Okusunguliwe okugqugquzelwe imvelo

Isayensi ye-biomimetics manje isisesigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthuka. I-Biomimetics ukusesha nokubolekwa kwemibono eyahlukene evela emvelweni kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo ukuxazulula izinkinga ezibhekene nesintu. Okwangempela, okungajwayelekile, ukunemba okungenakuqhathaniswa nomnotho wezinsiza, lapho imvelo ixazulula izinkinga zayo, imane nje ijabule futhi ibangele isifiso sokukopisha lezi zinqubo ezimangalisayo, izinto nezakhiwo ngokwezinga elithile. Igama elithi biomimetics laqanjwa ngo-1958 usosayensi waseMelika uJack E. Steele. Futhi igama elithi "bionics" laqala ukusetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile kuma-70s wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, lapho uchungechunge oluthi "I-Six Million Dollar Man" nethi "The Biotic Woman" luvela kuthelevishini. U-Tim McGee uxwayisa ngokuthi i-biometrics akufanele ididaniswe ngokuqondile ne-bioinspired modelling ngoba, ngokungafani ne-biomimetics, i-bioinspired modeling ayigcizeleli ukusetshenziswa komnotho kwezinsiza. Ngezansi kunezibonelo zezimpumelelo ze-biomimetics, lapho lo mehluko ugqama kakhulu. Lapho udala izinto ze-polymeric biomedical, isimiso sokusebenza kwegobolondo le-holothurian (ikhukhamba lolwandle) lisetshenzisiwe. Amakhukhamba olwandle anesici esiyingqayizivele - angashintsha ubulukhuni be-collagen eyenza isembozo sangaphandle somzimba wabo. Lapho i-sea cucumber izwa ingozi, ikhulisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuqina kwesikhumba sayo, njengokungathi idatshulwe igobolondo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma edinga ukungena esikhaleni esincane, angaba buthaka phakathi kwezakhi zesikhumba sakhe kangangokuthi siphenduka sibe ujeli owuketshezi. Iqembu lososayensi abavela ku-Case Western Reserve likwazile ukudala izinto ezisekelwe emicu ye-cellulose enezici ezifanayo: lapho kukhona amanzi, le nto iba yipulasitiki, futhi lapho iqhuma, iphinda iqine. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi izinto ezinjalo zifaneleka kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ama-electrode e-intracerebral, asetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi, ku-Parkinson's disease. Lapho efakwa ebuchosheni, ama-electrode enziwe ngezinto ezinjalo ayoba ipulasitiki futhi ngeke alimaze izicubu zobuchopho. Inkampani yase-US yokupakisha i-Ecovative Design idale iqoqo lezinto ezivuselelekayo nezibolayo ezingase zisetshenziselwe ukwahlukanisa okushisayo, ukupakisha, ifenisha namakesi ekhompyutha. UMcGee usevele unethoyizi elenziwe ngale nto. Ukuze kukhiqizwe lezi zinto, kusetshenziswa amakhoba elayisi, ama-buckwheat kanye nekotini, lapho i-fungus Pleurotus ostreatus (i-oyster mushroom) ikhula. Ingxube equkethe amangqamuzana e-oyster mushroom kanye ne-hydrogen peroxide ifakwa esikhunjeni esikhethekile futhi igcinwe ebumnyameni ukuze umkhiqizo uqine ngaphansi kwethonya le-mushroom mycelium. Umkhiqizo ube usumiswa ukuze umise ukukhula kwesikhunta futhi uvimbele ukungezwani komzimba ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo. U-Angela Belcher nethimba lakhe benze ibhethri le-novub elisebenzisa igciwane eliguquliwe le-M13 bacteriophage. Iyakwazi ukuzinamathisela ezintweni ezingaphili njengegolide ne-cobalt