Imizwa (W. James)

Ukuqhathanisa imizwa nemizwelo engokwemvelo

James V. Psychology. Ingxenye II

Petersburg: Indlu Yokushicilela KL Rikker, 1911. S.323-340.

Umehluko phakathi kwemizwelo nemizwa engokwemvelo useqinisweni lokuthi imizwa iyisifiso semizwa, futhi umuzwa wemvelo uyisifiso sokwenza okuthile phambi kwento eyaziwayo endaweni. Kodwa imizwa ibuye ibe nokubonakaliswa komzimba okuhambisanayo, ngezinye izikhathi okuhlanganisa ukufinyela okuqinile kwemisipha (isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokwesaba noma intukuthelo); futhi ezimweni eziningi kungase kube nzima ngandlela-thile ukudweba umugqa obukhali phakathi kwencazelo yenqubo yemizwa kanye nokusabela okungokwemvelo okungavuswa into efanayo. Isiphi isahluko okufanele sibhekiselwe kuso isimo sokwesaba - esahlukweni esimayelana nemizwelo engokwemvelo noma esahlukweni semizwa? Kufanele zibekwe kuphi izincazelo zelukuluku, ukuncintisana, njll.? Ngokombono wesayensi, lokhu akunandaba, ngakho-ke, kufanele siqondiswe ukucabangela okusebenzayo kuphela ukuxazulula le nkinga. Njengezimo zengqondo ezingaphakathi, imizwa ingaphezu kokuchazwa ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, incazelo enjalo izoba yinto engafaneleki, njengoba imizwa, njengezimo zengqondo kuphela, isivele yaziwa kahle kumfundi. Singachaza kuphela ukuhlobana kwazo nezinto ezizibizayo kanye nokusabela okuhambisana nazo. Yonke into ethinta umuzwa othile wemvelo iyakwazi ukuvusa umzwelo kithi. Umehluko wonke lapha ulele eqinisweni lokuthi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukusabela ngokomzwelo akudluli emzimbeni wesifundo esivivinywayo, kodwa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukusabela okungokwemvelo kungadlulela phambili futhi kungene ebudlelwaneni bokuzwana ngokusebenza nento ebangelayo. yona. Kuzo zombili izinqubo ezingokwemvelo nezingokomzwelo, ukukhumbula nje into ethile noma isithombe sayo kungase kwanele ukuqala ukusabela. Owesilisa angase acasuke nakakhulu lapho ecabanga ngokuthukwa kwakhe kunokuba abhekane nakho ngokuqondile, futhi ngemva kokushona kukamama angase amzwele kakhulu kunangesikhathi esaphila. Kuso sonke lesi sahluko, ngizosebenzisa inkulumo ethi «into yomzwelo», ngiyisebenzise ngokunganaki esimweni lapho le nto iyinto yangempela ekhona, kanye nasemacaleni lapho into enjalo imane nje isethulo esiphindwe kabusha.

