Okuqukethwe
Umthelela wemvelo kubunikazi bobulili bezingane
Umbiko we-IGAS uphakamisa “isivumelwano sokufundisa izingane” ukuze kuliwe nemibono yabantu abacwasa ngobulili ezindaweni zokwamukela izivakashi. Izincomo ezizovuselela ngokungangabazeki inkulumo-mpikiswano eshisayo mayelana nemibono yobulili.
Izithombe ezivela kukhathalogi yezitolo zase-U zikaDisemba 2012
I-General Inspectorate of Social Affairs isanda kukhipha umbiko wayo othi "Ukulingana phakathi kwamantombazane nabafana ezinhlelweni zokunakekelwa kwezingane ezisencane" kucelwe nguNajat Vallaud Belkacem.. Lo mbiko uphawula okulandelayo: zonke izinqubomgomo ezikhuthaza ukulingana zibhekana nesithiyo esikhulu, umbuzo wezinhlelo zokumelwa ezinikeza amadoda nabesifazane ekuziphatheni kobulili. Isabelo esibonakala sithuthukiswa kusukela ebuntwaneni, ikakhulukazi ezindleleni zokwamukela. Ku-Brigitte Grésy no-Philippe Georges, abasebenzi basenkulisa nabanakekeli bezingane babonisa isifiso sokungathathi hlangothi ngokuphelele. Eqinisweni, lezi zingcweti nokho zivumelanisa ukuziphatha kwazo, ngisho ngokungazi, nobulili bengane.Amantombazane amancane ngeke agqugquzelwe, angakhuthazwa kangako emisebenzini ehlangene, angakhuthazwa ukuba abambe iqhaza emidlalweni yokwakha. Ezemidlalo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendikimba nakho kungakha imbiza encibilikayo yokufunda ngokobulili: “okubukekayo okuhle”, umdlalo ngamunye ngakolunye uhlangothi, “ukufuna impumelelo”, imidlalo yeqembu ngakolunye. Ama-rapporteurs aphinde avuse indawo yonke yamathoyizi “ehamba phambili kanambambili,” enamathoyizi alinganiselwe, ampofu amantombazane, avame ukuncishiswa abe yimisebenzi yasekhaya kanye nomama. Ezincwadini zezingane nakumaphephandaba, isilisa siphinde sinqobe owesifazane.Amaphesenti angama-78 ekhava yezincwadi afaka umlingiswa wesilisa futhi emisebenzini ehlanganisa izilwane i-asymmetry isungulwa ngesilinganiso esisodwa ukuya kweshumi.. Yingakho umbiko we-IGAS ukhuthaza ukusungulwa “kwesivumelwano sokufundisa izingane” ukuze kuqwashiswe abasebenzi nabazali.
NgoZibandlela wezi-2012, izitolo ze-U zasabalalisa ikhathalogu yamathoyizi “e-unisex,” eyokuqala yalolu hlobo eFrance.
Inkulumompikiswano ekhulayo
Imizamo yasekhaya isivele yavela. E-Saint-Ouen, inkulisa yase-Bourdarias isivele idonse ukunaka okukhulu. Abafana abancane badlala onodoli, amantombazane amancane enza imidlalo yokwakha. Izincwadi ezifundwayo zinabalingiswa abaningi besifazane nabesilisa. Abasebenzi baxubile. E-Suresnes, ngoJanuwari 2012, ama-ejenti ayishumi nesishiyagalombili avela emkhakheni wezingane (umtapo wezincwadi wabezindaba, izinkulisa, izikhungo zokungcebeleka) alandela ukuqeqeshwa komshayeli wokuqala okuhloswe ngawo ukuvimbela ubulili ngezincwadi zezingane. Bese, khumbula,ngokhisimusi wokugcina, izitolo zase-U zenze isiphithiphithi ngekhathalogi equkethe abafana abanezinsana namantombazane anemidlalo yokwakha.
