U-Will Tuttle, Ph.D., omunye wezibalo ezibalulekile enhlanganweni yesimanje yamalungelo ezilwane, umbhali we-World Peace Diet, ubeke kafushane futhi kafushane umlando kanye nokuvela kwenhlangano yomhlaba wonke yamalungelo ezilwane.
NgokukaDkt. Tuttle, umqondo osemthethweni uthi izilwane zibekwe eMhlabeni ukuze zisetshenziswe abantu, nokuthi unya, njengengxenye yenqubo yokuzisebenzisa, lwamukeleka ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yalokho, uprofesa ukholelwa ukuthi ukunyakaza kwamalungelo ezilwane kuwusongo olukhulu esakhiweni samandla esikhona emhlabeni.
Okulandelayo inkulumo egcwele ye-Ph.D. Engqungqutheleni Yomhlaba Yamalungelo Ezilwane e-Los Angeles ekupheleni kukaJulayi walo nyaka.
“Uma sibekela lo mbono osemthethweni inselelo, siphinde singabaze ukwakheka kwamandla kanye nombono womhlaba waleli siko, kanye nokuchazwa kwesiko lethu okwamukelekile ngomlando walo. Sonke siyazazi izibonelo eziningi zemiqondo esemthethweni engamanga ekhona njengamanje noma ebikade ikhona. Njengesibonelo: “Uma ungayidli inyama, ubisi namaqanda, umuntu uzofa ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamaprotheni”; "Uma amanzi engacebiswanga nge-fluorine, khona-ke amazinyo azolimazwa yi-caries"; “Izilwane azinawo umphefumulo”; “Inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US ihloselwe ukusungula inkululeko nentando yeningi emhlabeni jikelele”; "Ukuze ube nempilo, udinga ukuphuza umuthi futhi ugonywe," nokunye ...
Umsuka wenhlangano yamalungelo ezilwane ungabaza umqondo osemthethweni ezingeni lawo elijule kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukunyakaza kwamalungelo ezilwane kuwusongo olukhulu esakhiweni samandla esikhona. Empeleni, ukunyakaza kwamalungelo ezilwane kuncike endleleni yokuphila ye-vegan enciphisa unya lwethu ezilwaneni lube buncane. Futhi singakwazi ukulandelela izimpande zokunyakaza kwethu ukubuyela emuva emlandweni womphakathi wethu.
Ngokusho kwezifundo ze-anthropological, cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingu-8-10 edlule, endaweni lapho isimo sase-Iraq sikhona manje, abantu baqala ukufuya - ukutholakala nokuboshwa kwezilwane ukuze zidle - okokuqala kwakuyizimbuzi nezimvu, futhi mayelana ne-2 eminyakeni eyinkulungwane kamuva wanezela izinkomo nezinye izilwane. Ngikholelwa ukuthi lolu kwaba uguquko olukhulu lokugcina emlandweni wamasiko ethu, olwashintsha kakhulu umphakathi wethu kanye nathi, abantu abazalelwa kuleli siko.
Ngokokuqala ngqa, izilwane zaqala ukubhekwa ngokuthengiswa kwazo, esikhundleni sokubhekwa njengezizimele, ezigcwele izimfihlo, ezinikezwe isithunzi sabo, omakhelwane kuPlanethi. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwashintsha ukuthambekela kwamagugu emasikweni: abacebile abacebile bagqama, benezinkomo njengophawu lomcebo wabo.
Izimpi zokuqala ezinkulu zenzeka. Futhi lona kanye igama elithi "impi", eSanskrit endala "gavyaa", ngokwezwi nezwi lalisho ukuthi: "isifiso sokubamba izinkomo eziningi." Igama elithi capitalism, lona, livela kwelesiLatini elithi "capita" - "ikhanda", maqondana "nekhanda lezinkomo", kanye nokuthuthukiswa komphakathi obambe iqhaza emisebenzini yezempi, ukulinganisa ingcebo ye-elite ephethe amakhanda: izilwane nabantu abathunjwe empini.
