Ukuphila kwethu akunakucatshangwa ngaphandle kokukhanyisa okwenziwe. Ukuphila nomsebenzi, abantu bamane badinga ukukhanyisa besebenzisa izibani. Ngaphambilini, ama-incandescent ama-bulb ajwayelekile kuphela ayesetshenziselwa lokhu.
Isimiso sokusebenza kwezibani ze-incandescent sisekelwe ekuguqulweni kwamandla kagesi adlula i-filament ibe ukukhanya. Ezibanini ze-incandescent, i-tungsten filament ishiselwa ekukhanyeni okukhanyayo ngesenzo sombane kagesi. Ukushisa kwe-filament evuthayo kufinyelela ku-2600-3000 degrees C. Ama-flasks wezibani ze-incandescent akhishwa noma agcwaliswe igesi ye-inert, lapho i-tungsten filament ingenayo i-oxidized: i-nitrogen; i-argon; i-kripton; ingxube ye-nitrogen, i-argon, i-xenon. Izibani ze-incandescent zishisa kakhulu ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
Minyaka yonke, izidingo zesintu zikagesi zanda kakhulu. Njengomphumela wokuhlaziywa kwamathemba okuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa, ochwepheshe baqaphela ukushintshwa kwezibani ze-incandescent eziphelelwe yisikhathi nezibani zokulondoloza amandla njengesiqondiso esiqhubekayo. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi isizathu salokhu ukuphakama okuphawulekayo kwesizukulwane sakamuva sezibani zokulondoloza amandla phezu kwezibani "ezishisayo".
Izibani zokulondoloza amandla zibizwa ngokuthi izibani ze-fluorescent, ezifakwe esigabeni esibanzi semithombo yokukhanya yokukhishwa kwegesi. Izibani zokukhipha, ngokungafani nezibani ze-incandescent, zikhipha ukukhanya ngenxa yokukhishwa kukagesi okudlula igesi egcwalisa isikhala sesibani: ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kokukhishwa kwegesi kuguqulwa kube ukukhanya okubonakalayo kithi.
Izibani ezonga amandla zihlanganisa iflaski egcwele umhwamuko we-mercury ne-argon, ne-ballast (isiqalisi). Into ekhethekile ebizwa ngokuthi i-phosphor isetshenziswa endaweni engaphakathi ye-flask. Ngaphansi kwesenzo se-voltage ephezulu esibanini, ukunyakaza kwama-electron kwenzeka. Ukungqubuzana kwama-electron nama-athomu e-mercury kukhiqiza imisebe ye-ultraviolet engabonakali, okuthi, edlula ku-phosphor, iguqulwe ibe ukukhanya okubonakalayo.
Пizinzuzo zamalambu okonga amandla
Inzuzo eyinhloko yezibani ezonga amandla ukusebenza kwayo okuphezulu okukhanyayo, okuphindwe izikhathi eziningana kunezibani ze-incandescent. Ingxenye yokonga amandla ilele eqinisweni lokuthi ubuningi bamandla kagesi anikezwa isibani esonga amandla buphenduka ukukhanya, kuyilapho amalambu e-incandescent afinyelela ku-90% kagesi asetshenziselwa ukushisa ucingo lwe-tungsten.
Enye inzuzo engangabazeki yezibani zokulondoloza amandla yimpilo yabo yenkonzo, enqunywa isikhathi sesikhathi kusuka ku-6 kuya ku-15 amahora ayizinkulungwane zokuvutha okuqhubekayo. Lesi sibalo sidlula impilo yesevisi yezibani ezivamile ze-incandescent cishe izikhathi ezingu-20. Isizathu esivame kakhulu sokuhluleka kwe-incandescent bulb yi-filament eshisiwe. Umshini wesibani sokulondoloza amandla ugwema le nkinga, ukuze babe nempilo ende yesevisi.
Inzuzo yesithathu yezibani zokulondoloza amandla yikhono lokukhetha umbala wokukhanya. Kungaba izinhlobo ezintathu: emini, yemvelo futhi efudumele. Lapho izinga lokushisa lombala liphansi, umbala usondela kakhulu ekubeni bomvu; ephakeme, iseduze noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Enye inzuzo yezibani zokonga amandla ukukhishwa kwazo kokushisa okuphansi, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwezibani zamandla aphezulu ezihlangene ze-fluorescent kumalambu odonga abuthakathaka, izibani nama-chandeliers. Akunakwenzeka ukusebenzisa izibani ze-incandescent ezinokushisa okuphezulu kokushisa kuzo, ngoba ingxenye yepulasitiki ye-cartridge noma ucingo ingancibilika.
