza nabo. Bese sibhekana nomphumela we-placebo, lapho «odokotela bokudla» bezwa ukwanda kwamandla, beshintshela ekudleni okungenalo i-gluten. Futhi umphumela we-nocebo, lapho abantu beqala ukuzizwa kabi ngemva kokudla i-muffin noma i-oatmeal.
Uthini kulabo abahamba ngokudla okungenamsoco futhi balahlekelwa isisindo?
AL: Ngizothi: “Ninobuqili obuncane. Ngoba okokuqala, kwakudingeka ulahle hhayi isinkwa nokusanhlamvu, kodwa ukudla okusheshayo - i-ham, amasoseji, amasoseji, zonke izinhlobo zokudla okulungile, i-pizza, i-lasagna, ama-yogurts ashukela, ama-milkshakes, amaqebelengwane, amakhekhe, amakhukhi, ama-muesli. Yonke le mikhiqizo iqukethe i-gluten. Yengezwa ekudleni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunambitheka nokubukeka. Kungenxa ye-gluten ukuthi uqweqwe lwama-nuggets luba crispy, okusanhlamvu kwasekuseni akutholi mswakama, futhi iyogathi inokuthungwa okumnandi okufanayo. Kodwa umphumela ungafana uma uvele uyeka le mikhiqizo, ushiye okusanhlamvu "okujwayelekile", isinkwa kanye nezitsha ze-cereal side ekudleni. Yini abangalungile? Ngokuzishintsha zibe "ezingenayo i-gluten", uzibeka engcupheni yokuphinda ukhule isisindo maduzane."
"Imikhiqizo eminingi engenayo i-gluten iqukethe amakholori amaningi kunezinguqulo zawo ezijwayelekile"
U-Alessio Fasano, uchwepheshe wesifo se-celiac kanye nokuzwela kwe-gluten, uxwayisa ngokuthi ukudla okuningi okungenayo i-gluten kunama-kilojoule amaningi kunezinhlobo zakho ezivamile. Isibonelo, izinto ezibhakiwe ezingenayo i-gluten kufanele zengeze ushukela omningi namafutha acwengisisiwe futhi ashintshiwe ukuze zigcine ukunambitheka nokuma kwazo futhi zingahlukani. Uma ufuna ukunciphisa umzimba hhayi izinyanga ezimbalwa, kodwa kuze kube phakade, qala nje ukudla ukudla okulinganiselayo futhi uhambise ngaphezulu. Futhi ungabheki okunye ukudla okumlingo okufana ne-gluten-free.
Ingabe uyazilandela lezi zincomo?
AL: Impela. Anginakho ukwenqatshwa kokudla. Ngiyathanda ukupheka, nezitsha ezahlukene - kokubili kwendabuko yaseMelika, nokunye okuvela ku-Chinese noma ukudla kwaseNdiya. Futhi okunamafutha, futhi amnandi, futhi anosawoti. Kimina sengathi zonke izinkinga esinazo manje yingoba sesikhohlwe ukunambitheka kokudla kwasekhaya. Asinaso isikhathi sokupheka, asinaso isikhathi sokudla sithule, nobumnandi. Ngenxa yalokho, asikudli ukudla okuphekwe ngothando, kodwa ama-calories, amafutha nama-carbohydrates, bese sikusebenza ejimini. Kusukela lapha, ukuphazamiseka kwemikhuba yokudla kuze kufike ku-bulimia kanye ne-anorexia, izinkinga zesisindo, izifo zayo yonke imivimbo ... Ukunyakaza okungenayo i-gluten kubhubhisa ubuhlobo bethu nokudla. Abantu sebeqala ukucabanga ngokudla njengokuwukuphela kwendlela yokuthuthukisa impilo yabo. Kodwa emva kwakho konke, emhlabeni wokudla awekho ama-steaks aphuzisa umlomo namaqebelengwane amathenda, akukho okutholwa kokupheka, akukho injabulo yokuxhumana etafuleni lemikhosi. Ngokuyeka konke lokhu, silahlekelwa okuningi! Ngikholwe, akusikho esikudlayo, kodwa ukuthi sidla kanjani. Futhi uma manje sikhohlwa ngamakhalori, usawoti, ushukela, gluten futhi sivele siqale ukupheka okumnandi nokudla ngokujabulisayo, mhlawumbe okunye okungalungiswa.