oxide. Njengomphumela wokuzihlanganisa kwegciwane, ama-nanowires amade angatholakala. Iqembu lika-Bletcher likwazile ukuhlanganisa eziningi zalawa ma-nanowires, okuholele esisekelweni sebhethri elinamandla kakhulu nelihlangene ngokwedlulele. Ngo-2009, ososayensi babonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukusebenzisa igciwane eliguquliwe ukudala i-anode ne-cathode yebhethri ye-lithium-ion. I-Australia isungule uhlelo lwakamuva lokuhlanza amanzi angcolile lwe-Biolytix. Lolu hlelo lokuhlunga lungashintsha ngokushesha indle kanye nemfucuza yokudla ibe amanzi asezingeni angasetshenziselwa ukuchelela. Ohlelweni lwe-Biolytix, izikelemu nezinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi zenza wonke umsebenzi. Ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-Biolytix kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla cishe ngo-90% futhi kusebenza cishe izikhathi eziyishumi ngokuphumelelayo kunezinhlelo zokuhlanza ezivamile. Umdwebi wezakhiwo osemncane wase-Australia uThomas Herzig ukholelwa ukuthi kunamathuba amakhulu okwakhiwa kwe-inflatable. Ngokombono wakhe, izakhiwo ze-inflatable zisebenza kahle kakhulu kunezomdabu, ngenxa yokukhanya kwazo kanye nokusetshenziswa okuncane kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Isizathu siwukuthi amandla aqinile asebenza kuphela kulwelwesi oluguquguqukayo, kuyilapho amandla okucindezela aphikisana nenye i-elastic medium - umoya, okhona yonke indawo futhi mahhala ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yalomphumela, imvelo ibilokhu isebenzisa izakhiwo ezifanayo izigidi zeminyaka: yonke into ephilayo iqukethe amaseli. Umqondo wokuhlanganisa izakhiwo zezakhiwo kusuka kumamojula we-pneumocell enziwe nge-PVC usekelwe ezimisweni zokwakha izakhiwo zamangqamuzana ebhayoloji. Amaseli, anelungelo lobunikazi u-Thomas Herzog, ayizindleko eziphansi kakhulu futhi akuvumela ukuthi udale cishe inani elingenamkhawulo lezinhlanganisela. Kulokhu, ukulimala kwe-pneumocell eyodwa noma eziningana ngeke kuhilele ukucekelwa phansi kwaso sonke isakhiwo. Umgomo wokusebenza osetshenziswa yi-Calera Corporation ulingisa kakhulu ukwakhiwa kukasimende wemvelo, amakhorali awasebenzisayo phakathi nokuphila kwawo ukuze akhiphe i-calcium ne-magnesium emanzini olwandle ukuze ahlanganise ama-carbonates emazingeni okushisa avamile nezingcindezi. Futhi lapho kwakhiwa usimende we-Calera, i-carbon dioxide iqala ukuguqulwa ibe yi-carbonic acid, lapho kutholakala khona ama-carbonates. UMcGee uthi ngale ndlela, ukuze kukhiqizwe ithani elilodwa likasimende, kuyadingeka ukulungisa inani elilinganayo le-carbon dioxide. Ukukhiqizwa kukasimende ngendlela yendabuko kuholela ekungcolisweni kwe-carbon dioxide, kodwa lobu buchwepheshe bezinguquko, ngokuphambene nalokho, buthatha i-carbon dioxide emvelweni. Inkampani yaseMelika i-Novomer, eyakha izinto zokwenziwa ezintsha ezihambisana nemvelo, idale ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amapulasitiki, lapho kusetshenziswa khona i-carbon dioxide ne-carbon monoxide njengezinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko. UMcGee ugcizelela ukubaluleka kwalobu buchwepheshe, njengoba ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa namanye amagesi anobuthi emkhathini kungenye yezinkinga eziyinhloko zezwe lanamuhla. Kubuchwepheshe