Inzuzo elandelayo yezibani zokulondoloza amandla ukuthi ukukhanya kwazo kusakazwa kancane, ngokulinganayo kunaleyo yezibani ze-incandescent. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi esibanini se-incandescent, ukukhanya kuvela kuphela ku-tungsten filament, kuyilapho isibani esonga amandla sikhanya phezu kwayo yonke indawo. Ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa okulinganayo kokukhanya, izibani ezonga amandla zinciphisa ukukhathala kweso lomuntu.
Ukungalungi kwezibani zokonga amandla
Izibani ezonga amandla nazo zinezinkinga: isigaba sazo sokufudumala sithatha imizuzu emi-2, okungukuthi, zizodinga isikhathi esithile ukuthuthukisa ukukhanya kwazo okuphezulu. Futhi, amalambu okonga amandla ayalokoza.
Okunye okungalungile kwezibani ezonga amandla ukuthi umuntu akakwazi ukuba kude namasentimitha angu-30 ukusuka kuwo. Ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lemisebe ye-ultraviolet yezibani zokulondoloza amandla, lapho ibekwe eduze kwabo, abantu abanokuzwela ngokweqile kwesikhumba nalabo abajwayele izifo ze-dermatological bangalimala. Nokho, uma umuntu ekude nebanga elingaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-30 ukusuka ezibanini, akukho monakalo owenziwa kuye. Akukhuthazwa futhi ukusebenzisa izibani zokulondoloza amandla ngamandla angaphezu kwama-watts angu-22 ezindaweni zokuhlala, ngoba. lokhu kungase futhi kuthinte kabi abantu abanesikhumba esibucayi kakhulu.
Okunye okubi ukuthi izibani ezonga amandla azijwayelaniswa nokusebenza ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi (-15-20ºC), futhi emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, amandla okukhishwa kwawo kokukhanya ayehla. Impilo yesevisi yezibani zokulondoloza amandla ngokuphawulekayo incike kumodi yokusebenza, ikakhulukazi, ayithandi ukushintsha nokuvala njalo. Ukuklanywa kwezibani zokulondoloza amandla akuvumeli ukusetshenziswa kwazo ezikhanyisa lapho kukhona izilawuli zezinga lokukhanya. Lapho ama-mains voltage ehla ngaphezu kuka-10%, izibani zonga amandla azikhanyi.
Ukungalungi kufaka phakathi okuqukethwe kwe-mercury ne-phosphorus, okuthi, nakuba ngamanani amancane kakhulu, akhona ngaphakathi kwezibani zokulondoloza amandla. Lokhu akubalulekile uma isibani sisebenza, kodwa kungaba yingozi uma siphukile. Ngesizathu esifanayo, izibani ezonga amandla zingahlukaniswa njengeziyingozi emvelweni, ngakho-ke zidinga ukulahlwa okukhethekile (azikwazi ukuphonswa emgodini wemfucumfucu nasezitsheni zikadoti zasemgwaqweni).
Okunye okungalungile kwezibani zokonga amandla uma kuqhathaniswa nezibani zendabuko ze-incandescent yintengo yazo ephezulu.
Amasu okonga amandla e-European Union
NgoZibandlela wezi-2005, i-EU yakhipha isiyalelo esibophezela wonke amazwe angamalungu ayo ukuba athuthukise izinhlelo zokwenza umsebenzi wokonga ugesi (EEAPs – Energie-Effizienz-Actions-Plane). Ngokuvumelana ne-EEAPs, eminyakeni eyi-9 ezayo (kusukela ku-2008 kuya ku-2017), izwe ngalinye kwamazwe angama-27 e-EU kufanele lizuze okungenani i-1% ngonyaka ekongeni ugesi kuyo yonke imikhakha yokusetshenziswa kwawo.
