Ngo-1797, uDkt. Hufeland (owaziwa ngokuthi "enye yezingqondo ezinengqondo kakhulu eJalimane"), owayefunde isihloko seminyaka eyishumi yokuphila, wethula umsebenzi wakhe othi The Art of Life Extension to the world. Phakathi kwezici eziningi ezihlobene nokuphila isikhathi eside, wakhetha: ukudla okulinganiselayo okucebile imifino futhi akufaki inyama namakhekhe amnandi; indlela yokuphila esebenzayo; ukunakekelwa okuhle kwamazinyo ukugeza kwamasonto onke emanzini afudumele ngensipho; Iphupho elihle; umoya omusha; kanye nesici sofuzo. Ekupheleni kwendaba yakhe, eyahunyushelwa kumagazini wezincwadi i-American Review, udokotela wasikisela ukuthi “isikhathi sokuphila komuntu singaphindwa kabili uma siqhathaniswa namanani amanje.”
UHufeland ulinganisela ukuthi ingxenye yazo zonke izingane ezazalwa zafa ngaphambi kweminyaka yazo eyishumi, izinga lokufa eliphakeme ngokushaqisayo. Kodwa-ke, uma ingane ikwazi ukubhekana nesifo se-smallpox, isimungumungwane, i-rubella nezinye izifo zasebuntwaneni, yayinethuba elihle lokuphila kuze kube yiminyaka engamashumi amathathu. U-Hufeland wayekholelwa ukuthi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle, ukuphila kunganwebeka iminyaka engamakhulu amabili.
Ingabe lezi zimangalo kufanele zibhekwe njengento engaphezu nje komcabango oyisimangaliso kadokotela wekhulu le-18? UJames Waupel ucabanga kanjalo. Uthi: “Iminyaka yokuphila ikhula ngeminyaka emibili nengxenye njalo eshumini leminyaka. “Leyo iminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka.” Vaupel – Umqondisi Welabhorethri Yokusinda Nokuphila Isikhathi Eside Se-Institute of Demographic Research. UMax Planck eRostock, eJalimane, futhi ufunda izimiso zokuphila isikhathi eside nokuphila kwabantu nezilwane. Ngokusho kwakhe, eminyakeni eyi-100 edlule, isithombe seminyaka yokuphila sishintshe kakhulu. Ngaphambi kuka-1950, isikhathi esiningi sokuphila safinyelelwa ngokulwa nokushona okuphezulu kwezinsana. Kusukela lapho, nokho, amazinga okufa ehlile kubantu abaneminyaka engama-60 kanye nama-80s.
Ngamanye amazwi, akukhona nje ukuthi abantu abaningi abengeziwe manje babhekene nezinsana. Abantu ngokuvamile baphila isikhathi eside—isikhathi eside kakhulu.
Iminyaka yobudala incike enhlanganisweni yezici
Emhlabeni wonke, inani labantu abaneminyaka eyikhulu - abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka eyi-100 ubudala - kulindeleke ukuthi likhule ngokuphindwe ka-10 phakathi kuka-2010 no-2050. Njengoba uHufeland asho, ukuthi uyafinyelela yini kuleli qophelo kuncike ekutheni abazali bakho baphila isikhathi esingakanani; okungukuthi, ingxenye yofuzo nayo ithinta ubude bokuphila. Kodwa ukwanda kwabantu abaneminyaka eyikhulu akukwazi ukuchazwa ngezakhi zofuzo kuphela, okusobala ukuthi akukashintshi kakhulu eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Kunalokho, ukuthuthuka okuningana kwekhwalithi yethu yokuphila okwandisa ngokuhlanganyela amathuba ethu okuphila isikhathi eside nempilo engcono—ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okungcono, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha okungcono, izinyathelo zempilo yomphakathi njengamanzi ahlanzekile nomoya, imfundo engcono, namazinga okuphila angcono. "Lokhu kungenxa yokufinyelela okukhulu kwesibalo sabantu emithini nasezimalini," kusho uVaupel.
Nokho, izinzuzo ezitholakala ngokunakekelwa okungcono kwezempilo nezimo zokuphila azikabanelisi abantu abaningi, futhi isifiso sokwandisa iminyaka yokuphila komuntu asicabangi ukushabalala.
Enye indlela ethandwayo ukukhawulelwa kwekhalori. Emuva ngawo-1930, abacwaningi babona izilwane ezaziphakelwa amazinga ahlukene wama-kilojoule futhi baqaphela ukuthi lokhu kuthinta ukuphila kwazo. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo olwalandela luye lwabonisa ukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-caloric yokudla akuhlotshaniswa nokuphila isikhathi eside, futhi abacwaningi bayaqaphela ukuthi konke kuncike ekusebenzisaneni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezakhi zofuzo, umsoco, kanye nezici zemvelo.
Elinye ithemba elikhulu yikhemikhali i-resveratrol, ekhiqizwa izitshalo, ikakhulukazi esikhumbeni samagilebhisi. Nokho, umuntu akanakusho neze ukuthi izivini zigcwele umthombo wobusha. Leli khemikhali liye laqashelwa ukunikeza izinzuzo zezempilo ezifana nalezo ezibonwa ezilwaneni ezinomkhawulo wekhalori, kodwa kuze kube manje alukho ucwaningo oluye lwabonisa ukuthi ukwesekwa kwe-resveratrol kungandisa isikhathi sokuphila komuntu.
