Umthetho Wesifunda WeRussian Federation mayelana nokudoba kanye nokongiwa kwemithombo yebhayoloji yasemanzini

Ukudoba akuyona nje into yokuzijabulisa ejabulisayo, kodwa futhi kuwumthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu emvelweni. Ukulondolozwa kwenani labantu bezinhlobo ezahlukene zemithombo yebhayoloji yasemanzini kubaluleke kakhulu kunokwaneliseka okudlula ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho uhlinzekela isibopho somonakalo.

Okuvunyelwe nokungavunyelwe kushiwo ngokucacile ezenzweni zomthetho ezifanele, okuzoxoxwa ngakho kamuva. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi uqale uzijwayeze nezinhlinzeko eziyinhloko, imithetho yokudoba ngo-2021 ngaphambi kokuya inyamazane. Phela ukungazi umthetho akuzona izaba.

Imithetho Yezokudoba Nokugcinwa Kwezinsiza Zebhayoloji Yase-Aquatic ngo-2021

Imithetho eqondile ibhalelwe indawo ethile yokudoba futhi yakhelwe ukulawula inqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwemithombo yamanzi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ezifundweni ezahlukene, izindawo zamanzi, isimo esihlotshaniswa nezinhlobo zezilwane zasemanzini sihluka kakhulu. Endaweni ethile kunenqwaba yabantu abathile, futhi kwezinye izindawo zasemanzini bayizilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala. Kodwa yonke imithetho isekelwe emthethweni oyinhloko N 166 - Umthetho Wombuso "Ngokudoba kanye nokongiwa kwemithombo yemvelo yasemanzini."

Izinhlinzeko ezijwayelekile zomthetho we-federal N 166 - FZ

Umthetho we-federal wamukelwa ngoNovemba 26, 2004 yi-State Duma, futhi ukugunyazwa kwenzeka yi-Federation Council ngoDisemba 8. Waqala ukusebenza ngo-20 Disemba futhi unikeza incazelo ecacile. Isibonelo, imithombo yezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ihlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, izilwane ezincelisayo zasemanzini, kanye nezinye izakhamuzi zasezindaweni zamanzi ngisho nezitshalo ezisesimweni senkululeko yemvelo. Ngamafuphi, ama-bioresources yizinto eziphilayo ezihlala endaweni yokugcina amanzi.

Ngokuvamile abadobi abawazi imiqondo eyisisekelo. Isibonelo, izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ze-anadromous ziyimithombo yezinto eziphilayo ezalelayo (izalela) emanzini ahlanzekile bese zifudukela emanzini olwandle.

Kunezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezenza okuphambene ncamashi, okungukuthi zizalela olwandle, futhi isikhathi esiningi sazo zisichitha emanzini ahlanzekile. Zihlangene zaziwa njengezinhlobo ze-catadromous.

Umthetho uchaza ngokucacile ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukukhishwa kwemithombo yebhayoloji yasemanzini. Kuchazwa njengokususwa kwezilwane zasemanzini endaweni yazo. Ngamagama alula, uma inhlanzi ilele esikebheni sakho noma ogwini, lokhu sekuvele kubhekwe njengesisulu (ukubamba).

Isigaba sesi-9 se-athikili 1 sinikeza umqondo wokudoba, kodwa okuningi mayelana nemisebenzi yokudoba emikhulu ngokwamukelwa, ukucubungula, ukulayishwa kabusha, ukuthutha, njll.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinhlinzekweni ezijwayelekile zomthetho, ukudotshwa kwezimboni kanye nogu lolwandle kuyanqunywa, okungahlangene nhlobo nomdobi ojwayelekile. Okubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi inani eliphelele lokubanjwa elivumelekile (iphuzu le-12). Leli inani elithile (isisindo, inani), elinqunywa indlela yesayensi kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo, imiphi imikhawulo ebekiwe

Izimiso eziyinhloko yilezi:

• ukubalwa kwemithombo yebhayoloji yasemanzini ngenhloso yokongiwa;
• ukubaluleka kokulondolozwa kwemithombo yebhayoloji yasemanzini;
• ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobo ezibalulekile nezisengozini yokushabalala;
• ukusungulwa kohlelo lomthetho;
• ukubandakanyeka kwezakhamizi, izinhlangano zomphakathi, izinhlangano ezisemthethweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwezilwane zasemanzini;
• kucatshangelwa izithakazelo zezakhamizi okuwumthombo wazo omkhulu wemali ukudoba;
• ukunqunywa kwezinga lokukhiqiza (ukudoba);
• ukuqoqwa kwezimali zokuqaliswa kwemisebenzi emanzini, lapho kunikezwa khona.