Ngokwemiyalelo ye-European Commission, uhlelo lokusebenzisa i-EEAPs lwathuthukiswa yi-Wuppertal Institute (Germany). Kusukela ngo-2011, wonke amazwe e-EU anesibopho sokuthobela lezi zibopho ngokuqinile. Ukuthuthukiswa nokuqapha ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kagesi wezinhlelo zokukhanyisa zokwenziwa kuphathiswe iqembu elisebenzayo elakhiwe ngokukhethekile - i-ROMS (Amazwe Angamalungu Okukhishwa). Yakhiwa ekuqaleni kuka-2007 yi-European Union of Lighting Manufacturers and Components (CELMA) kanye ne-European Union of Light Source Manufacturers (ELC). Ngokwezilinganiso ezilinganisiwe zochwepheshe abavela kulezi zinyunyana, wonke amazwe angama-27 e-EU, ngokwethulwa kwemishini yokukhanyisa eyonga amandla nezinhlelo, anamathuba angempela okunciphisa ngokuphelele ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 cishe ngamathani ayizigidi ezingu-40 / ngonyaka, okuyi-20 amathani ayizigidi/ngonyaka we-CO2 - emkhakheni ozimele; 8,0 million amathani/ngonyaka weCO2 – ezakhiweni zomphakathi ngezinhloso ezehlukene kanye nasemkhakheni wezinsiza; 8,0 million amathani/ngonyaka weCO2 - ezakhiweni zezimboni nezimboni ezincane; amathani ayizigidi ezi-3,5/ngonyaka we-CO2 - ekufakweni kwezibani zangaphandle emadolobheni. Ukonga amandla kuzophinde kugqugquzelwe ukwethulwa komkhuba wokuklama ukufakwa kwezibani kwamazinga amasha okukhanyisa aseYurophu: EN 12464-1 (Ukukhanyisa ezindaweni zokusebenza zasendlini); I-TS EN 12464-2 Ukukhanyisa ezindaweni zokusebenza zangaphandle; I-TS EN 15193-1 Ukuhlolwa kwamandla ezakhiwo - Izidingo zamandla okukhanyisa - ukuhlolwa kwesidingo samandla okukhanyisa
Ngokuvumelana ne-Athikili 12 ye-ESD Directive (Energy Services Directive), i-European Commission idlulisele ku-European Committee for Standardization in Electrical Engineering (CENELEC) igunya lokuthuthukisa izindinganiso ezithile zokonga amandla. Lawa mazinga kufanele ahlinzekele izindlela ezivunyelanisiwe zokubala izici zokonga kwamandla kuzo zombili izakhiwo sezizonke kanye nemikhiqizo ngayinye, ukufakwa kanye nezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi yezinto zokusebenza zobunjiniyela.
I-Energy Action Plan eyethulwa yi-European Commission ngo-Okthoba 2006 yabeka izindinganiso eziqinile zokonga ugesi emaqenjini emikhiqizo ayi-14. Uhlu lwale mikhiqizo lwanyuswa lwaba yizikhundla ezingama-20 ekuqaleni kuka-2007. Imishini yokukhanyisa emigwaqweni, yasehhovisi kanye neyasekhaya yahlukaniswa njengezimpahla ezingaphansi kokulawulwa okukhethekile ukonga ugesi.
NgoJuni 2007, abakhiqizi bezibani baseYurophu bakhipha imininingwane mayelana nokuqedwa kwezibani ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ukuze zisetshenziswe ekhaya kanye nokuhoxiswa kwazo ngokuphelele emakethe yaseYurophu ngo-2015. Ngokwezibalo, lesi sinyathelo sizoholela ekunciphiseni ngo-60% ukukhishwa kwe-CO2. (ngama-megatons angama-23 ngonyaka) ekukhanyeni kwasendlini, okonga cishe ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7 noma amahora angu-63 gigawatt kagesi ngonyaka.
