Inkululeko Yokucabanga: Ungazikhetha Kanjani Izinkolelo Ukuze Uphumelele

Indlela Izinkolelo Ezisebenza Ngayo

Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uCarol Dweck eNyuvesi yaseStanford sifunda ukuthi izinkolelo zabantu zithinta kanjani ukuphila kwabo. Ezifundweni, ukhulume ngokuhlolwa okwenziwe ezikoleni. Iqembu lezingane latshelwa ukuthi ikhono lokufunda lingathuthukiswa. Ngakho, babeqiniseka ukuthi babekwazi ukunqoba ubunzima futhi bangafunda kangcono. Ngenxa yalokho, benze kangcono kuneqembu lokulawula.

Kokunye ukuhlola, uCarol Dweck uthole ukuthi izinkolelo zabafundi ziwathinta kanjani amandla abo okuzimisela. Esivivinyweni sokuqala, abafundi bahlolwa ukuze bathole izinkolelo zabo: umsebenzi onzima uyabaqeda amandla noma ubenze baqine futhi baqine. Abafundi babe sebedlula ochungechungeni lwezilingo. Labo ababekholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi onzima wawuthatha umzamo omkhulu benza okubi kakhulu emsebenzini wesibili nowesithathu. Labo ababekholelwa ukuthi amandla abo ayengasongelwa umsebenzi owodwa onzima ababhekana nawo owesibili nowesithathu ngendlela efanayo naleyo yokuqala.

Esivivinyweni sesibili, abafundi babuzwa imibuzo ehamba phambili. Okokuqala: "Ukwenza umsebenzi onzima kukwenza uzizwe ukhathele futhi uthathe ikhefu elifushane ukuze ululame?" Okwesibili: "Ngezinye izikhathi ukwenza umsebenzi onzima kukunika amandla, futhi uthatha kalula imisebenzi emisha enzima?" Imiphumela yayifana. Wona kanye amazwi ombuzo athonya izinkolelo zabafundi, ezazibonakala ekwenzeni imisebenzi.

Abacwaningi banquma ukutadisha impumelelo yangempela yabafundi. Labo ababeqiniseka ukuthi umsebenzi onzima wawubakhandla futhi unciphise ukuzithiba kwabo babengaphumeleli kangako ekufinyeleleni imigomo yabo futhi bazindela. Izinkolelo ezinqumile ukuziphatha. Ukuhlobana kwakunamandla kangangokuthi kwakungabizwa ngokuqondana. Kusho ukuthini? Esikholelwa kukho kuyasisiza ukuthi siqhubekele phambili, siphumelele futhi sifinyelele imigomo, noma siphakele ukuzithanda.

Amasistimu amabili

Amasistimu amabili ahilelekile ekuthathweni kwezinqumo: ukwazi nokuquleka, okulawulwayo nokuzenzakalelayo, okuhlaziyayo nokuqondakalayo. Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zibanikeze amagama ahlukahlukene. Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, isitemu sikaDaniel Kahneman, owathola uMklomelo KaNobel ngezimpumelelo kwezomnotho, siye sathandwa. Uyisazi sokusebenza kwengqondo futhi usebenzise izindlela zengqondo ukutadisha ukuziphatha komuntu. Ubuye wabhala incwadi ekhuluma ngethiyori yakhe, Cabanga Kancane, Nquma Ngokushesha.

Ubala izinhlelo ezimbili zokuthatha izinqumo. Isistimu 1 isebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ngokushesha okukhulu. Kudinga umzamo omncane noma cha. Isistimu yesi-2 inesibopho somzamo wengqondo oqaphelayo. I-System 2 ingabonakala nge-rational «I», futhi i-System 1 ilawula izinqubo ezingadingi ukugxila kwethu nokwazi kwethu, futhi i-"mina" yethu engazi lutho.

Kithina kubonakala sengathi iSistimu 2, thina esizaziyo, yenza izinqumo eziningi, empeleni, lolu hlelo luvilapha impela, kubhala uKahneman. Ixhunywe ekuthathweni kwezinqumo kuphela uma iSistimu 1 yehluleka futhi ikhalisa i-alamu. Kwezinye izimo, iSistimu 1 incike emibonweni etholwe kokuhlangenwe nakho noma kwabanye abantu ngomhlaba namayelana naye.

Izinkolelo azigcini nje ngokusindisa isikhathi ekwenzeni izinqumo, kodwa futhi zisivikela ekuphoxekeni, emaphutheni, ekucindezelekeni nasekufeni. Ngekhono lethu lokufunda nenkumbulo yethu, sigwema izimo esizithola ziyingozi futhi sifune lezo ezake zasenzela okuhle. Ngemuva kwamagama athi "angikwazi ukufeza izinhloso eziphusile" kukhona isipiliyoni esithile esibi noma ukuhlolwa okucatshangwa omunye umuntu. Umuntu uyawadinga lawa magama ukuze angaphinde adumale uma kukhona okungahambi kahle ohlelweni lokuya emgomeni.