Izinhlobonhlobo zemizwa azipheli

Intukuthelo, ukwesaba, uthando, inzondo, injabulo, ukudabuka, amahloni, ukuqhosha, nezinhlobonhlobo zale mizwelo kungabizwa ngokuthi izinhlobo zemizwelo ezeqisayo, ezihlotshaniswa ngokuseduze nesasasa elinamandla uma kuqhathaniswa. Imizwa ecwengekile eyengeziwe imizwa yokuziphatha, ubuhlakani, nobuhle, okuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nayo ukuvusa amadlingozi okuncane kakhulu komzimba. Izinto zemizwa zingachazwa ngokungapheli. Izithunzi ezingenakubalwa zazo zonke zidlulela kwelinye ngokungaqondakali futhi ngokwengxenye zimakwe olimini ngamagama amqondofana, njengenzondo, inzondo, ubutha, intukuthelo, ukungathandi, ukunengeka, ukuziphindiselela, ubutha, ukunengeka, njll. Umehluko phakathi kwazo uwukuthi esungulwe ezichazamazwini zama-synonym nasezifundweni ze-psychology; ezincwadini eziningi zesiJalimane ezikhuluma ngokusebenza kwengqondo, izahluko zemizwelo zimane ziyizichazamazwi zamagama afanayo. Kodwa kunemingcele ethile ekuchazeni okunezithelo kwalokho osekuvele kubonakale, futhi umphumela wemisebenzi eminingi kule ndlela ukuthi izincwadi ezichazayo kuphela ngale ndaba kusukela ku-Descartes kuze kube namuhla imele igatsha eliyisicefe kakhulu le-psychology. Ngaphezu kwalokho, unomuzwa wokuthi lapho ufunda ngaye ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwemizwa okuhlongozwe ochwepheshe bezengqondo, ezikhathini eziningi, kuyizinganekwane noma okubaluleke kakhulu, nokuthi izimangalo zabo zokunemba kwamagama azinasisekelo ngokuphelele. Kodwa, ngeshwa, ucwaningo oluningi lwezengqondo ngomzwelo luyachaza kuphela. Emanovelini, sifunda incazelo yemizwa, eyadalwa ukuze sizibonele yona. Kuzo sijwayelana nezinto nezimo ezivusa imizwelo, ngakho-ke zonke izici ezicashile zokuzibheka ezihlobisa leli noma lelo khasi lenoveli ngokushesha zithola kithi i-echo of feeling. Imisebenzi yakudala yemibhalo nefilosofi, ebhalwe ngendlela yochungechunge lwama-aphorisms, iphinde ikhanyise impilo yethu engokomzwelo futhi, ethokozisayo imizwa yethu, isinika injabulo. Ngokuqondene ne-«scientific psychology» yokuzizwa, kufanele ukuthi ngonakalise ukunambitheka kwami ​​ngokufunda kakhulu okwakudala ngale ndaba. Kodwa ngingathanda ukufunda izincazelo zamazwi zobukhulu bamadwala eNew Hampshire kunokufunda le misebenzi yengqondo futhi. Awukho umgomo wokuqondisa othela izithelo kuzo, awukho umbono oyinhloko. Imizwa iyahlukahluka futhi ifakwe umthunzi kuyo i-ad infinitum, kodwa ngeke uthole noma yikuphi ukuhlanganisa okunengqondo kuyo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, yonke intelezi yomsebenzi wesayensi yangempela isekujuleni okuqhubekayo kokuhlaziya okunengqondo. Ingabe akunakwenzeka ngempela ukuphakama ngaphezu kwezinga lezincazelo eziphathekayo ekuhlaziyeni imizwa? Ngicabanga ukuthi kukhona indlela yokuphuma endaweni yezincazelo eziqondile, kufanelekile ukwenza umzamo wokuyithola.

Isizathu sokuhlukahluka kwemizwa

Ubunzima obuvela ku-psychology ekuhlaziyweni kwemizwelo buvela, kubonakala kimi, kusukela eqinisweni lokuthi bajwayele kakhulu ukuzibheka njengezenzakalo ezihluke ngokuphelele komunye nomunye. Inqobo nje uma sibheka ngayinye yazo njengohlobo oluthile lwenhlangano engokomoya yaphakade, engenakuvinjelwa, njengohlobo olwake lwabhekwa kuyisayensi yezinto eziphilayo njengezinhlaka ezingaguquki, kuze kube yileso sikhathi singabala kuphela ngenhlonipho izici ezihlukahlukene zemizwa, iziqu zazo kanye nezenzo ezibangelwa bona. Kodwa uma sizibheka njengemikhiqizo yezimbangela ezivamile (njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, ku-biology, umehluko wezinhlobo zezilwane ubhekwa njengomkhiqizo wokuhlukahluka ngaphansi kwethonya lezimo zemvelo kanye nokudluliselwa kwezinguquko ezizuziwe ngofuzo), khona-ke ukusungulwa. ukuhluka nokuhlukaniswa kuzoba izindlela ezisizayo. Uma sesivele sinehansi elizalela amaqanda egolide, khona-ke ukuchaza iqanda ngalinye elibekwe ngabanye kuyindaba ebalulekile yesibili. Emakhasini ambalwa alandelayo, mina, ngizibekela umkhawulo ekuqaleni kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yizinhlobo zemizwa ze-gu.e.mi, ngizoveza imbangela eyodwa yemizwa - imbangela yemvelo evamile kakhulu.