Ngokuqondene nemikhawulo, uMthetho N 166 ubhekisela kwezinye izenzo zomthetho. Kubadobi abajwayelekile, uMthetho N 475 FZ “Ekudobeni kwe-Amateur” ubalulekile. Ukudoba ukuzijabulisa kubhekisela ekukhishweni (ukubanjwa) kwemithombo yemvelo yasemanzini yizakhamuzi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zazo.

Lo Mthetho Wombuso ukhawulela izinga lokukhiqiza lansuku zonke ngokujwayelekile. Izibalo eziqondile zinqunyiwe ezenzweni zomthetho ezilawulayo zezifunda. Izindawo zamanzi zihlukaniswe zaba izinto zamanzi ezibalulekile ekudobeni. Ipulazi ngalinye linemithetho nemikhawulo yalo.

Umthetho "wokudoba" wenqabela ukudoba kokungcebeleka kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo zamanzi:

• okungezakhamuzi noma izinhlangano ezisemthethweni;
• okuphethwe uMnyango Wezokuvikela (kulokhu, kungase kube nomkhawulo);
• ngezilwane zasemanzini kanye nezinye izinsiza ngokuhambisana nomthetho we-Russian Federation.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhawulo yethulwa ngezikhathi ezithile:

• ngokusebenzisa amanethiwekhi;
• ukusebenzisa iziqhumane, kanye nogesi;
• ukudoba ngaphansi kwamanzi;
• izindawo zokungcebeleka zomphakathi;
• ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zikagesi ukuthola imithombo yemvelo.

Izitsha zokudoba kanye nezindawo zamanzi ezibalulekile kwezokudoba

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izindawo zamanzi zihlukaniswe zibe izitsha ezihambisanayo kuye ngesihloko kanye nezinye izici. Sekukonke, kunamapulazi anjalo ayisishiyagalombili endaweni yeRussian Federation:

1. Azov - Black Sea.
2. I-Baikal.
3. I-Volga-Caspian.
4. I-East Siberian.
5. EMpumalanga Ekude.
6. I-West Siberian.
7. Ntshonalanga.
8. Enyakatho.

Ahlanganisa amadamu olwandle, imifula, amachibi namanye amadamu. Uhlu lucaciswe emthethweni ongu-N 166 “Ekudobeni nasekugcinweni kwemithombo yemvelo yasemanzini” ku-athikili 17. Imininingwane enemininingwane eyengeziwe inikezwe kusithasiselo salo mthetho.

Indawo edume kakhulu yokudoba i-Astrakhan basin. Kunenqwaba yezikhungo zokungcebeleka ezinethuba lokuthi abadobi banelise izidingo zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sezulu sivumela isikhathi sokuzilibazisa esimnandi.

Izinhlobo zokudoba izakhamuzi nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho ezingazenza

Uhlu lwezinhlobo zezilwane luphinde lubhalwe ku-Federal Laws engu-166 futhi luhlanganisa izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa. Ngakho, izakhamuzi nezinhlangano ezisemthethweni zivunyelwe ukwenza lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zokudoba:

• izimboni;
• ugu;
• ngezinjongo zesayensi nokulawula;
• ezemfundo namasiko - ezemfundo;
• ngenhloso yokufuya izinhlanzi;
• umfundamakhwela;
• ukuze kugcinwe umnotho ovamile wabantu baseNyakatho Ekude, eSiberia naseMpumalanga.

Ukuze umuntu ahlanganyele emisebenzini yezamabhizinisi, kufanele abhaliswe njengenhlangano esemthethweni noma usomabhizinisi ngamunye. Akuvunyelwe ukuthi izakhamizi zakwamanye amazwe zihlanganyele emisebenzini yezamabhizinisi emkhakheni wokudoba endaweni yeRussian Federation.

Imithetho nokuvinjelwa kokudoba kokungcebeleka

Muva nje, kwenziwa izichibiyelo emithethweni yokudoba 2021. Manje ukudoba amateur kwezakhamuzi zaseRussian Federation kungenziwa cishe yonke indawo. Izindawo zokulondoloza, izinkulisa, amachibi namanye amapulazi asalokhu engaphansi kokuvinjelwa.

Ukudoba ukuzijabulisa kungenziwa ezindaweni zokudoba zamasiko, kodwa kuphela ngemvume. Ukulawula ukulandelwa kwemithetho yokudoba kuthweswe iziphathimandla zokuvikela izindawo zokudoba. Yibo abanikeza imvume.