Indlela Okuhlangenwe Ngayo Okunquma Ngayo Ukukhetha

Isipiliyoni sibalulekile ekwenzeni isinqumo. Isibonelo salokhu umphumela wokufaka noma umgoqo wesipiliyoni esidlule. Umphumela wokufaka waboniswa isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo saseMelika u-Abraham Luchins, owanikeza izihloko umsebenzi ngemikhumbi yamanzi. Sebeyixazululile inkinga emzuliswaneni wokuqala, basebenzise indlela yokuxazulula efanayo emzuliswaneni wesibili, nakuba emzuliswaneni wesibili bekukhona indlela elula yokuxazulula inkinga.

Abantu bathambekele ekuxazululeni zonke izinkinga ezintsha ngendlela esekufakazelwe ukuthi iyasebenza, noma ngabe kunendlela elula nelula yokuyixazulula. Lo mphumela uchaza ukuthi kungani singazami ukuthola isixazululo uma sesifundile ukuthi asikho esisodwa.

Iqiniso elihlanekezelwe

Ukuhlanekezela kwengqondo okungaphezu kuka-170 kwaziwa ngokudala izinqumo ezingenangqondo. Ziye zaboniswa ekuhloleni okuhlukahlukene kwesayensi. Kodwa-ke, akukabikho ukuvumelana mayelana nokuthi lokhu kuhlanekezelwa kuvela kanjani nokuthi kungahlukaniswa kanjani. Amaphutha okucabanga nawo akha imibono ngawe kanye nomhlaba.

Cabanga ngomuntu oqinisekayo ukuthi ukulingisa akuyenzi imali. Uhlangana nabangane futhi ezwa izindaba ezimbili ezihlukene kubo. Kokunye, abangani bamtshela ngempumelelo yomfundi afunda naye osephenduke umlingisi okhokhelwa kakhulu. Okunye kumayelana nokuthi lowo owayesebenza naye wayeka kanjani umsebenzi futhi waphikisana nesinqumo sakhe sokuzama ukulingisa. Uzokholelwa indaba kabani? Kungenzeka owesibili. Ngakho-ke, okunye ukuhlanekezela kwengqondo kuzosebenza - ukuthambekela kokuqinisekisa umbono womuntu. Noma ukuthambekela kokufuna ulwazi oluhambisana nombono owaziwayo, inkolelo, noma inkolelo-mbono.

Manje ake ucabange ukuthi wethulwa kulowo afunda naye ekilasini ophumelelayo owenza umsebenzi wokulingisa. Ingabe uzoshintsha umqondo wakhe noma abonise umphumela wokuphikelela?

Izinkolelo zakhiwa ngokuhlangenwe nakho nolwazi olutholwa ngaphandle, kungenxa yokuhlanekezelwa okuningi kokucabanga. Ngokuvamile azihlangani neqiniso. Futhi esikhundleni sokwenza ukuphila kwethu kube lula futhi kusivikele ekukhungathekeni nasezinhlungwini, zisenza singasebenzi kahle.

I-neuroscience yenkolelo

Lapho umuntu ephinda kaningi isenzo esithile, kuqina kakhulu ukuxhumana kwemizwa phakathi kwamaseli obuchopho acushwe ngokuhlanganyela ukwenza lesi senzo. Uma uxhumo lwe-neural ngokuvamile lwenziwa lusebenze, ayanda amathuba okuba la ma-neurons asebenze esikhathini esizayo. Futhi lokho kusho amathuba aphezulu okwenza okufanayo njengokujwayelekile.

Isitatimende esiphambene naso siyiqiniso: “Phakathi kwama-neuron angavumelaniswanga, ukuxhumana kwemizwa akwenziwa. Uma ungakaze uzame ukuzibheka noma ukubheka isimo ngakolunye uhlangothi, cishe kuyoba nzima kuwe ukwenza lokhu.

Kungani izinguquko zingenzeka?

Ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-neurons kungashintsha. Ukusetshenziswa koxhumano lwe-neural olumele ikhono elithile nendlela yokucabanga kuholela ekuqinisweni kwabo. Uma isenzo noma inkolelo ingaphindaphindiwe, ukuxhumana kwe-neural kuba buthaka. Yile ndlela ikhono elitholakala ngayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikhono lokwenza noma ikhono lokucabanga ngendlela ethile. Khumbula ukuthi ufunde kanjani into entsha, waphinda isifundo esifundiwe kaningi uze uthole impumelelo ekufundeni. Izinguquko zingenzeka. Izinkolelo ziyashintsha.

