Ngaphambi kokuqala kwenkathi yeqhwa, lapho abantu behlala khona, uma kungenjalo epharadesi, kodwa esimweni sezulu esibusisekile, umsebenzi oyinhloko wawuqoqana. Ukuzingela nokuzalanisa izinkomo kuncane kunokuqoqwa nokulima, njengoba amaqiniso esayensi eqinisekisa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi okhokho bethu babengayidli inyama. Ngeshwa, umkhuba wokudla inyama, etholwe ngesikhathi sobunzima besimo sezulu, uye waqhubeka ngemva kokuhlehla kweqhwa. Futhi ukudla inyama kuwumkhuba nje wamasiko, nakuba kunikezwa isidingo sokuphila esikhathini esifushane (uma siqhathaniswa nokuziphendukela kwemvelo) somlando.
Umlando wesiko ubonisa ukuthi ukudla imifino kwakuhlobene kakhulu nesiko likamoya. Kwakunjalo eMpumalanga yasendulo, lapho inkolelo yokuphindukuzalwa yabangela isimo sengqondo senhlonipho neso ngokucophelela ngezilwane njengezidalwa ezinomphefumulo; naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, ngokwesibonelo, eGibhithe lasendulo, abapristi babengagcini nje ngokuyidla inyama, kodwa futhi babengazithinti izidumbu zezilwane. IGibhithe lasendulo, njengoba sazi, kwakuyindawo yokuzalwa yohlelo lokulima olunamandla nolusebenzayo. Amasiko aseGibhithe naseMesophothamiya aba yisisekelo sento ethile umbono “wezolimo” womhlaba, - lapho inkathi ithatha indawo yenkathi, ilanga liya embuthanweni walo, ukunyakaza kwe-cyclical kuyisihluthulelo sokuzinza nokuchuma. UPliny Omdala (AD 23-79, umbhali womlando wemvelo eNcwadini XXXVII. AD 77) wabhala ngesiko laseGibhithe lasendulo: “U-Isis, omunye wonkulunkulukazi ababethandwa kakhulu baseGibhithe, wabafundisa [njengoba babekholelwa] ubuciko bokubhaka isinkwa okusanhlamvu okwase kukhule endle ngaphambili. Nokho, enkathini yangaphambili, abaseGibhithe babephila ngezithelo, izimpande, nezitshalo. Unkulunkulukazi u-Isis wayekhulekelwa kulo lonke elaseGibhithe, futhi kwakhiwa amathempeli amakhulu ngokuhlonishwa kwakhe. Abapristi bayo, abafungelwe ubumsulwa, babebophekile ukuba bagqoke izingubo zelineni ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa kwezintambo zezilwane, ukuze bagweme ukudla kwezilwane, kanye nemifino eyayibhekwa njengengcolile - ubhontshisi, i-garlic, u-anyanisi ovamile nama-leeks.
Esikweni laseYurophu, elakhula "esimangaliso sefilosofi yamaGreki", empeleni, ama-echoes ala masiko asendulo azwakala - ngezinganekwane zabo zokuzinza nokuchuma. Kuyathakazelisa lokho Iqembu lonkulunkulu baseGibhithe lalisebenzisa izithombe zezilwane ukuze lidlulisele umyalezo ongokomoya kubantu. Ngakho unkulunkulukazi wothando nobuhle kwakunguHathor, owabonakala esesimweni senkomo enhle, futhi impungushe edla inyama yayingobunye bobuso buka-Anubis, unkulunkulu wokufa.
Imikhosi yonkulunkulu bamaGreki namaRoma inobuso nemikhuba yabantu kuphela. Ukufunda "Izinganekwane ZaseGrisi Lasendulo", ungakwazi ukubona izingxabano zezizukulwane nemindeni, ubone izici zomuntu ezijwayelekile konkulunkulu namaqhawe. Kodwa qaphela - onkulunkulu badla umpe kanye ne-ambrosia, kwakungekho izitsha zenyama etafuleni labo, ngokungafani nabantu abafayo, abanolaka nabanomqondo omncane. Ngakho-ke ngendlela engaqondakali esikweni laseYurophu kwakukhona okuhle - umfanekiso saphezulu, futhi imifino! “Izaba zalezo zidalwa ezidabukisayo ezaqale zaphendukela ekudleni inyama zingasebenza njengokuntula okuphelele nokuntula indlela yokuziphilisa, ngoba (abantu bakudala) bathola imikhuba yokuchitha igazi hhayi ekuzitikaniseni nasekuthandeni kwabo, hhayi ukuze bazitike. voluptuousness okungavamile phakathi ngokweqile konke okudingekayo, kodwa ngenxa yesidingo. Kodwa iziphi izaba esingaba nazo esikhathini sethu?' kubabaza uPlutarch.