Isimo sabesifazane sancishiswa ngendlela ehlelekile, futhi esikhathini somlando esenzeka eminyakeni engaba ngu-3 XNUMX edlule, baqala ukuthengwa nokudayiswa njengempahla. Isimo sezilwane zasendle sancishiswa saba yizilokazane, njengoba zazingase zibe usongo “enhloko-dolobha” yabanikazi bezinkomo. Isayensi yaqala ukukhula ngendlela yokuthola izindlela zokunqoba nokucindezela izilwane nemvelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, udumo lobulili besilisa lwathuthukiswa ngokuthi "macho": i-tamer nomnikazi wemfuyo, eqinile, engacabangi ngezenzo zakhe, futhi ekwazi ukwenza isihluku esidlulele ezilwaneni nakubanikazi bezinkomo eziphikisanayo.
Lesi siko elinolaka lasakazekela ngezempi empumalanga yeMedithera kwase kuba eYurophu naseMelika. Isasabalala. Sizalelwa kuleli siko, elisekelwe ezimisweni ezifanayo futhi sizenza nsuku zonke.
Inkathi yomlando eyaqala eminyakeni engaba ngu-2500 edlule isishiye nobufakazi bezinkulumo zokuqala zabantu abavelele emphakathini ezivuna ukuhawukelwa kwezilwane futhi zivuna lokho namuhla esingakubiza ngokuthi i-veganism. ENdiya, abantu ababili ababephila ngesikhathi esifanayo, uMahavir, uthisha odumile wamasiko amaJain, noShakyamuni Buddha, esimazi emlandweni ngokuthi uBuddha, bobabili bashumayela bekhuthaza ukudla okudliwa imifino futhi bafuna abafundi babo ukuba bagweme ukuba nezilwane, zingalimazi. izilwane, nasekuzidleni ukudla. Womabili amasiko, isiko likaJane ikakhulukazi, athi aqala eminyakeni engu-2500 edlule, nokuthi umkhuba wokuphila ongenalo ubudlova wabalandeli benkolo ubuyela emuva nakakhulu.
Laba kwakungabashisekeli bokuqala bamalungelo ezilwane esingakhuluma ngabo ngokunembile namuhla. Isisekelo sokusebenza kwabo kwaba ukufundisa nokuqonda kwe-Ahimsa. I-Ahimsa imfundiso yokungabi nodlame kanye nokwamukela umbono wokuthi ubudlova obubhekiswe kwezinye izidalwa ezinemizwa abugcini nje ngokungahambisani nezimiso zokuziphatha futhi buletha ukuhlupheka kubo, kodwa futhi nakanjani buletha ukuhlupheka nomthwalo kulowo ongumthombo wobudlova, kanye emphakathini uqobo.
I-Ahimsa iyisisekelo se-veganism, isifiso sokugcina unya kubantu abazwelayo bube buncane ngokungangeneleli ngokuphelele ezimpilweni zezilwane noma ukugxambukela okuncane, kanye nokunikeza izilwane ubukhosi kanye nelungelo lokuphila izimpilo zazo ngokwemvelo.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda ukuthi ukuba nezilwane ezidliwayo kuwumgogodla omboziwe ochaza isiko lethu, nokuthi ngamunye wethu wayengaphansi noma wayesalokhu engaphansi komqondo oshiwo amasiko e-gastronomic omphakathi wethu: umqondo wokubusa, ukukhishwa kwababuthakathaka kumbuthano wokuzwelana, kunciphisa ukubaluleka kwezinye izidalwa, i-elitism.