bepulasitiki be-Novomer, ama-polymer amasha namapulasitiki angaqukatha kufika ku-50% i-carbon dioxide ne-carbon monoxide, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwalezi zinto kudinga amandla amancane kakhulu. Ukukhiqizwa okunjalo kuzosiza ukubopha inani elikhulu lamagesi abamba ukushisa, futhi lezi zinto ngokwazo ziba yi-biodegradable. Ngokushesha nje lapho isinambuzane sithinta iqabunga elibambayo lesitshalo se-Venus flytrap esidla inyama, isimo seqabunga siqala ukushintsha ngokushesha, futhi isinambuzane sizithola sisogibeni lokufa. U-Alfred Crosby kanye nozakwabo base-Amherst University (Massachusetts) bakwazile ukwenza i-polymer material ekwazi ukusabela ngendlela efanayo nezinguquko ezincane zokucindezela, izinga lokushisa, noma ngaphansi kwethonya lamanje kagesi. Ingaphezulu lalokhu kwaziswa limbozwe ngamalensi amancane, agcwele umoya angashintsha ngokushesha ukugoba kwawo (abe yi-convex noma aconse) ngokushintsha kwengcindezi, izinga lokushisa, noma ngaphansi kwethonya lamanje. Usayizi walawa ma-microlens uyahluka ukusuka ku-50 µm ukuya ku-500 µm. Amalensi ngokwawo mancane kanye nebanga phakathi kwawo, izinto ezibonakalayo zisabela ngokushesha ezinguqukweni zangaphandle. UMcGee uthi okwenza le nto ikhetheke ukuthi idalwe ezimpambanweni ze-micro- kanye ne-nanotechnology. Ama-mussels, njengamanye ama-mollusk amaningi e-bivalve, ayakwazi ukunamathela ngokuqinile ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ngosizo lwe-protein filaments ekhethekile, esindayo - okuthiwa i-byssus. Ungqimba olungaphandle oluvikelayo lwendlala ye-byssal luyinto eguquguqukayo, ehlala isikhathi eside futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo impahla enwebeka ngendlela emangalisayo. USolwazi we-Organic Chemistry u-Herbert Waite waseNyuvesi yaseCalifornia usenesikhathi eside ecwaninga ngezimbaza, futhi ukwazile ukuphinda adale into esakhiwo sayo sifana ncamashi nezinto ezikhiqizwa izimbaza. UMcGee uthi u-Herbert Waite uvule umkhakha omusha wocwaningo, nokuthi umsebenzi wakhe usuvele usize elinye iqembu lososayensi ukudala ubuchwepheshe bePureBond bokwelapha indawo yephaneli yokhuni ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-formaldehyde nezinye izinto ezinobuthi obukhulu. Isikhumba sikashaka sinempahla eyingqayizivele ngokuphelele - amabhaktheriya awaphindaphindi kuso, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo awahlanganiswa nanoma iyiphi i-lubricant ye-bactericidal. Ngamanye amazwi, isikhumba asiwabulali amagciwane, avele awekho kuso. Imfihlo ilele ephethinini elikhethekile, elakhiwa izikali ezincane zesikhumba sikashaka. Ukuxhuma komunye nomunye, lezi zikali zakha iphethini ekhethekile emise okwedayimane. Le phethini ikhiqizwa kabusha efilimini evikela amagciwane e-Sharklet. UMcGee ukholelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe akunamkhawulo ngempela. Ngempela, ukusetshenziswa kokuthungwa okunjalo okungavumeli amagciwane ukuthi aphindaphindeke ebusweni bezinto ezibhedlela nasezindaweni zomphakathi angaqeda amagciwane ngo-80%. Kulokhu, amabhaktheriya awabhujiswa, ngakho-ke, awakwazi ukuthola ukumelana, njengoba kunjalo ngama-antibiotics. I-Sharklet Technology iwubuchwepheshe bokuqala emhlabeni ukuvimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izinto ezinobuthi. ngokusho kwe-bigpikture.ru