AmaGreki ayebheka ukudla kwezitshalo okuhle engqondweni nasemzimbeni. Nokho, njengamanje, kwakunemifino eminingi, ushizi, isinkwa, amafutha omnqumo ematafuleni abo. Akukhona nje ukuqondana ukuthi unkulunkulukazi u-Athena waba umbusi waseGrisi. Eshaya idwala ngomkhonto, wakhula umnqumo, owaba uphawu lokuchuma eGrisi. Kunakwa kakhulu ohlelweni lokudla okufanele Abapristi bamaGreki, izazi zefilosofi nabasubathi. Bonke babethanda ukudla kwezitshalo. Kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi isazi sefilosofi nezibalo uPythagoras wayengumlimi oqinile, waqalwa olwazini lwasendulo oluyimfihlo, hhayi isayensi kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuzivocavoca umzimba kwafundiswa esikoleni sakhe. Abafundi, njengoPythagoras ngokwakhe, badla isinkwa, uju neminqumo. Futhi yena ngokwakhe waphila impilo ende eyingqayizivele ngalezo zikhathi futhi wahlala esesimweni esihle kakhulu ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo kwaze kwaba yilapho esekhulile. UPlutarch uyabhala encwadini yakhe ethi On Meat-Eating: “Ungabuza ngempela ukuthi yiziphi izisusa zikaPythagoras akugwema ukudla inyama? Ngokwami uhlangothi, ngibuza umbuzo ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo futhi esimweni somqondo umuntu waqala ukunambitha ukunambitheka kwegazi, ukwelula izindebe zakhe enyameni yesidumbu futhi ahlobise itafula lakhe ngezidumbu ezifile, ezibolayo, nokuthi wenza kanjani wabe esezivumela ukuba abize izingcezu zalokho ngaphambi nje kokuba lena eyayisalokhu ikhala futhi ikhale, inyakaze futhi iphile ... Ngenxa yenyama, sibantshontsha ilanga, ukukhanya nokuphila, abanelungelo lokuzalelwa kukho. Abadla imifino kwakunguSocrates nomfundi wakhe uPlato, uHippocrates, u-Ovid noSeneca.
Ngokufika kwemibono yobuKristu, ukudla imifino kwaba yingxenye yefilosofi yokuzithiba nokuzithiba.. Kuyaziwa ukuthi obaba abaningi besonto lokuqala banamathela ekudleni kwemifino, phakathi kwabo u-Origen, uTertullian, uClement wase-Alexandria nabanye. Umphostoli uPawulu wabhala eNcwadini yakhe eya kwabaseRoma: “Ungachithi imisebenzi kaNkulunkulu ngenxa yokudla. Konke kuhlanzekile, kodwa kubi kumuntu odlayo ukuze alingwe. Kungcono ukuba ungadli inyama, ungaphuzi iwayini, ungenzi umzalwane wakho akhubeka ngakho, acunulwe, noma aquleke.
NgeNkathi Ephakathi, umqondo wokudla imifino njengokudla okufanele okuhambisana nemvelo yomuntu walahleka. Kade eduze nomqondo wokuzincisha ukudla nokuzila ukudla, ukuhlanzwa njengendlela yokusondela kuNkulunkulu, ukuphenduka. Yiqiniso, abantu abaningi eNkathini Ephakathi babedla inyama encane, noma babengayidli nhlobo. Njengoba izazi-mlando zibhala, ukudla kwansuku zonke kwabantu abaningi baseYurophu kwakuhlanganisa imifino nokusanhlamvu, okwakungavamile ukuba yimikhiqizo yobisi. Kodwa ku-Renaissance, i-vegetarianism njengombono yabuyela emfashini. Abaculi abaningi nososayensi banamathela kukho, kuyaziwa ukuthi uNewton noSpinoza, uMichelangelo noLeonardo da Vinci babengabasekeli bokudla okusekelwe esitshalweni, futhi ngeNkathi Entsha, uJean-Jacques Rousseau noWolfgang Goethe, Lord Byron noShelley, uBernard. UShaw noHeinrich Ibsen babengabalandeli bokudla imifino.