Abaprofethi bakamoya baseNdiya, ngokushumayela kwabo kwe-Ahimsa, benqaba futhi bawuduba umnyombo ononya wesiko lethu eminyakeni engu-2500 edlule, futhi babengabokuqala ngqa okwaziwa ngabo kithi. Bazama ngokuqaphela ukunqanda unya ezilwaneni, futhi le ndlela yokufundisa bayidlulisela kwabanye. Lesi sikhathi esinamandla sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwethu kwamasiko, esibizwa uKarl Jaspers “Axial Age” (Axial Age), safakazela ukuvela ngesikhathi esisodwa noma esiseduze kweziqhwaga ezinjengoPythagoras, uHeraclitus noSocrates eMedithera, eZarathustra ePheresiya, eLao Tzu. kanye noChang Tzu eShayina, umprofethi u-Isaya nabanye abaprofethi eMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Bonke bagcizelela ukubaluleka kozwela ngezilwane, ukwenqaba imihlatshelo yezilwane, futhi bafundisa ukuthi unya ezilwaneni ama-boomerang abuyela kubantu ngokwabo. Okunikeza abanye yikho kanye ozokuthola. Le mibono yasakazwa othisha nezazi zefilosofi ezingokomoya amakhulu eminyaka, futhi ekuqaleni kwenkathi yobuKristu, izindela zamaBuddha zase zisungule izikhungo zomoya eNtshonalanga, zafinyelela eNgilandi, eShayina nase-Afrika, zihamba nezimiso ze-ahimsa kanye ne-Afrika. i-veganism.
Endabeni yezazi zefilosofi zasendulo, ngisebenzisa ngamabomu igama elithi "veganism" hhayi "imifino" ngenxa yokuthi ukugqugquzelwa kwalezo zimfundiso kuhambisana nokugqugquzela i-veganism - ukunciphisa unya kubantu abanemizwa okungenani.
Njengoba yonke imibono yezwe lasendulo ihlangana yodwa, akumangalisi ukuthi ababhali abaningi basendulo babekholelwa ukuthi uJesu Kristu nabafundi bakhe abazange badle inyama yezilwane, futhi kuye kwafika kithi imibhalo yokuthi obaba bokuqala abangamaKristu babedla imifino futhi ngokunokwenzeka impela. inyama yemifino.
Emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka kamuva, lapho ubuKristu buba inkolo engokomthetho eMbusweni WamaRoma, ngesikhathi soMbusi uConstantine, ifilosofi nomkhuba wokuhawukela izilwane wacindezelwa ngonya, futhi labo ababesolwa ngokwenqaba inyama bahlukunyezwa ngonya futhi babulawa amaRoma. amasosha.
Umkhuba wokujezisa ububele waqhubeka emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngemva kokuwa kweRoma. Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi eYurophu, amaKatolika adla imifino njengamaCathar namaBogomil acindezelwa futhi ekugcineni aqedwa ngokuphelele isonto. Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, ngezikhathi zezwe lasendulo kanye neNkathi Ephakathi, kwakukhona neminye imisinga kanye nabantu ababekhuthaza ifilosofi yokungabi nobudlova ezilwaneni: ezikoleni ze-Neoplatonic, Hermetic, Sufi, Judaic kanye nenkolo yobuKristu.
Phakathi neRenaissance kanye neRenaissance, amandla esonto ancipha, futhi ngenxa yalokho, isayensi yesimanje yaqala ukukhula, kodwa, ngeshwa, lokhu akuzange kuthuthukise isiphetho sezilwane, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, kwabangela unya nakakhulu. ukuxhashazwa kwabo ngenxa yokuhlolwa, ukuzijabulisa, ukukhiqizwa kwezingubo kanye nokudla. Nakuba ngaphambi kwalokho kwakukhona incwadi yokuhlonipha izilwane njengendalo kaNkulunkulu, ezinsukwini zokubusa kokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo ubukhona bazo kwakubhekwa njengempahla nezinsiza kuphela endleleni yokuthuthukisa izimboni kanye nezimo zokukhula ngokushesha kwesibalo sabantu aba-omnivorous. . Lokhu kusaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla futhi kubangela usongo kuzo zonke izilwane, kanye nasemvelweni nasesintu uqobo ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi okukhulu nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo nezilwane zasendle.