UKhomishana we-EU Wezindaba Zamandla u-Andris Piebalgs uzwakalise ukwaneliseka ngesinyathelo esibekwe abakhiqizi bemishini yokukhanyisa. NgoZibandlela wezi-2008, i-European Commission yanquma ukuqeda amalambu okukhanyisa ama-incandescent. Ngokwesinqumo esamukelwe, imithombo yokukhanya edla ugesi omningi izothathelwa indawo ezonga amandla kancane kancane:
Septhemba 2009 - amalambu e-incandescent angaphezu kuka-100 W awavunyelwe;
Septhemba 2010 - izibani ze-incandescent ezikhanyayo ezingaphezu kuka-75 W azivunyelwe;
Septhemba 2011 - izibani ze-incandescent ezingaphezu kuka-60 W azivunyelwe;
Septhemba 2012 - ukuvinjelwa kwezibani ze-incandescent ezikhanyayo ngaphezu kuka-40 no-25 W kwethulwa;
Septemba 2013 - izidingo eziqinile zamalambu e-compact fluorescent kanye nezibani ze-LED ziyethulwa;
NgoSeptemba 2016 - izidingo eziqinile zezibani ze-halogen ziyethulwa.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ngenxa yokushintshela kuma-light bulbs, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi emazweni aseYurophu kuzokwehla ngo-3-4%. UNgqongqoshe Wezamandla waseFrance uJean-Louis Borlo ulinganise amandla okonga amandla ngamahora angama-terawatt angama-40 ngonyaka. Cishe inani elifanayo lokongiwa lizovela esinqumweni esithathwe yiKhomishini YaseYurophu ngaphambili sokucisha izibani zendabuko ze-incandescent emahhovisi, ezimbonini nasemigwaqweni.
Amasu okonga amandla eRussia
Ngo-1996, uMthetho "Okonga Amandla" wamukelwa eRussia, okwathi, ngenxa yezizathu eziningi, awuzange usebenze. NgoNovemba 2008, i-State Duma yamukela ekufundweni kokuqala komthetho osalungiswa othi "On Energy Saving and Increasing Energy Efficiency", ohlinzekela ukwethulwa kwamazinga okusebenza kahle kwamandla kumadivayisi anamandla angaphezu kuka-3 kW.
Inhloso yokwethula izinkambiso ezihlinzekwe ngumthetho osalungiswa ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nokugqugquzela ukonga amandla eRussian Federation. Ngokomthetho osalungiswa, izinyathelo zokulawulwa kombuso emkhakheni wokongiwa kwamandla kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla zenziwa ngokusungula: uhlu lwezinkomba zokuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwemisebenzi yeziphathimandla eziphezulu zezinhlaka ezikhona zeRussian Federation kanye nohulumeni basekhaya umkhakha wokonga ugesi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla; izidingo zokukhiqiza nokusatshalaliswa kwemishini yamandla; imikhawulo (ukwenqatshelwa) emkhakheni wokukhiqiza ngenhloso yokuthengisa endaweni ye-Russian Federation kanye nokusakazwa kwe-Russian Federation yamadivayisi wamandla avumela ukusetshenziswa okungenakukhiqiza kwemithombo yamandla; izidingo zokubala ukukhiqizwa, ukudluliswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla; izidingo zokonga ugesi ezakhiweni, izakhiwo nezakhiwo; izidingo zokuqukethwe kanye nesikhathi sezinyathelo zokonga amandla esitokisini sezindlu, okuhlanganisa nezakhamuzi - abanikazi bamafulethi ezakhiweni zamafulethi; izidingo zokusabalalisa ulwazi oluyisibopho emkhakheni wokongiwa kwamandla kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla; izidingo zokuqaliswa kolwazi nezinhlelo zemfundo emkhakheni wokongiwa kwamandla kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla.
NgoJulayi 2, 2009, uMongameli waseRussia uDmitry Medvedev, ekhuluma emhlanganweni wePresidium of the State Council mayelana nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla emnothweni waseRussia, akazange akunqume ukuthi eRussia, ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, ukuvinjelwa kuzokwethulwa ukuhamba kwezibani ze-incandescent.
Ngokulandelayo, uNgqongqoshe Wezokuthuthukiswa Komnotho u-Elvira Nabiullina, elandela umhlangano wePresidium yoMkhandlu Kazwelonke WeRussian Federation, umemezele ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kokukhiqizwa nokusakazwa kwezibani ze-incandescent ezinamandla angaphezu kuka-100 W kungase kwethulwe kusukela ngoJanuwari. 1, 2011. Ngokusho kukaNabiullina, izinyathelo ezihambisanayo zicatshangwa ngumthetho osalungiswa mayelana nokusebenza kahle kwamandla, okulungiselelwa ukufundwa kwesibili.