Ukuphila ngaphandle kwemingcele?
Kodwa kungani siguga nhlobo? UVaupel uyachaza: “Nsuku zonke sihlushwa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomonakalo futhi asilipholi ngokugcwele, futhi lokhu kunqwabelana komonakalo kuyimbangela yezifo ezihlobene nokuguga.” Kodwa lokhu akulona iqiniso kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Isibonelo, ama-hydras - iqembu lezidalwa ezilula ezifana ne-jellyfish - ziyakwazi ukulungisa cishe wonke umonakalo emzimbeni wazo futhi zibulale kalula amangqamuzana alimele kakhulu ukuthi angaphulukiswa. Kubantu, la maseli alimele angabangela umdlavuza.
"AmaHydra agxile kwizinsiza ikakhulukazi ekubuyiseleni, hhayi ukukhiqiza kabusha," kusho uVaupel. "Ngokuphambene nalokho, abantu baqondisa izinsiza ikakhulukazi ekuzaleni - leli isu elihlukile lokusinda ezingeni lezinhlobo zezilwane." Abantu bangase bafe besebancane, kodwa amazinga ethu okuzalwa amangalisayo asivumela ukuthi sinqobe la mazinga aphezulu okufa. "Manje njengoba ukufa kwezingane sekuphansi kakhulu, asikho isidingo sokunikela ngezinsiza eziningi kangaka ekuzaleni," kusho uVaupel. "Iqhinga liwukuthuthukisa inqubo yokululama, hhayi ukuhambisa lawo mandla abe ngobuningi." Uma singathola indlela yokumisa ukwanda okuqhubekayo komonakalo kumaseli ethu - ukuqala inqubo yalokho okuthiwa ukuguga okunganakwa, noma okungabalulekile - khona-ke mhlawumbe ngeke sibe nomkhawulo weminyaka ephezulu.
“Kungaba kuhle ukungena emhlabeni lapho ukufa kuwukuzikhethela. Njengamanje, empeleni, sonke sisohlwini lokufa, nakuba iningi lethu lingenzanga lutho olusifanele,” kusho uGennady Stolyarov, isazi sefilosofi esikholelwa ukuthi ukuphila komuntu nomlobi wencwadi eyimpikiswano yezingane ethi, Death Is Wrong, ekhuthaza izingqondo ezisencane ukuba ziwulahle lo mbono. . ukuthi ukufa akunakugwenywa. UStolyarov uqiniseka ngokuphelele ukuthi ukufa kuyinselele nje yezobuchwepheshe esintwini, futhi konke okudingekayo ukuze uwine uxhaso olwanele kanye nezinsiza zabantu.
Amandla okushayela okushintsha
I-telomeres ingenye yezindawo zokungenelela kwezobuchwepheshe. Lezi ziphetho zama-chromosome zifinyeza isikhathi ngasinye lapho amangqamuzana ehlukana, okubeka umkhawulo oqinile wokuthi zingakhi izikhathi amangqamuzana angaziphindaphinda ngazo.
Ezinye izilwane azikutholi lokhu kufinyezwa kwama-telomere - ama-hydras angomunye wawo. Nokho, kunezizathu ezinhle zale mingcele. Ukuguqulwa okungahleliwe kungavumela amaseli ukuba ahlukane ngaphandle kokunciphisa ama-telomere awo, okuholela emigqeni yeseli "engafi". Uma engasalawuleki, la mangqamuzana angafi angakhula abe izimila ezinomdlavuza.
"Kufa abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu emhlabeni nsuku zonke, kanti izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabo zifa ngenxa yezimbangela ezihlobene nokuguga," kusho uStolyarov. “Ngakho-ke, uma singathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obudala inqubo yokuguga, singasindisa ukuphila kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu ngosuku.” Umbhali ucaphuna isazi sesayensi ye-gerontology u-Aubrey de Grey, usaziwayo phakathi kwabafuna ukwelulwa kwempilo, esho ukuthi kunamathuba angama-50% okufinyelela ukuguga okungenandaba phakathi neminyaka engama-25 ezayo. “Kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kuzokwenzeka sisaphila futhi nangaphambi kokuba sibhekane nemiphumela emibi kakhulu yokuguga,” kusho uStolyarov.
UStolyarov uthemba ukuthi ilangabi lizovutha kusuka enhlansi yethemba. “Okudingekayo njengamanje wukuphokophela okubalulekile ukuze kusheshiswe isivinini soshintsho kwezobuchwepheshe,” usho kanje. "Manje sesinethuba lokulwa, kodwa ukuze siphumelele, kufanele sibe amandla oshintsho."
Okwamanje, ngenkathi abacwaningi belwa nokuguga, abantu kufanele bakhumbule ukuthi kunezindlela eziqinisekile zokugwema izimbangela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokufa emazweni aseNtshonalanga (isifo senhliziyo nomdlavuza) - ukuzivocavoca, ukudla okunempilo, nokulinganisela uma kuziwa ophuzweni oludakayo nokubomvu. inyama. Bambalwa kakhulu kithi abakwaziyo ukuphila ngale ndlela, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi sicabanga ukuthi ukuphila okufushane kodwa okwanelisayo kuyisinqumo esingcono kakhulu. Futhi lapha kuphakama umbuzo omusha: uma ukuphila okuphakade bekusengenzeka, ingabe besiyobe sesikulungele ukukhokha inani elihambisanayo na?