Amafilosofi ahlukene avela ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba aye asiza ngaso sonke isikhathi ukubekela inselele umbono osemthethweni wesiko lethu, futhi ekhulwini le-19 nelama-20, lokhu kwafakazelwa ukuvuselelwa okusheshayo kwemibono yokuthanda imifino kanye nenhlalakahle yezilwane. Lokhu kwakugqugquzelwe kakhulu izimfundiso ezatholwa kabusha ezazivela eMpumalanga ziye eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Ukuhunyushwa kwama-sutra asendulo amaBuddha namaJain, ama-Upanishads namaVedas, amaTao Te Chings neminye imibhalo yamaNdiya namaShayina, nokutholakala kwabantu abaphila kahle ngokudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni, kuye kwaholela abaningi emazweni aseNtshonalanga ukuba bangabaze izindinganiso zomphakathi wabo. unya ezilwaneni.
Igama elithi "imifino" lakhiwa ngo-1980 esikhundleni se-"Pythagorean" endala. Ukuhlolwa nokukhuthazwa kokudla imifino kuthathe ababhali abaningi abanethonya abafana noShelley, Byron, Bernard Shaw, Schiller, Schopenhauer, Emerson, Louise May Alcott, Walter Besant, Helena Blavatsky, Leo Tolstoy, Gandhi nabanye. Kwabuye kwasungulwa inhlangano yobuKristu, eyayihlanganisa izinhloko zamasonto amaningana, njengalaba: UWilliam Cowherd eNgilandi kanye nommeli wakhe eMelika, uWilliam Metcalfe, owashumayela ububele ezilwaneni. U-Ellen White wegatsha lama-Seventh-day Adventist kanye noCharles noMyrtle Fillmore be-Unity Christian School bashumayela i-veganism eminyakeni engu-40 ngaphambi kokuba igama elithi "vegan" liqanjwe.
Ngemizamo yabo, kwasungulwa umqondo wezinzuzo zokudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni, futhi kwadonselwa ukunaka unya olwaluhileleke ekusetshenzisweni kwemikhiqizo yezilwane. Izinhlangano zokuqala zomphakathi zokuvikela izilwane zakhiwa - njenge-RSPCA, ASPCA, Humane Society.
Ngo-1944 eNgilandi, uDonald Watson waqinisa izisekelo zenhlangano yesimanje yamalungelo ezilwane. Wakha igama elithi "vegan" futhi wasungula i-Vegan Society eLondon enselele ngqo enguqulweni esemthethweni yesiko lethu kanye nomnyombo walo. UDonald Watson wachaza i-veganism ngokuthi “ifilosofi nendlela yokuphila engabandakanyi, ngokusemandleni, zonke izinhlobo zokuxhashazwa nonya ezilwaneni ukuze zidliwe, izingubo zokugqoka, nanoma iyiphi enye injongo.”
Ngakho-ke ukunyakaza kwe-vegan kwazalwa njengokubonakaliswa kweqiniso lasendulo nengunaphakade lika-Ahimsa, futhi okuyinhliziyo yokunyakaza kwamalungelo ezilwane. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, sekudlule amashumi eminyaka, izincwadi eziningi zishicilelwe, izifundo eziningi zishicilelwe, izinhlangano eziningi kanye nama-periodicals asungulwe, inqwaba yamadokhumentari namawebhusayithi adalwe, konke ngomzamo womuntu oyedwa wokunciphisa unya ezilwaneni.
Ngenxa yayo yonke le mizamo engenhla, i-veganism kanye namalungelo ezilwane aya ngokuya egqama, futhi ukunyakaza kuya ngokuya kudlondlobala, naphezu kokumelana okukhulu kwazo zonke izikhungo zomphakathi wethu, ubutha obuvela emasikweni ethu amasiko, nezinye izinto eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi. abathintekayo kule nqubo.