Ukuzizwa ezinhlotsheni ze-gu.ex zemizwa kuwumphumela wokubonakala kwawo komzimba

Kuwumkhuba ukucabanga ukuthi ezinhlotsheni eziphakeme zemizwelo, umbono wengqondo owamukelwe entweni ethile uvusa kithi isimo sengqondo esibizwa ngokuthi imizwa, futhi lokhu kwakamuva kuhlanganisa ukubonakaliswa okuthile komzimba. Ngokombono wami, ngokuphambene nalokho, injabulo yomzimba ilandela ngokushesha umbono weqiniso elibangele lokho, futhi ukuqaphela kwethu le njabulo ngenkathi kwenzeka imizwa. Kujwayelekile ukuthi siziveze kanje: silahlekelwe ingcebo yethu, sicindezelekile futhi siyakhala; sahlangana nebhere, siyesaba futhi siyabaleka; sithukwa yisitha, sithukuthele futhi simshaye. Ngokusho kwe-hypothesis engiyivikelayo, ukuhleleka kwalezi zenzakalo kufanele kuhluke ngandlela-thile - okungukuthi: isimo sengqondo sokuqala asishintshwa ngokushesha okwesibili, kufanele kube nokubonakaliswa komzimba phakathi kwabo, ngakho-ke ivezwa ngokunengqondo kanje: sidabukile ngoba siyakhala; ukuthukuthela ngoba sishaya omunye; siyesaba ngoba siyathuthumela, futhi singasho ukuthi: siyakhala, sishaye, sithuthumele, ngoba sidabukile, sithukuthele, siyesaba. Uma ukubonakaliswa komzimba akuzange kulandele ngokushesha ukuqonda, khona-ke lokhu kokugcina bekuyoba yisenzo somqondo kuphela, esiphaphathekile, esingenambala kanye “nokufudumala” kwemizwelo. Khona-ke singase silibone ibhere bese sinquma ukuthi into engcono kakhulu esingayenza kungaba ukundiza, singase sithukwe futhi sikuthole kuwukuqeda igalelo, kodwa ngeke sizwe ukwesaba noma intukuthelo ngesikhathi esifanayo.

I-hypothesis evezwe ngendlela enesibindi kangaka ingadala ukungabaza ngokushesha. Futhi okwamanje, ukuze kwehliswe isimilo sayo esibonakala siyindida futhi, mhlawumbe, ngisho nokuqiniseka ngeqiniso layo, asikho isidingo sokuphendukela ekucabangeni okuningi nokude.

Okokuqala, ake sinake iqiniso lokuthi umbono ngamunye, ngokusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lomphumela womzimba, unomphumela owandile emzimbeni wethu, owandulela ukuvela kithi komzwelo noma isithombe somzwelo. Ukulalela inkondlo, idrama, indaba yobuqhawe, sivame ukuqaphela ngokumangala ukuthi ukuthuthumela kugijima ngokuzumayo emzimbeni wethu, njengegagasi, noma ukuthi inhliziyo yethu yaqala ukushaya ngokushesha, futhi izinyembezi zigeleza ngokuzumayo emehlweni ethu. Into efanayo ibonakala ngendlela ebonakalayo nakakhulu lapho ulalele umculo. Uma, ngenkathi sihamba ehlathini, ngokuzumayo sibona okuthile okumnyama, okunyakazayo, inhliziyo yethu iqala ukushaya, futhi sibambe umoya ngokushesha, ngaphandle kokuba sibe nesikhathi sokwenza noma yimuphi umqondo oqondile wengozi ekhanda lethu. Uma umngane wethu omuhle esondela emaphethelweni kwalasha, siqala ukuzwa umuzwa owaziwayo wokungakhululeki futhi sibuyele emuva, nakuba sazi kahle ukuthi uphumile engozini futhi asinawo umqondo ocacile wokuwa kwakhe. Umbhali ukhumbula kahle ukumangala kwakhe lapho, njengomfana oneminyaka engu-7-8 ubudala, wake waquleka lapho ebona igazi, okwathi ngemva kokuchitheka kwegazi ehhashini, lalisebhakedeni. Kwakukhona induku kuleli bhakede, waqala ukuxukuza ngale nduku uketshezi oluphuma endukwini lungena ebhakedeni, akazange ahlangane nelukuluku lengane. Ngokuphazima kweso ukukhanya kwafiphala emehlweni akhe, kwaduma izindlebe zakhe, waquleka. Wayengakaze ezwe ukuthi ukubona igazi kungadala isicanucanu nokuquleka kubantu, wazizwa engasenyanya kangako futhi ebona ingozi encane ngayo kangangokuthi ngisho esemncane kangaka wayengamangali ukuthi unjani ukuba khona nje koketshezi olubomvu lwebhakede kungaba nomthelela omangalisayo emzimbeni.