Kubo bonke “okukhanyisiwe” ukudla kwemifino kwakuhlotshaniswa nomqondo wemvelo yomuntu, okulungile nalokho okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle komzimba nokuphelela okungokomoya. Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX lalivame ukuthatheka umqondo "wemvelo", futhi, yiqiniso, lo mkhuba awukwazanga kodwa uthinte izindaba zokudla okunomsoco. UCuvier, encwadini yakhe ephathelene nokudla, ubonise:Umuntu ujwayela, ngokusobala, ekudleni ikakhulukazi izithelo, izimpande nezinye izingxenye zezitshalo ezinomsoco. URousseau naye wavumelana naye, ngokudelela engayidli inyama yena (okuyivelakancane eFrance ngesiko layo le-gastronomy!).
Ngokuthuthuka kwezimboni, le mibono yalahleka. Impucuko isicishe yanqoba ngokuphelele imvelo, ukuzalanisa izinkomo sekuthathe izinhlobo zezimboni, inyama isiwumkhiqizo oshibhile. Mangisho ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi kwavela e-England eManchester i-"British Vegetarian Society" yokuqala emhlabeni. Ukubonakala kwayo kubuyela emuva ku-1847. Abadali bomphakathi badlala ngokujabula ngezincazelo zamagama athi "imifino" - enempilo, enamandla, ehlanzekile, "nemifino" - imifino. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lweqembu lamaNgisi lwanikeza umfutho ekuthuthukisweni okusha kwemifino, okwaba inhlangano enamandla yenhlalo futhi isathuthuka.
Ngo-1849 iphephabhuku le-Vegetarian Society, i-Vegetarian Courier, lanyatheliswa. I-“Courier” yaxoxa ngezindaba zempilo nendlela yokuphila, izindlela zokupheka ezishicilelwe nezindaba zemibhalo “eziphathelene nale ndaba.” Ishicilelwe kulo magazini futhi uBernard Shaw, owaziwa ngobuhlakani bakhe bokudla imifino. UShaw wayethanda ukuthi: “Izilwane zingabangane bami. Angibadli abangani bami.” Ubuye abe nenye yezingoma ezidume kakhulu ezikhuthaza ukudla imifino: “Uma umuntu ebulala ingwe, ukubiza ngokuthi umdlalo; lapho ingwe ibulala umuntu, ikubheka njengokunxanela igazi.” AmaNgisi ngabe akuwona amaNgisi ukube awazifela ngezemidlalo. Abadla imifino nabo banjalo. I-Vegetarian Union isungule owayo umphakathi wezemidlalo - Iklabhu yezemidlalo ye-Vegetarian, amalungu ayo ayekhuthaza ukugijima kwamabhayisikili nezokusubatha okwakusemfashinini ngaleso sikhathi. Amalungu ekilabhu phakathi kuka-1887 no-1980 aqopha amarekhodi kazwelonke angu-68 nangama-77 emiqhudelwaneni, futhi awina izindondo ezimbili zegolide ku-IV Olympic Games eLondon ngo-1908.
Ngemva kwesikhashana eNgilandi, ukunyakaza kwemifino kwaqala ukuthatha amafomu omphakathi ezwenikazi. EJalimane umbono we-vegetarianism wenziwa lula kakhulu ukusabalala kwe-theosophy ne-anthroposophy, futhi ekuqaleni, njengoba kwakunjalo ngekhulu le-1867th, imiphakathi yasungulwa emzabalazweni wendlela yokuphila enempilo. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1868, umfundisi u-Eduard Balzer wasungula "Union of Friends of the Natural Way of Life" eNordhausen, futhi ngo-1892 uGustav von Struve wadala "i-Vegetarian Society" eStuttgart. Le miphakathi yomibili ihlangane ngo-XNUMX yakha “i-German Vegetarian Union”. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ukudla kwemifino kwakhuthazwa yi-anthroposophists eholwa nguRudolf Steiner. Futhi inkulumo kaFranz Kafka, eqondiswe kunhlanzi ye-aquarium: "Ngingakubuka ngomoya ophansi, angisakudli," yaba namaphiko ngempela futhi yaphenduka isiqubulo sabadla imifino emhlabeni wonke.