Kuya ngokuya kucaca ukuthi unya lwethu ezilwaneni luyimbangela eqondile yokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, izifo zethu ezingokomzimba nezingokwengqondo, izimpi, indlala, ukungalingani kanye nonya lomphakathi, ingasaphathwa eyokuthi lesi sihluku asinaso isizathu sokuziphatha.
Amaqembu nabantu ngabanye bayahlangana ukuze bakhuthaze amalungelo ezilwane ezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene zezindawo zokuvikela, kuye ngokuthi yini abathambekele kuyo kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela bakhe uchungechunge lwamathrendi aqhudelanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sekunomkhuba, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezinhlangano ezinkulu, ukwenza imikhankaso ngokubambisana nezimboni zokuxhashazwa kwezilwane ngomzamo wokuba nomthelela kulezi zimboni futhi zibenza banciphise unya emikhiqizweni yabo. Le mikhankaso ingase ibe yimpumelelo ngokwezezimali kulezi zinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo ezilwane, ikhulise ukugeleza kweminikelo ngenxa yokumenyezelwa “kokunqoba” okukodwa ngemva kokunye ukuze kuzuze izilwane ezigqilaziwe, kodwa okuxakayo ukuthi ukuqaliswa kwayo kuhlotshaniswa nengozi enkulu yezilwane. ukunyakaza kwamalungelo ezilwane kanye ne-veganism.
Kunezizathu eziningi zalokhu. Enye yazo amandla amakhulu imboni enawo okuguqula lokho okubonakala kunqoba kwezilwane kube ukunqoba kwayo. Lokhu kuwisa phansi ngaphansi kwezinyawo zenhlangano elwela inkululeko yezilwane lapho siqala ukuxoxa ngokuthi hlobo luni lokuhlaba olunobuntu. Umthengi maningi amathuba okuthi adle imikhiqizo yezilwane eminingi uma eqiniseka ukuthi ingabantu.
Ngenxa yemikhankaso enjalo, isimo sezilwane njengempahla yomuntu siyaqina nakakhulu. Futhi njengenhlangano, esikhundleni sokuqondisa abantu ku-veganism, siyabaqondisa ukuthi bavote okhethweni kanye nezikhwama zabo ezitolo ngenxa yonya ezilwaneni, ezibhalwe ngokuthi ubuntu.
Lokhu sekuholele esimweni samanje sombutho wethu, inhlangano exhashazwa kakhulu futhi ibukelwa phansi yizimboni ezinonya. Lokhu kungokwemvelo, uma kubhekwa amandla imboni ewasebenzisayo kanye nokuhlukana kwethu ekukhetheni indlela yokukhulula izilwane onyameni lwesintu ngokushesha okukhulu. Unya izilwane eziphathwa kulo ngenxa yesimo sempahla exhunywe kuzo.
Siphila emphakathini oyisisekelo esiwumgomo wokubusa okuphelele phezu kwezilwane, futhi ngamunye wethu uthole lesi siphakamiso kusukela ekuzalweni. Uma sibuza lo mgomo, sijoyina umzamo wamakhulu eminyaka wokukhulula izilwane, futhi lokho kuwumnyombo we-Ahimsa kanye ne-veganism.
I-vegan movement (okuyigama elifanayo elisebenza kakhulu lenhlangano yamalungelo ezilwane) iyinhlangano yokuguqulwa okuphelele komphakathi, futhi kulokhu yehluka kunoma iyiphi enye inhlangano yenkululeko yomphakathi. Unya oluvamile, oluvamile ezilwaneni ngenxa yokudla zonakalisa futhi lubukela phansi ukuhlakanipha kwethu kwasekuqaleni nomuzwa wobubele, okudala izimo ezivula indlela yezinye izinhlobo zonya ezilwaneni, kanye nokubonakaliswa kokuziphatha okubusa kwabanye abantu.