Ubufakazi obungcono kakhulu bokuthi imbangela eqondile yemizwelo yisenzo somzimba se-stimuli yangaphandle emithanjeni inikezwa yizo zimo ze-pathological lapho kungekho khona into ehambisanayo yemizwa. Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zombono wami wemizwa ukuthi ngayo singaletha kokubili izimo ze-pathological nezivamile zemizwelo ngaphansi kohlelo olulodwa olujwayelekile. Kuyo yonke indawo yokukhosela yezinhlanya sithola izibonelo zentukuthelo engashukunyiswa, ukwesaba, ukudangala noma ukuphupha emini, kanye nezibonelo zokunganaki okungashukunyiswa ngokulinganayo okuqhubekayo naphezu kokungabikho okunqunyiwe kwanoma yiziphi izisusa zangaphandle. Esimweni sokuqala, kufanele sicabange ukuthi umshini wezinzwa usuyamukele imizwelo ethile kangangokuthi cishe noma yisiphi isikhuthazo, ngisho nesingafaneleki kakhulu, siyisizathu esanele sokuvusa kulo isasasa kuleli cala futhi ngaleyo ndlela kubangele okungavamile. inkimbinkimbi yemizwa eyakha lo mzwelo. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, uma umuntu owaziwayo ngesikhathi esifanayo ehluleka ukuphefumula ngokujulile, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, ukuguqulwa okungavamile emisebenzini ye-nerve pneumogastric, ebizwa ngokuthi "ubuhlungu benhliziyo", isifiso sokuthatha isikhundla esingapheli sokuguqa, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho. , nezinye izinqubo ezingakahlolisiswa ezibilinini, inhlanganisela evamile yalezi zenzakalo kudala kuye umuzwa wokwesaba, futhi uba isisulu sokwesaba ukufa okwaziwayo ngabanye.

Umngane wami, owahlaselwa yilesi sifo esibi kakhulu, wangitshela ukuthi inhliziyo yakhe kanye nemishini yokuphefumula kwakuyisizinda sokuhlupheka kwengqondo; ukuthi umzamo wakhe oyinhloko wokunqoba ukuhlasela kwakuwukulawula ukuphefumula kwakhe nokunciphisa ukushaya kwenhliziyo yakhe, nokuthi ukwesaba kwakhe kwaphela ngokushesha lapho eqala ukuphefumula ngokujulile futhi aqonde.