Umlando wokudla imifino kuphela eNetherlands ehambisana namagama adumile UFerdinand Domel Nieuwenhuis. Umuntu ovelele womphakathi engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX waba ngumvikeli wokuqala wokudla imifino. Waphikisa ngokuthi umuntu ophucuzekile emphakathini onobulungisa akanalo ilungelo lokubulala izilwane. U-Domela wayengumuntu wezenhlalakahle kanye ne-anarchist, indoda enemibono nothando. Uhlulekile ukwethula izihlobo zakhe ngokudla imifino, kodwa watshala umqondo. NgoSepthemba 30, 1894, iNetherlands Vegetarian Union yasungulwa. ngesinyathelo sikadokotela u-Anton Verskhor, iNyunyana yayihlanganisa abantu abangu-33. Umphakathi wahlangana nabaphikisi bokuqala benyama ngenzondo. Iphephandaba elithi “Amsterdamets” lanyathelisa isihloko sikaDkt. Peter Teske: “Kuneziphukuphuku phakathi kwethu ezikholelwa ukuthi amaqanda, ubhontshisi, udali nezingxenye ezinkulu zemifino eluhlaza kungathatha indawo ye- chop, entrecote noma umlenze wenkukhu. Noma yini ingalindelwa kubantu abanemibono enjalo yokukhohlisa: kungenzeka ukuthi maduze bazohamba behamba emigwaqweni benqunu. I-Vegetarianism, hhayi ngenye indlela "ngesandla" esilula (noma kunalokho isibonelo!) U-Domely waqala ukuzihlanganisa nokucabanga ngokukhululekile. Iphephandaba laseHague elithi “People” lagxeka iningi labo bonke abesifazane abadla imifino: “Lolu uhlobo olukhethekile lwabesifazane: omunye walabo abagunda izinwele zabo zibe mfushane baze bafake izicelo zokuhlanganyela okhethweni!” Noma kunjalo, kakade ngo-1898 kwavulwa indawo yokudlela yokuqala yemifino e-The Hague, futhi ngemva kweminyaka engu-10 kwasungulwa i-Vegetarian Union, inani lamalungu ayo ladlula abantu abayi-1000!
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, impikiswano ngokudla imifino yadamba, futhi ucwaningo lwesayensi lwafakazela isidingo sokudla amaprotheni ezilwane. Futhi kuphela kuma-70s wekhulu lamashumi amabili, i-Holland yamangaza wonke umuntu ngendlela entsha yokudla imifino - Ucwaningo lwesazi sezinto eziphilayo u-Veren Van Putten luye lwafakazela ukuthi izilwane zingacabanga futhi zizwe! Usosayensi washaqeka kakhulu ngamakhono engqondo ezingulube, okwavela ukuthi awekho ngaphansi kwalawo ezinja. Ngo-1972, i-Tasty Beast Animal Rights Society yasungulwa, amalungu ayo ayemelene nezimo ezinyantisayo zezilwane nokubulawa kwazo. Ayengasabhekwa njenge-eccentric - ukudla imifino kancane kancane kwaqala ukwamukelwa njengento evamile.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, emazweni angokwesiko lobuKatolika, eFrance, Italy, Spain, ukudla imifino kwakhula kancane futhi akuzange kube yinhlangano ephawulekayo yomphakathi. Noma kunjalo, kwakukhona nabalandeli bokudla "okulwa nenyama", nakuba iningi lempikiswano mayelana nezinzuzo noma ukulimala kwe-vegetarianism yayihlobene ne-physiology kanye nemithi - kwakuxoxwa ngayo ukuthi kuhle kangakanani emzimbeni.
E-Italy ukudla imifino kwakhula, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, ngendlela engokwemvelo. I-cuisine yaseMedithera, empeleni, isebenzisa inyama encane, ukugcizelela okuyinhloko ekudleni imifino nemikhiqizo yobisi, lapho kwenziwa khona amaNtaliyane "ngaphambi kokunye". Akekho owazama ukwenza umbono ngokudla imifino esifundeni, futhi akukho mnyakazo wokulwa nomphakathi owaphawulwa nakho. Kodwa eFranceI-Vegetarianism ayikakaqali. Kuphela kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule - okungukuthi, cishe ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX kuphela! Amathilomu nezindawo zokudlela ezidla imifino zaqala ukuvela. Futhi uma uzama ukucela imenyu yemifino, yithi, endaweni yokudlela ye-French cuisine yendabuko, khona-ke ngeke uqondwe kahle kakhulu. Isiko le-French cuisine ukujabulela ukulungiswa kokudla okuhlukahlukene nokumnandi, okwethulwe kahle. Futhi kuyisizini! Ngakho-ke, noma yini umuntu angase ayisho, ngezinye izikhathi impela inyama. I-Vegetarianism yafika eFrance kanye nemfashini yemikhuba yasempumalanga, umdlandla wayo okhula kancane kancane. Kodwa-ke, amasiko aqinile, ngakho-ke iFrance yiyona "engadli imifino" kakhulu kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu.