Identity

I-Identity (lat. identicus - efanayo, efanayo) - ukuqaphela komuntu ukuthi ungowesikhundla esithile senhlalo nesomuntu siqu ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezindima zomphakathi kanye nezifundazwe ze-ego. I-Identity, ngokombono wendlela yokusebenza kwengqondo (u-Erik Erickson), iwuhlobo lwengqophamlando yomjikelezo wempilo yomuntu ngamunye. Kuthatha isimo njengokwakhiwa kwengqondo ebusheni, futhi ukusebenza komuntu ngamunye empilweni yokuzimela yabantu abadala kuncike ezicini zakhe zekhwalithi. I-Identity inquma ikhono lomuntu lokulinganisa ulwazi lomuntu siqu nelokuhlalisana kwabantu futhi agcine ubuqotho bakhe nokuzithoba emhlabeni wangaphandle ongashintsha.

Lesi sakhiwo sakhiwe ngenqubo yokuhlanganiswa nokuhlanganiswa kabusha ezingeni le-intrapsychic lemiphumela yokuxazulula izinkinga eziyisisekelo zengqondo, ngayinye ehambisana nesigaba esithile sobudala sokuthuthukiswa komuntu. Endabeni yokuxazulula okuhle kwalokhu noma leyo nkinga, umuntu uthola amandla athile e-ego, angagcini nje ngokunquma ukusebenza kobuntu, kodwa futhi abambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwayo okuqhubekayo. Kungenjalo, kuphakama uhlobo oluthile lokuhlukaniswa - uhlobo «lomnikelo» ekudidekeni kobunikazi.

U-Erik Erickson, echaza ubunikazi, ubuchaza ezicini ezimbalwa, okuyilezi:

• Umuntu ngamunye umuzwa oqaphelayo wokuhluka komuntu kanye nokuba khona kwakhe okuhlukene.
• Identity and integrity — umuzwa wokuba umuntu wangaphakathi, ukuqhubeka phakathi kwalokho umuntu ayeyikho esikhathini esidlule nalokho athembisa ukuba yikho esikhathini esizayo; umuzwa wokuthi ukuphila kunokuhambisana nenjongo.
• Ubunye nokuhlanganisa — umuzwa wokuzwana kwangaphakathi nobunye, ukuhlanganiswa kwezithombe zakho kanye nokuhlonza izingane zibe yinto enengqondo, eveza umuzwa wokuzwana.
• Ubumbano lomphakathi umuzwa wobumbano lwangaphakathi nemibono yomphakathi kanye neqembu elincane kuwo, umuzwa wokuthi ubuwena bunengqondo kubantu abahlonishwa yilo muntu (iqembu lereferensi) nokuthi kuhambisana nalokho abakulindele.

U-Erickson uhlukanisa imiqondo emibili encike komunye - ubunikazi beqembu kanye ne-ego-identity. Ubunikazi beqembu bukhiwa ngenxa yokuthi kusukela osukwini lokuqala lokuphila, ukukhuliswa kwengane kugxile ekumfakeni eqenjini lezenhlalakahle elinikeziwe, ekuthuthukiseni umbono wezwe otholakala kuleli qembu. I-Ego-identity yakhiwa ngokuhambisana nobunikazi beqembu futhi idala esihlokweni umuzwa wokuzinza nokuqhubeka koBuyena, naphezu kwezinguquko ezenzeka kumuntu ohlelweni lokukhula nokuthuthuka kwakhe.

Ukwakheka kwe-ego-identity noma, ngamanye amazwi, ubuqotho bobuntu buqhubeka kuyo yonke impilo yomuntu futhi budlula ezigabeni ezimbalwa:

1. Isigaba sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye (kusukela ekuzalweni kuya onyakeni). Inkinga Eyisisekelo: Ukuthembana vs Ukungathembi. Amandla okuzazisa angenzeka kulesi sigaba yithemba, futhi ukuhlukaniswa okungaba khona ukudideka kwesikhashana.
2. Isigaba sesibili sokuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye (unyaka ongu-1 kuya eminyakeni emi-3). Inkinga Eyisisekelo: Ukuzimela Kuqhathaniswa Nehlazo Nokungabaza. Amandla e-ego angenzeka yintando, futhi ukuhlukaniswa okungaba khona ukuzazi kwe-pathological.
3. Isigaba sesithathu sokuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye (kusukela eminyakeni emi-3 kuye kweyisi-6). Inkinga eyisisekelo: isinyathelo ngokumelene nomuzwa wecala. Amandla okuzazisa angenzeka yikhono lokubona umgomo futhi ulwele ukuwufinyelela, futhi ukuhlukaniswa okungaba khona kuwukulungisa indima eqinile.
4. Isigaba sesine sokuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye (kusukela eminyakeni engu-6 kuya kweyi-12). Inkinga Eyisisekelo: Ikhono vs. Ukwehluleka. Amandla okuzazisa okungaba khona wukuzethemba, futhi okungase kube ukuhlukaniswa ukuntengantenga kwesenzo.
5. Isigaba sesihlanu sokuthuthuka komuntu ngamunye (kusukela eminyakeni eyi-12 kuye kwengama-21). Inkinga Eyisisekelo: Ubunikazi buqhathaniswa nokudideka kobunikazi. Amandla okuzazisa okungenzeka awuphelele, futhi ukuhlukaniswa okungaba khona kuwukuphelele.
6. Isigaba sesithupha sokuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye (kusukela eminyakeni engama-21 kuye kwengama-25). Inkinga eyisisekelo: ukusondelana ngokumelene nokuhlukaniswa. Amandla e-ego angenzeka uthando, futhi ukuhlukaniswa okungaba khona ukulahlwa kwe-narcissistic.
7. Isigaba sesikhombisa sokuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye (kusukela eminyakeni engama-25 kuye kwengama-60). Inkinga eyisisekelo: ukukhiqiza ngokumelene nokuma. Amandla okuzazisa okungaba khona wukunakekela, futhi ukuhlukaniswa okungaba khona wubushiqela.
8. Isigaba sesishiyagalombili sokuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye (ngemuva kweminyaka engama-60). Inkinga Eyisisekelo: Ubuqotho ngokumelene Nokuphelelwa Ithemba. Amandla okuzazisa okungaba khona ukuhlakanipha, futhi okungase kube ukuhlukaniswa wukuphelelwa yithemba.

