Inhliziyo (kusuka egameni lesiGrikhi elithi cardia kanye nasesiLatini cor, “inhliziyo”) yilona maphakathi lomgogodla wenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. "Iphampu" yangempela, iqinisekisa ukujikeleza kwegazi emzimbeni ngenxa yezingqinamba zayo ezinesigqi. Ngokuxhumene kakhulu nohlelo lokuphefumula, ivumela ukuphefumula kwegazi kanye nokuqedwa kwe-carbon dioxide (CO2).

Inhliziyo iyisitho esingenalutho, semisipha esisezimbanjeni zezimbambo. Itholakala phakathi kwamaphaphu amabili ngemuva kwesifuba sesifuba, inesimo sephiramidi eguquliwe. Ingaphezulu layo (noma isihloko) lihlala esicutshini se-diaphragm bese likhomba phansi, phambili, ngakwesobunxele.

Ayikho enkulu kunesibhakela esivaliwe, isisindo saso singama-250 kuya kuma-350 amagremu kubantu abadala cishe ngo-12 cm ubude.

Imvilophu nodonga

Inhliziyo izungezwe imvilophu, i-pericardium. Yakhiwe izendlalelo ezimbili: esisodwa sinamathele emisipheni yenhliziyo, i-myocardium, kanti esinye silungisa inhliziyo ngokuqinile emaphashini nasediyaphragm.

 Udonga lwenhliziyo lwakhiwe izingqimba ezintathu, kusuka ngaphandle kuya ngaphakathi:

• i-epicardium
• i-myocardium, yakha ubukhulu obukhulu benhliziyo
• i-endocardium, ebeka izimbotshana

Inhliziyo iyaniselwa ebusweni uhlelo lwe-coronary artery system, olunikeza i-oxygen nezakhamzimba ezidingekayo ukuze lusebenze kahle.

Izimbobo zenhliziyo

Inhliziyo ihlukaniswe ngamakamelo amane: ama-atria amabili (noma i-atria) nama-ventricles amabili. Zihlanganiswe ngababili, zakha inhliziyo elungile nenhliziyo yangakwesobunxele. I-atria itholakala engxenyeni engenhla yenhliziyo, imingcele yokwamukela igazi le-venous.

Engxenyeni engezansi yenhliziyo, ama-ventricles ayisiqalo sokujikeleza kwegazi. Ngokusebenza, ama-ventricles akhipha igazi ngaphandle kwenhliziyo emithanjeni eyahlukahlukene. Lawa amaphampu wangempela enhliziyo. Izindonga zazo zijiyile kunaleyo ye-atria futhi zizodwa zimele cishe lonke isisindo senhliziyo.

I-atria yehlukaniswe ukwahlukaniswa okubizwa i-septum yangaphakathi kwezomzimba nama-ventricles nge i-septum yangaphakathi.

Ama-valve enhliziyo

Enhliziyweni, ama-valve amane anika igazi ukugeleza ngendlela eyodwa. I-atrium ngayinye ixhumana ne-ventricle ehambelanayo nge-valve: i-valve tricuspid ngakwesokudla ne-mitral valve kwesobunxele. Amanye ama-valve amabili atholakala phakathi kwama-ventricles nomthambo ohambisanayo: i-aortic valve ne-valve yamaphaphu. Uhlobo lwe "valve", luvimbela ukugeleza kwegazi emuva njengoba kudlula phakathi kwezimbobo ezimbili.

Futha Double

Inhliziyo, ngenxa yendima yayo yokudonsa kabili nepompo yengcindezi, iqinisekisa ukujikeleza kwegazi emzimbeni ukuhlinzeka nge-oksijini nezakhi zomzimba ezicutshini. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokujikeleza kwegazi: ukusakazwa kwamaphaphu kanye nokusakazwa kwesistimu.

Ukusakazwa kwamaphaphu

Umsebenzi wokujikeleza kwamaphaphu noma ukujikeleza okuncane ukuhambisa igazi emaphashini ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukushintshaniswa kwegesi bese kulibuyisela enhliziyweni. Uhlangothi lwangakwesokudla senhliziyo yipompo yokusakazwa kwamaphaphu.

Igazi eligcwele i-oxygen, eligcwele i-CO2 lingena emzimbeni ku-atrium elungile ngemithambo ephezulu nephansi ye-vena cava veins. Ngemuva kwalokho yehlela ku-ventricle ofanele oyikhiphela emithanjeni emibili yamaphaphu (isiqu samaphaphu). Baphatha igazi baye emaphashini lapho lisusa khona i-CO2 futhi limunce umoya-mpilo. Ibuye iqondiswe enhliziyweni, e-atrium yesobunxele, ngemithambo yamaphaphu.

Ukusakazwa okuhlelekile

Ukusakazwa kwesistimu kuqinisekisa ukwabiwa okujwayelekile kwegazi kuzicubu emzimbeni wonke nokubuyela kwalo enhliziyweni. Lapha, kuyinhliziyo yangakwesobunxele esebenza njengempompo.

Igazi elifakwe amandla kabusha lifika ku-atrium engakwesobunxele bese lidlulela ku-ventricle yesobunxele, elikhipha ngokuncipha emthanjeni we-aorta. Ukusuka lapho, kusatshalaliswa izitho nezicubu zomzimba ezahlukahlukene. Ibuyiselwa enhliziyweni elungile yinethiwekhi ye-venous.

Ukushaya kwenhliziyo nokuncipha okuzenzakalelayo

Ukujikeleza kunikezwa ukushaya kwenhliziyo. Ukushaya ngakunye kufana nokusikwa kwemisipha yenhliziyo, i-myocardium, eyakhiwa izingxenye ezinkulu zamaseli emisipha. Njengayo yonke imisipha, isebenza ngezinkontileka ngaphansi kwethonya lokulandelana kukagesi okulandelanayo. Kepha inhliziyo inokukhethekile kokuthola isivumelwano ngendlela ezenzakalelayo, enesigqi futhi ezimele ngenxa yomsebenzi kagesi wangaphakathi.

Inhliziyo emaphakathi ishaya izikhathi ezingama-3 billion empilweni yeminyaka engama-75.

Isifo senhliziyo siyimbangela ehamba phambili yokufa emhlabeni. Ngo-2012, inani labantu abashonile lalinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-17,5, noma ama-31% okufa kwabantu emhlabeni jikelele (4).

Unhlangothi (unhlangothi)

Ihambisana nokuvinjelwa noma ukuqhekeka kwesitsha esithwala igazi ebuchosheni (5).

I-infarction ye-myocardial (noma isifo senhliziyo)

Ukuhlaselwa yinhliziyo ukubhujiswa okuyingxenye yemisipha yenhliziyo. Inhliziyo lapho ayisakwazi ukudlala indima yayo yokumpompa iyeke ukushaya (6).

I-Angina pectoris (noma i-angina)

Kubonakala ngobuhlungu obucindezelayo obungatholakala esifubeni, engalweni yangakwesokunxele nasemhlathini.

Ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo

Inhliziyo ayisakwazi ukuphampa ngokwanele ukuhlinzeka ukugeleza kwegazi okwanele ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zomzimba.

Ukuphazamiseka kwesigqi senhliziyo (noma i-arrhythmia yenhliziyo)

Ukushaya kwenhliziyo akujwayelekile, kuhamba kancane kakhulu noma kusheshe kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalezi zinguquko zesigqi ezixhunyaniswa nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi “physiological” imbangela (ukuzikhandla ngokomzimba, isibonelo (7).

I-Valvulopathies 

Ukuwohloka kokusebenza kwamavalvu enhliziyo ngezifo ezahlukahlukene ezingaguqula ukusebenza kwenhliziyo (8).

Ukukhubazeka kwenhliziyo

Ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa kwenhliziyo, okukhona lapho kuzalwa.

Ama-Cardiomyopathies 

Izifo eziholela ekungasebenzi kahle kwemisipha yenhliziyo, i-myocardium. Ukwehla kwekhono lokumpompa igazi bese ulikhiphela ekusakazeni.

I-Pericarditis

Ukuvuvukala kwe-pericardium ngenxa yokutheleleka: i-viral, bacterial noma parasitic. Ukuvuvukala kungenzeka futhi ngemuva kokuhlukumezeka okungaphezulu noma okuncane.

I-venous thrombosis (noma i-phlebitis)

Ukwakhiwa kwamahlule emithanjeni ejulile yomlenze. Ingozi yamahlule enyuka endaweni engezansi ye-vena cava bese kuba semithanjeni yamaphaphu lapho igazi libuyela enhliziyweni.

Embolism yamaphaphu

Ukufuduka kwamahlule emithanjeni yamaphaphu lapho ebanjwa khona.