Umbuzo wokulingana kanye nemibono yobulili iya ngokuya iphikiswana ngayo eFrance futhi ibona ukungqubuzana kosopolitiki, ososayensi, izazi zefilosofi kanye nama-psychoanalyst. Ukuhwebelana kumnandi futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi. Uma abafana abancane bethi “vroum vroum” ngaphambi kokubiza “umama”, uma amantombazane amancane ethanda ukudlala onodoli, ingabe kuhlobene nobulili bawo bemvelo, imvelo yawo, noma imfundo abayinikezwayo, ngakho-ke? emasikweni? Ngokwemibono yobulili eyavela e-United States ngawo-70s, futhi okusenhliziyweni yokucabanga kwamanje eFrance, umehluko we-anatomical wobulili akwanele ukuchaza indlela amantombazane nabafana, abesifazane nabesilisa, gcina ngokunamathela izethulo ezabelwe ubulili nobulili. Ubulili nobunikazi bezocansi kuyingxenye yokwakhiwa komphakathi kuneqiniso lebhayoloji. Cha, amadoda awaveli kuMars futhi abesifazane ababona abavela eVenus. IKule mibono, akuwona umbuzo wokuphika umehluko wokuqala webhayoloji kodwa wokuwuhlobanisa nokuqonda ukuthi lo mehluko obonakalayo ubeka izinga elingakanani ubudlelwano bomphakathi kanye nobudlelwano bokulingana.. Lapho le mibono yethulwa ezincwadini zesikole samabanga aphansi ze-SVT ngo-2011, kwaba nemibhikisho eminingi. Izikhalazo zisabalele zibuza ukuba semthethweni kwalolu cwaningo lwesayensi, olunemibono eminingi.
Umbono wezazi ze-neurobiologists
I-Anti-theory of gender izokhipha incwadi ka-Lise Eliot, isazi se-neurobiologist saseMelika, umbhali we "Pink brain, blue brain: ingabe ama-neurons ayaba nocansi?" “. Ngokwesibonelo, uyabhala: “Yebo, abafana namantombazane abafani. Banezinto abazithakaselayo ezihlukene, amazinga omsebenzi ahlukene, izinzwa ezihlukene, amandla ahlukene omzimba, izitayela ezahlukene zobudlelwane, amakhono ahlukene okugxilisa ingqondo namandla ahlukene obuhlakani! (…) Lo mehluko phakathi kobulili unemiphumela yangempela futhi ubeka izinselele ezinkulu kubazali. Siwasekela kanjani amadodana ethu kanye namadodakazi ethu, siwavikele futhi siqhubeke siwaphatha ngendlela efanele, kuyilapho izidingo zawo zihluke ngokusobala? Kodwa ungakwethembi. Okuthuthukiswa ngumcwaningi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuthi umehluko okhona ekuqaleni phakathi kobuchopho bentombazane encane kanye nobuchopho bomfana mncane. Futhi ukuthi umehluko phakathi kwabantu ngabanye mkhulu kakhulu kunalowo ophakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane.
Abameli bobunikazi bobulili obusungulwe ngokwesiko bangaphinde babhekisele kudokotela wezifo zengqondo waseFrance odumile, uCatherine Vidal. Kukholomu eyanyatheliswa ngo-September 2011 kwethi Liberation, wabhala: “Ubuchopho buhlala benza ama-neural circuits amasha asekelwe ekufundeni kanye nolwazi oluphilayo. (…) Ingane esanda kuzalwa ayibazi ubulili bayo. Ngokuqinisekile uzofunda kusenesikhathi ukuhlukanisa isilisa kowesifazane, kodwa kusukela eminyakeni engu-2 nengxenye kuphela lapho ezokwazi ukuhlonza omunye wezobulili ezimbili. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ekuzalweni ubelokhu eguquka endaweni yobulili: igumbi lokulala, amathoyizi, izingubo kanye nokuziphatha kwabantu abadala kuhlukile kuye ngobulili bengane encane.Ukusebenzelana nemvelo okuzoqondisa okuthandayo, amakhono kanye nokusiza ukwakha izici zobuntu ngokuya ngamamodeli abesilisa nabesifazane anikezwe umphakathi. ".
Wonke umuntu uyabandakanyeka
Akukho ukushoda kwezingxabano ezivela ezinhlangothini zombili. Amagama amakhulu kufilosofi nesayensi yabantu abambe iqhaza kule mpikiswano. U-Boris Cyrulnik, i-neuropsychiatrist, isazi se-ethologist, wagcina ehlele enkundleni ukuze alahle imibono yalolu hlobo, ebona kuphela umbono odlulisa "inzondo yohlobo". ” Kulula ukukhulisa intombazane kunomfana, waqinisekisa uPhoyinti ngo-September 2011. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekubonisaneni kwengqondo yezingane, kukhona abafana abancane kuphela, ukukhula kwabo kunzima kakhulu. Abanye ososayensi bachaza lokhu kushintsha ngebhayoloji. Inhlanganisela yama-chromosome angu-XX izozinza kakhudlwana, ngenxa yokuthi ukuguqulwa komunye u-X kungase kunxeshezelwe omunye u-X. Inhlanganisela ye-XY ingaba sebunzimeni bokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Engeza kulokhu indima enkulu ye-testosterone, i-hormone yesibindi nokunyakaza, hhayi ubudlova, njengoba kuvame ukukholelwa. ”USylviane Agacinski, isazi sefilosofi, naye wezwakalisa ukungabaza. "Noma ubani ongasho namuhla ukuthi yonke into yakhiwe futhi yokwenziwa usolwa ngokuthi" isazi semvelo ", sokunciphisa yonke into emvelweni kanye ne-biology, okungekho muntu othi! »(Umndeni WamaKristu, Juni 2012).
Ngo-Okthoba 2011, ngaphambi Kwethimba Lamalungelo Abantu Besishayamthetho Sikazwelonke, u-Françoise Héritier, isazi esikhulu se-anthropology, weza ukuzophikisana ngokuthi izindinganiso, ezivezwa ngokuqaphela noma kancane, zinethonya elikhulu kubunikazi bobulili babantu ngabanye. Unikeza izibonelo ezimbalwa ukusekela umboniso wakhe. Ukuhlolwa kwamakhono emoto, okokuqala, kwenziwa ezinganeni ezinezinyanga eziyisi-8 ngaphandle komama bese kuthi ekhona kamuva. Uma omama bengekho, izingane zenziwa ukuba zikhase ngendiza ethambekele. Amantombazane anobudedengu kakhulu futhi aqwala imiqansa. Omama babe sebebizwa futhi kumele bona ngokwabo balungise ukuthambekela kwebhodi ngokwamandla alinganiselwe ezingane. Imiphumela: balinganisela ngo-20 ° amandla amadodana abo futhi bawabuke kancane ngo-20 ° lawo amadodakazi abo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umbhali wamanoveli uNancy Houston ngo-July 2012 washicilela incwadi enesihloko esithi “Reflections in the eye man” lapho ecasulwa khona yizinkulumo ezikhuluma ngobulili “bezenhlalo,” uthi abesilisa abanazo izifiso ezifanayo futhi okufanayo. ukuziphatha kobulili njengabesifazane nokuthi uma abesifazane befuna ukujabulisa amadoda akubangelwa ukuhlukaniswa.Ithiyori yobulili, ngokusho kwakhe, izoba "ukulahla kwengelosi ubulwane bethu". Lokhu kunanela amazwi kaFrançoise Héritier phambi kwamalungu ephalamende: “Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, abantu yibona kuphela lapho abesilisa beshaya khona futhi babulale abesifazane bazo. Ukumoshwa okunjalo akukho “emvelweni” yezilwane. Udlame olubulalayo olubhekiswe kwabesifazane phakathi kwezinhlobo zabo kuwumkhiqizo wesiko labantu hhayi ubulwane babo ”.
Lokhu ngokuqinisekile akusisizi ukuba sinqume ngemvelaphi yokunambitheka okungenakulinganisela kwabafana abancane bezimoto, kodwa okusikhumbuza ukuthi, kule mpikiswano, izicupho zivame ukuphumelela ekuboneni ingxenye yamasiko kanye nemvelo.