Isigaba ngasinye somjikelezo wempilo sibonakala ngomsebenzi othize obekwa phambili umphakathi. Umphakathi uphinde unqume okuqukethwe yintuthuko ezigabeni ezahlukene zomjikelezo wempilo. Ngokuka-Erickson, isixazululo senkinga sincike kokubili ezingeni lentuthuko esivele ifinyelelwe ngumuntu kanye nesimo esingokomoya esijwayelekile somphakathi ahlala kuwo.

Ushintsho olusuka kolunye uhlobo lokuzihlonipha luye kolunye ludala izinkinga zobunikazi. Izinkinga, ngokusho kuka-Erickson, akusona isifo sobuntu, hhayi ukubonakaliswa kwesifo sezinzwa, kodwa amaphuzu aguqukayo, "izikhathi zokuzikhethela phakathi kwenqubekela phambili nokuhlehla, ukuhlanganiswa nokubambezeleka."

Njengabacwaningi abaningi bokukhula kweminyaka, u-Erickson unake ngokukhethekile ubusha, obubonakala ngenhlekelele enkulu kakhulu. Ubuntwana buyaphela. Ukuqedwa kwalesi sigaba esikhulu sendlela yokuphila kubonakala ngokubunjwa kwefomu lokuqala elibalulekile lokuzicabangela. Imigqa emithathu yokukhula iholela kule nkinga: ukukhula ngokomzimba ngokushesha kanye nokuthomba (i-"physiological revolution"); ukuba matasa “ngendlela engibukeka ngayo emehlweni abanye”, “lokho engiyikho”; isidingo sokuthola ubizo lomuntu lochwepheshe oluhlangabezana namakhono azuziwe, amakhono omuntu ngamunye kanye nezidingo zomphakathi.

Inkinga yomazisi eyinhloko iwela ebusheni. Umphumela walesi sigaba sokuthuthuka kungaba ukutholwa «kobunikazi bomuntu omdala» noma ukubambezeleka kokukhula, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ubunikazi bokusabalalisa.

Isikhathi esiphakathi kwentsha nokuba umuntu omdala, lapho osemusha efuna ukuthola indawo yakhe emphakathini ngokuzama nangephutha, u-Erickson wabiza ukumiswa kwengqondo. Ubunzima bale nkinga buncike ekuxazululeni izinkinga zangaphambili (ukwethembana, ukuzimela, umsebenzi, njll.), nakuwo wonke umoya womphakathi womoya. Inkinga engenakunqotshwa iholela esimweni sobunikazi obunamandla, okwenza isisekelo se-pathology ekhethekile yobusha. I-Erickson's Identity Pathology Syndrome:

• ukuhlehla ezingeni lezingane kanye nesifiso sokubambezela ukutholwa kwesimo somuntu omdala isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka;
• isimo sokukhathazeka esingacacile kodwa esibeleselayo;
• imizwa yokuhlukaniswa nokungabi nalutho;
• ukuhlala usesimweni sento engashintsha impilo;
• ukwesaba ukukhulumisana komuntu siqu kanye nokungakwazi ukuthonya ngokomzwelo abantu bobulili obuhlukile;
• ubutha kanye nokudelelwa kwazo zonke izindima eziqashelwayo emphakathini, ngisho nowesilisa nowesifazane;
• ukudelela yonke into yasekhaya kanye nokuthanda okungenangqondo ngayo yonke into yangaphandle (ngokwesimiso esithi «kuhle lapho singekho»). Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kukhona ukucinga ungubani negative, isifiso «ukuba lutho» njengendlela kuphela self-ukuqinisekisa.

Ukutholwa kobunikazi kuba namuhla umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wempilo yawo wonke umuntu futhi, vele, umnyombo womsebenzi wochwepheshe wesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo. Ngaphambi kombuzo othi "Ngingubani?" okubangele ngokuzenzakalelayo ukubalwa kwezindima zendabuko zomphakathi. Namuhla, kunanini ngaphambili, ukufuna impendulo kudinga isibindi esikhethekile nengqondo ehluzekile.