Lapha imizwa imane iwumuzwa wesimo somzimba futhi ubangelwa inqubo yokwakheka komzimba kuphela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, masinake iqiniso lokuthi noma yikuphi ukuguquka komzimba, noma ngabe kuyini, kuzwakala ngokucacile noma ngokungacacile yithi ngesikhathi sokubonakala kwalo. Uma umfundi engakenzeki ukunaka lesi simo, khona-ke angase abone ngesithakazelo futhi amangale ukuthi zingaki izinzwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomzimba ziyizimpawu ezihambisana nesinye noma esinye isimo somzwelo somoya wakhe. Asikho isizathu sokulindela ukuthi umfundi, ngenxa yokuhlaziywa okunjalo okungokwengqondo okunelukuluku, uzobambezeleka kuye izifiso zothando oluhehayo ngokuzibuka, kodwa angabona imizwa eyenzeka kuye ezimweni ezipholile zomqondo, futhi iziphetho ezizosebenza mayelana namazinga abuthakathaka emizwelo zinganwetshwa emizweni efanayo ngamandla amakhulu. Kuwo wonke umthamo othathwe umzimba wethu, ngesikhathi somzwelo, sizwa imizwa ecacile kakhulu ehlukahlukene, okuvela engxenyeni ngayinye yayo imibono ehlukahlukene yezinzwa ingena ekuqapheleni, lapho kwakhiwa khona umuzwa wobuntu, uhlale uqaphela umuntu ngamunye. Kuyamangaza ukuthi yiziphi izikhathi ezingasho lutho lezi mizwa eyinkimbinkimbi ezivame ukuyivusa ezingqondweni zethu. Njengoba sicasulwa ngisho nakancane ngokuthile, singabona ukuthi isimo sethu sengqondo sihlala sivezwa ngokomzimba ikakhulukazi ngokufinyela kwamehlo nemisipha yamashiya. Ngobunzima obungalindelekile, siqala ukuzwa uhlobo oluthile lobunzima emphinjeni, okusenza siphuze, sihlanze umphimbo wethu noma sikhwehlele kancane; izenzakalo ezifanayo ziyabonakala kwezinye izimo eziningi. Ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanganisela lapho lezi zinguquko ze-organic ezihambisana nemizwa zenzeka khona, kungashiwo, ngesisekelo sokucatshangelwa okungaqondakali, ukuthi wonke umthunzi uwonke unokubonakaliswa okukhethekile ngokomzimba, okufana ne-unicum njengomthunzi we umzwelo. Inani elikhulu lezitho zomzimba ngamunye ezishintshayo ngesikhathi somzwelo othile zenza kube nzima kakhulu kumuntu osesimweni esizolile ukukhiqiza kabusha ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle kwanoma yimuphi umzwelo. Singakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha ukudlala kwemisipha yokunyakaza kokuzithandela okuhambisana nomzwelo othile, kodwa asikwazi ngokuzithandela ukuletha ukuvuselela okufanele esikhumbeni, izindlala, inhliziyo, kanye ne-viscera. Njengoba nje ukuthimula okwenziwa ntula okuthile uma kuqhathaniswa nokuthimula kwangempela, kanjalo nokuzala okuzenzela kokudabuka noma intshiseko lapho zingekho izikhathi ezifanele zemizwa ehambisanayo akukhiqizi inkohliso ephelele.

Manje ngifuna ukuqhubekela ekwethulweni kwephuzu elibaluleke kakhulu lombono wami, okuyileli: uma sicabanga imizwa ethile enamandla futhi sizame ukususa ngokwengqondo kulesi simo sokuqaphela kwethu, ngamunye ngamunye, yonke imizwa yezimpawu zomzimba. ehlotshaniswa nayo, khona-ke ekugcineni ngeke kube khona lutho olusele kulo mzwelo, akukho "izinto ezibonakalayo" lapho lo mzwelo ungakhiwa khona. Umphumela uba isimo esibandayo, sokungabi nandaba sombono ongokwengqondo kuphela. Iningi labantu engabacela ukuthi baqinisekise isikhundla sami ngokuzibheka bavumelana nami ngokugcwele, kodwa abanye ngenkani baqhubeka nokusho ukuthi ukuzibuka kwabo akuzange kuwuthethelele umbono wami. Abantu abaningi abawuqondi nje umbuzo ngokwawo. Isibonelo, ubacela ukuthi basuse ekuqapheleni noma imuphi umuzwa wokuhleka nanoma yikuphi ukuthambekela kokuhleka lapho bebona into ehlekisayo bese besho ukuthi uhlangothi oluhlekisayo lwale nto luzohlanganisani, noma ngabe umbono olula wento eqondene nayo. ekilasini “lokuhlekisayo” ngeke kuhlale ekwazini; kulokhu baphendula ngenkani ukuthi akunakwenzeka ngokomzimba nokuthi bahlale bephoqeleka ukuthi bahleke lapho bebona into ehlekisayo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, umsebenzi engangiwuhlongoze kubo kwakungewona, ukubheka into ehlekisayo, empeleni bacekele phansi noma yisiphi isifiso sokuhleka. Lona umsebenzi wemvelo yokuqagela nje, futhi uqukethe ukuqedwa kwengqondo kwezinto ezithile ezinengqondo esimweni somzwelo esithathwe sisonke, futhi ekunqumeni ukuthi yiziphi izici ezisele ezizoba yisimo esinjalo. Angikwazi ukususa umcabango wokuthi noma ngubani owuqonda kahle umbuzo engiwubuzile uzovumelana nalesi siphakamiso engisishilo ngenhla.