Ngokomthetho wezokudoba, izakhamuzi kumele zibe nomazisi kuzo. Ukungabi khona kwakhe kuzothathwa njengokwephulwa kwemithetho. Futhi, imithetho yokudoba ukuzilibazisa 2021 inquma ukugcinwa kokuhleleka ezindaweni zamanzi, kuhlanganise nasogwini.

Ngokwemithetho yokudoba ngo-2021, akuvunyelwe:

1. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zegiya nezindlela zokukhipha, ngaphandle kwemvume efanele.
2. Yiba eduze nezindawo zamanzi nezinto zokudoba ezingavunyelwe.
3. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinduku ezimbili noma ngaphezulu kumuntu ngamunye, kanye namahhuku amabili noma ngaphezulu ngesikhathi sokuzala.

Iphuzu lokugcina lingahluka kuye ngesihloko. Abanye bavumela ihhuku elilodwa, kanti abanye bavumela amabili. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, sicela ubheke imithetho yokudoba yasendaweni.

 Kubathandi be-spearfishing, kunemikhawulo ethile. Okokuqala, ukuba khona kwegiya le-scuba. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuzingela ngokusebenzisa i-harpoon kanye nesibhamu sohlobo lwe-harpoon kuvunyelwe.

Ukusetshenziswa kwesikebhe esintantayo esingabhalisiwe futhi esingenayo inombolo eseceleni nakho kuthathwa njengokuphulwa kwemithetho yokudoba. Isebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokudoba.

Izikhathi ezivinjelwe kakhulu zonyaka yintwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho ukuzala sekugcwele khona. Imikhawulo ibucayi kakhulu.

Isibopho sokwenza amacala emkhakheni wokudoba

Umthetho Wezokudoba nawo usungula isikweletu. Ukwephulwa komthetho emkhakheni wokudoba kuhlanganisa ukukhokhiswa kwenhlawulo yokuphatha esuka kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezimbili kuya kweziyi-2 kubantu ngabanye ngokuvumelana neSigaba 5 seKhodi Yamacala Okuphatha aseRussia. Ezikhulwini ezisuka ku-8.37 kuya ku-20 ​​ezinkulungwane, kanye nezinhlangano ezisemthethweni ezivela kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyi-30 kuya kwezingu-100. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibhamu kanye nemikhumbi yamanzi kungaphansi kokuthathwa.

Iphinde ihlinzekele inhlawulo yokuphatha ngokungabi nayo imvume yokudoba. Ifaneleka ngaphansi kwe-Article 7.11 ye-Code of Administrative Offences ye-Russian Federation futhi ihlinzekela inhlawulo yama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezi-3-5 ezakhamuzi. Ukuze izikhulu 5-10 izinkulungwane kanye nezinhlangano zomthetho 50-100 ayizinkulungwane.

Izakhamizi zingahlawuliswa ngokunganaso isitifiketi esifanele uma zishayela isikebhe esincane. Lesi sijeziso sichazwe ku-Article 11.8.1 ye-Code of Administrative Offences futhi sihlinzekela inhlawulo ye-10 kuya ku-15 ayizinkulungwane. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, kufanele ube nethikithi lomkhumbi noma ikhophi eqinisekisiwe nawe.

Isibopho sokuphatha akusona ukuphela kwesijeziso. Kumacala abucayi kakhulu, icala lobugebengu liyahlinzekwa. Isibonelo, ukukhishwa kwezakhamuzi zasemanzini ngesikhathi sokuzala ngamathuluzi avinjelwe (izindlela) nezindlela zifanelekile yi-Article 256 ye-Criminal Code ye-Russian Federation.

Ukudoba okungekho emthethweni noma ukucekelwa phansi kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezingavamile, okungukuthi ezisohlwini lwe-Red Book. Kulokhu, Art. 258.1 we-Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, ohlinzekela ukuqulwa kwecala noma umsebenzi oyimpoqo kuze kufike emahoreni angama-480, noma ukugqunywa ejele iminyaka emi-4 nenhlawulo efinyelela ku-1 million ruble. Ukuvala indawo yokugcina amanzi kujeziswa ngenhlawulo yokuphatha yama-ruble angama-500 - 1000 ngokuhambisana ne-Article 8.13 yeKhodi Yamacala Okuphatha.

Isiphetho

Kubalulekile ukwazi hhayi kuphela ukuthi udoba kanjani nokuthi hlobo luni lwe-bait, kodwa futhi nomthetho wokudoba 2021, kanye nokulandelela izikweletu ezintsha. Izinguquko zivela kaningi. Uma kungenjalo, ungabhekana nezinkinga, futhi kwezinye izimo ezimbi kakhulu. Ukuze ungaphuli umthetho, udinga ukwazi!