Izici zengozi

Ukubhema, ukungadli kahle, ukukhuluphala ngokweqile, ukungasebenzi komzimba nokuphuza ngokweqile, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, isifo sikashukela kanye ne-hyperlipidemia kwandisa amathuba okuhlaselwa yinhliziyo nokushaywa unhlangothi.

Prevention

I-WHO (4) incoma okungenani imizuzu engama-30 yokuzivocavoca umzimba ngosuku. Ukudla izithelo nemifino emihlanu ngosuku nokunciphisa ukudla kasawoti nakho kusiza ukuvimbela inhliziyo noma isifo sohlangothi.

Izidakamizwa ezilwa nokuvuvukala (ama-NSAID) nezingozi zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi

Ucwaningo (9-11) lukhombisile ukuthi ukuthatha isikhathi eside, umthamo omkhulu wama-NSAID (Advil, Iboprene, Voltarene, njll.) Kuveze abantu ezingozini zenhliziyo.

Umlamuli kanye nesifo se-valve

Inikezwe ngokuyinhloko ukwelapha i-hypertriglyceridemia (izinga lamafutha athile aphezulu kakhulu egazini) noma i-hyperglycemia (izinga eliphakeme kakhulu likashukela), ibuye yanikezwa nabanesifo sikashukela abakhuluphele ngokweqile. Impahla yayo "yokuncisha ukudla" iholele ekutheni idliwe kabanzi ngaphandle kwalezi zinkomba ukusiza abantu abangenaso isifo sikashukela ukunciphisa umzimba. Bese kuhlotshaniswa nesifo se-valve senhliziyo nesifo senhliziyo esingajwayelekile esibizwa ngePulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) (12).

Ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha

Udokotela wakho uzoqala enze ukuhlolwa okuyisisekelo: ukufunda umfutho wegazi, ukulalela ukushaya kwenhliziyo, ukuthatha ukushaya kwenhliziyo, ukuhlola ukuphefumula, ukuhlola isisu (13), njll.

I-Doppler ultrasound

Indlela yezithombe yezokwelapha ehlola ukugeleza nokunisela kwezimo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi ukuhlola ukuvinjelwa kwemithambo noma isimo sama-valve.

I-Coronographie

Inqubo yezobuciko yezokwelapha evumela ukubonwa ngemithambo yegazi.

I-Ultrasound yenhliziyo (noma i-echocardiography)

Inqubo yezobuciko yezokwelapha evumela ukubonwa kwezakhiwo zangaphakathi zenhliziyo (izimbotshana nama-valve).

EKG ekuphumuleni noma ngesikhathi sokuvivinya umzimba

Isivivinyo esiqopha umsebenzi kagesi wenhliziyo ukuze kutholwe ukungajwayelekile.

I-scintigraphy yenhliziyo

Ukucabanga ngokuhlola okuvumela ukubona ikhwalithi yokuchelela kwenhliziyo ngemithambo yegazi.

I-Angioscanner

Ukuhlolwa okukuvumela ukuthi uhlole imithambo yegazi ukuthola i-pulmonary embolism, ngokwesibonelo.

Ukuhlinzwa nge-Bypass

Ukuhlinzwa okwenziwa lapho imithambo yegazi ivinjiwe ukuze kubuyiselwe ukujikeleza kwegazi.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezokwelapha

Iphrofayela ye-Lipid:

• Ukuzimisela kwama-triglycerides: aphezulu kakhulu egazini, angaba nomthelela ekuvaleni kwemithambo.
• Ukuzimisela kwe-cholesterol: I-cholesterol ye-LDL, echazwa njenge-cholesterol "embi", ihlotshaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe yenhliziyo lapho itholakala ngobuningi obukhulu egazini.
• Ukunqunywa kwe-fibrinogen : ilusizo ekuqapheleni umphumela wokwelashwa okubizwa ngokuthi ” fibrinolytic“, Kuhloswe ukuncibilikisa ihlule legazi uma kwenzeka i-thrombosis.

Inhliziyo isitho esingokomfanekiso somzimba womuntu. Ngesikhathi se-Antiquity, kwabonwa njengesikhungo sezobunhloli. Ngemuva kwalokho, kuye kwabonakala emasikweni amaningi njengesihlalo semizwa nemizwa, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi inhliziyo iyasabela kumzwelo futhi iyibangele. KwakuseNkathini Ephakathi lapho isimo sokomfanekiso senhliziyo savela. Kuqondwa umhlaba wonke, kukhombisa uthando nothando.