Ukunyakaza kwe-vegan kunamandla ngomqondo wokuthi kuya ezimpandeni zezinkinga zethu eziyinhloko, unya lwethu. Kudinga ukuthi thina, labo abamele i-veganism kanye namalungelo ezilwane, sihlanze onembeza bethu kunya nomuzwa wokubandlulula umphakathi wethu owugxilise kithi. Othisha bakudala banake ini, amavulandlela enhlangano elwela amalungelo ezilwane. Singaxhaphaza izilwane inqobo nje uma sizikhipha embuthanweni wethu wokuzwelana, yingakho i-veganism iphikisana ngokuyisisekelo nokungakhethi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengama-vegans sibizelwe ukuthi sizilolonge singafaki izilwane kuphela kodwa futhi nabantu embuthanweni wethu wobubele.
Ukunyakaza kwe-vegan kudinga ukuthi sibe yinguquko esifuna ukuyibona eduze kwethu futhi siphathe zonke izidalwa, kuhlanganise nabamelene nathi, ngenhlonipho. Lona umgomo we-veganism kanye ne-Ahimsa njengoba uye waqondwa futhi wadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane kuwo wonke umlando. Futhi ekugcineni. Siphila ebunzimeni obukhulu futhi obusajula obusinika amathuba angakaze abonwe. Isembozo esidala siya ngokuya sipheshulwa ngenxa yobunzima obuhlukahlukene bomphakathi wethu.
Abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe bayaqaphela ukuthi okuwukuphela kwendlela yangempela yokuba isintu sisinde iwukuba i-vegan. Esikhundleni sokuxoxisana nezimboni ezisekelwe onyameni, singaphendukela ekuhlakanipheni kwalabo abasihlahlele indlela. Amandla ethu asemandleni ethu okunciphisa isidingo semikhiqizo yezilwane ngokufundisa abantu nokubaholela endleleni yokuqeda le mikhiqizo ekusetshenzisweni.
Ngenhlanhla, sibona ukukhula nokuphindaphindeka kwezinhlangano namaqembu ezishoshovu ezweni lakithi nasemhlabeni jikelele akhuthaza umbono we-veganism kanye nendlela yokuphila ye-vegan, kanye nenani elandayo lamaqembu ezenkolo nawomoya akhuthaza okufanayo. umqondo wobubele. Lokhu kuzokwenza ukwazi ukuya phambili.
Umqondo we-Ahimsa kanye ne-veganism unamandla amakhulu ngoba ahambisana nengqikithi yethu yangempela, okuyisifiso sokuthanda, ukudala, ukuzwela kanye nozwelo. U-Donald Watson kanye namanye amavulandlela bahlwanyele imbewu ekujuleni komqondo osemthethweni ongasasebenzi obopha futhi obophe umphakathi wethu futhi ucekele phansi ukuphila ePlanethi.
Uma ngamunye wethu enisela lezi zimbewu ezitshaliwe, futhi aphinde atshale eyethu, khona-ke insimu yonke yobubele izokhula, okuyoqeda nakanjani amaketanga onya nobugqila obubekwe kithi. Abantu bazoqonda ukuthi njengoba sigqilaze izilwane, nathi sizigqilazile.
Uguquko lwe-vegan - uguquko lwamalungelo ezilwane - lwazalwa emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Singena esigabeni sokugcina sokuqaliswa kwayo, lokhu uguquko lokuthakasela, injabulo, ukunqoba kokudala, futhi ludinga ngamunye wethu! Ngakho-ke joyina lo msebenzi omuhle wasendulo futhi ngokubambisana sizoguqula umphakathi wethu.
Ngokukhulula izilwane, sizozikhulula, futhi senze uMhlaba upholise amanxeba awo ngenxa yezingane zethu kanye nezingane zazo zonke izidalwa ezihlala kuwo. Ukudonsa kwekusasa kunamandla kunomdonsiswano wesikhathi esedlule. Ikusasa lizoba yi-vegan!”