Yini esiyikhumbulayo ngathi?

Enye indlela ehilelekile ekuguquleni izinkolelo ibizwa ngokuthi ukuhlanganisa kabusha inkumbulo. Zonke izinkolelo zixhumene nomsebenzi wenkumbulo. Sizuza ulwazi, ukuzwa amazwi noma ukubona izenzo eziphathelene nathi, sifinyelela iziphetho futhi sizikhumbule.

Inqubo yokubamba ngekhanda idlula ezigabeni ezintathu: ukufunda — ukugcina — ukukhiqiza kabusha. Ngesikhathi sokudlala, siqala uchungechunge lwenkumbulo lwesibili. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho sikhumbula esikukhumbulayo, siba nethuba lokucabanga kabusha ngesipiliyoni kanye nemibono ebesiyicabanga ngaphambili. Bese inguqulo yezinkolelo esezibuyekeziwe izogcinwa enkumbulweni. Uma ushintsho lungenzeka, uzishintsha kanjani izinkolelo ezimbi ufake ezizokusiza uphumelele?

Ukuphulukisa ngolwazi

UCarol Dweck utshele izingane zesikole ukuthi bonke abantu bayafundiseka futhi wonke umuntu angathuthukisa amakhono akhe. Ngale ndlela, wasiza izingane ukuba zithole uhlobo olusha lokucabanga—ingqondo yokukhula.

Kokunye ukuhlola, izihloko zithole izixazululo ezengeziwe lapho umsizi ezixwayisa ngokuthi zingakhohliswa. Ukwazi ukuthi ukhetha eyakho indlela yokucabanga kukusiza ukuthi uguqule indlela ocabanga ngayo.

Ukucabanga Kabusha Izimo zengqondo

Umthetho we-neuropsychologist u-Donald Hebb, owafunda ngokubaluleka kwama-neuron enqubweni yokufunda, ukuthi esikunakayo kuyakhula. Ukuze uguqule inkolelo, udinga ukufunda ukuthi ungashintsha kanjani iphuzu lokubuka ngolwazi oluzuziwe.

Uma ucabanga ukuthi uhlale unebhadi, khumbula izimo lapho lokhu kungaqinisekisiwe. Zichaze, zibale, zihlukanise. Ungabizwa ngempela ngomuntu onebhadi?

Khumbula izimo lapho ube neshwa khona. Ucabanga ukuthi kungaba kubi kakhulu? Yini engenzeka esimeni esingesihle neze? Usazibona unebhadi manje?

Noma yisiphi isimo, isenzo noma ulwazi lungabhekwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Kucishe kufane nokubuka izintaba usuka phezulu kwendiza, usuka esiqongweni sentaba noma ezinyaweni zayo. Njalo isithombe sizohluka.

Ubani okholelwa kuwe?

Lapho ngineminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, ngachitha amashifu amabili elandelana ekamu lamaphayona. Ngaqeda ishifu yokuqala ngencazelo engathandeki yabaholi abangamavulandlela. Ishifu yaphela, abeluleki bashintsha, kodwa ngahlala. Umholi weshifu yesibili ngokungalindelekile wabona ikhono kimi futhi wangiqoka njengomphathi weqembu, lowo onesibopho sokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe eqenjini futhi njalo ekuseni abike kulayini mayelana nokuthi usuku luhambe kanjani. Ngayijwayela le ndima futhi ngathatha idiploma yokuziphatha okuhle kakhulu kwishifu yesibili.

Le ndaba ibiyisingeniso sami somphumela we-Pygmalion noma we-Rosenthal, into engokwengqondo engachazwa kafushane ngale ndlela elandelayo: abantu bavame ukuphila ngokuvumelana nalokho okulindelekile.

Ucwaningo lwesayensi lucwaninga umphumela we-Pygmalion ezindizeni ezahlukene: imfundo (indlela umbono kathisha othinta ngayo amakhono abafundi), abaphathi (ukuthi ukwethenjwa nokukhuthazwa kwamathalente ngomholi kuthinta kanjani ukudalulwa kwabo), ezemidlalo (indlela umqeqeshi afaka ngayo isandla ukubonakaliswa kwamandla abasubathi) nabanye.

Kuzo zonke izimo, ubudlelwano obuhle buqinisekiswa ngokuhlolwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma othile esikholelwa, singakwazi ukwenza okwengeziwe.

Imibono ngawe nangomhlaba ingakusiza ukuthi ubhekane nemisebenzi enzima, ukhiqize futhi uphumelele, futhi ufinyelele imigomo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, funda ukukhetha izinkolelo ezifanele noma uziguqule. Okokuqala, okungenani kholelwa kukho.