Azala kanjani amakhowe
Kwabaningi, lokhu kuzofika njengokumangala, kodwa lokho esasivame ukukubiza ngokuthi isikhunta empeleni kuyingxenye yento ephilayo enkulu. Futhi le ngxenye inomsebenzi wayo - ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlamvu. Ingxenye eyinhloko yalesi sidalwa itholakala ngaphansi komhlaba, futhi ihlanganiswe nemicu emincane ebizwa ngokuthi i-hyphae, eyakha i-mycelium yamakhowe. Kwezinye izimo, i-hyphae ingase ilenge phansi ezintambo eziminyene noma ukwakheka kwe-fibrous okungabonakala ngokuningiliziwe ngisho nangeso lenyama. Nokho, zikhona izimo lapho zingabonakala kuphela ngesibonakhulu.
Umzimba othela izithelo uzalwa kuphela lapho i-mycelia emibili eyinhloko yohlobo olufanayo ihlangana. Kukhona inhlanganisela ye-mycelium yesilisa neyesifazane, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwe-mycelium yesibili, okuthi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo, ikwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha umzimba we-fruiting, ozoba yindawo yokuvela kwenani elikhulu lezinhlamvu. .
Kodwa-ke, amakhowe awanayo nje indlela yokukhiqiza ucansi kuphela. Zihlukaniswa ngokuba khona kokukhiqizwa kwe-"asexual", okusekelwe ekwakhekeni kwamaseli akhethekile eduze kwe-hyphae, ebizwa ngokuthi i-conidia. Kumaseli anjalo, kuvela i-mycelium yesibili, enekhono lokuthela izithelo. Kukhona nezimo lapho ukhunta lukhula njengomphumela wokuhlukaniswa okulula kwe-mycelium yasekuqaleni ibe yinani elikhulu lezingxenye. Ukuhlakazeka kwezinhlamvu kwenzeka ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yomoya. Isisindo sazo esincane sivumela ukuthi zihambe ngosizo lomoya amakhilomitha angamakhulu ngesikhathi esifushane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhunta esihlukahlukene singasakazwa ngokudluliswa kwe-spore "esingenayo" yizinambuzane ezihlukahlukene, ezingase ziqede isikhunta futhi zivele kuzo isikhathi esifushane. Izinhlamvu zingasakazwa nezilwane ezincelisayo ezihlukahlukene, njengezingulube zasendle, ezingase zidle ukhunta ngephutha. Izinhlamvu kuleli cala zikhishwa kanye nendle yesilwane. Ikhowe ngalinye phakathi nomjikelezo walo wokuphila linenani elikhulu lezinhlamvu, kodwa inani elincane kuphela lazo eliwela endaweni enjalo engathinta kahle ukuhluma kwazo okuqhubekayo.
Amakhowe yiqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke lezinto eziphilayo, ezinezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-100, ezibhekwa njengezitshalo ngokwesiko. Kuze kube manje, ososayensi baye bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi isikhunta siyiqembu elikhethekile elithatha indawo yalo phakathi kwezitshalo nezilwane, njengoba phakathi nenqubo yokuphila kwazo, izici ezitholakala ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni ziyabonakala. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwesikhunta nezitshalo ukungabikho ngokuphelele kwe-chlorophyll, i-pigment engaphansi kwe-photosynthesis. Ngenxa yalokho, isikhunta asinawo amandla okukhiqiza ushukela nama-carbohydrate emkhathini. Amakhowe, njengezilwane, adla izinto eziphilayo ezenziwe ngomumo, okuthi, ngokwesibonelo, zikhishwe ezitshalweni ezibolayo. Futhi, ulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana esikhunta akubandakanyi i-mycocellulose kuphela, kodwa futhi ne-chitin, okuyisici samathambo angaphandle ezinambuzane.
Kunezigaba ezimbili zesikhunta esiphezulu - i-macromycetes: i-basidiomycetes ne-ascomycetes.
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusekelwe ezicini ezihlukahlukene ze-anatomical zokwakheka kwezinhlamvu. Ku-basidiomycetes, i-spore-bearing hymenophore isekelwe kumapuleti nama-tubules, ukuxhumana phakathi kwawo okwenziwa kusetshenziswa ama-pores amancane. Njengomphumela womsebenzi wabo, i-basidia ikhiqizwa - ukwakheka kwesici esinesimo se-cylindrical noma se-club. Emaphethelweni aphezulu e-basidium, kwakhiwa ama-spores, ahlotshaniswa ne-hymenium ngosizo lwezintambo ezincane kakhulu.
Ukukhula kwezinhlamvu ze-ascomycete, kusetshenziswa ukwakheka kwe-cylindrical noma i-sac, okubizwa ngokuthi izikhwama. Lapho izikhwama ezinjalo zivuthwa, ziyaqhuma, futhi izinhlamvu ziphushwa ngaphandle.
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