Angikwazi neze ukucabanga ukuthi hlobo luni lwemizwa yokwesaba eyosala engqondweni yethu uma sisusa kuyo imizwa ehambisana nokushaya kwenhliziyo okwandisiwe, ukuphefumula okufushane, izindebe ezivevezelayo, ukuphumula kwezitho zomzimba, amaqhubu kanye nenjabulo ngaphakathi. Ukhona yini umuntu ongasicabanga isimo sokuthukuthela futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo acabange hhayi injabulo esifubeni, ukugijima kwegazi ebusweni, ukwanda kwamakhala, ukugedla kwamazinyo kanye nesifiso sezenzo zomfutho, kodwa ngokuphambene nalokho. : imisipha isesimweni sokukhululeka, ngisho nokuphefumula kanye nobuso obuzolile. Umbhali, okungenani, akakwazi ukwenza lokhu. Kulokhu, ngokombono wakhe, intukuthelo kufanele ingabikho ngokuphelele njengomzwelo ohlotshaniswa nokubonakaliswa okuthile kwangaphandle, futhi umuntu angacabanga. ukuthi okusele kumane kuwukwahlulela okuzolile, okungenazwela, okungokwengqondo ngokuphelele, okungukuthi, umqondo wokuthi umuntu owaziwayo noma abantu bafanelwe isijeziso ngezono zabo. Ukucabanga okufanayo kuyasebenza emzwelweni wokudabuka: kungaba yini ukudabuka ngaphandle kokukhala, ukukhala, ukushaya kwenhliziyo okulibaziseka, ukulangazelela esiswini? Inqatshelwe ithoni yenkanuko, ukuqashelwa kweqiniso lokuthi izimo ezithile zidabukisa kakhulu - futhi akukho okunye. Okufanayo kutholakala ekuhlaziyweni kwazo zonke ezinye izinkanuko. Umzwelo womuntu, ongenalo noma yiluphi ulwelwesi lomzimba, uwumsindo owodwa ongenalutho. Angisho ukuthi umzwelo onjalo ungokuthile okuphambene nemvelo yezinto nokuthi imimoya ehlanzekile igwetshelwa ukuphila kobuhlakani obungenamdlandla. Ngifuna ukusho kuphela ukuthi kithi imizwelo, ehlukanisiwe nayo yonke imizwa yomzimba, yinto esingenakuyicabanga. Lapho ngihlaziya izimo zami zomqondo, kulapho ngiqiniseka nakakhulu ukuthi izinkanuko nentshiseko ethi «gu.ee» engiyitholayo idalwe futhi ibangelwa yizo zinguquko zomzimba esivame ukuzibiza ngokuthi ukubonakaliswa kwazo noma imiphumela. Futhi kulapho kuqala khona ukubukeka sengathi kungenzeka kimi ukuthi uma umzimba wami uba yi-anesthetic (ungezwani), impilo yemiphumela, emnandi nengajabulisi, izoba yinto engajwayelekile kimina futhi kuzodingeka ngikhiphe ubukhona bokuqonda nje. noma umlingiswa ohlakaniphile. Nakuba ukuba khona okunjalo kwakubonakala kuwufanelekela izazi zasendulo, kodwa kithi, ehlukaniswe izizukulwane ezimbalwa kuphela kusukela enkathini yefilosofi eyaveza ukuzwela, kumelwe kubonakale kungenandaba kakhulu, kungaphili, ukuba kungakufanelekela ukulwela ngenkani. .

Umbono wami awukwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo

Akukho okungaphezu kwalokho okungaphansi kokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kuwo kunanoma yimuphi umbono ngokusho ukuthi imizwelo yethu ibangelwa izinqubo zezinzwa. Akekho noyedwa kubafundi bencwadi yami ozocasuka lesi siphakamiso inqobo nje uma sisashiwo ngendlela evamile, futhi uma noma kunjalo noma ubani ebona ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kulesi siphakamiso, khona-ke kuphela enalokhu noma lelo hlobo oluthile lwemizwa engqondweni. Imizwelo yizinqubo zezinzwa ezibangelwa imisinga yangaphakathi yezinzwa eziphakama ngaphansi kwethonya langaphandle. Izinqubo ezinjalo, nokho, bezilokhu zicatshangelwa izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zikaPlato njengezehlakalo ezihlotshaniswa nokuthile okuyisisekelo kakhulu. Kodwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izimo ze-physiological zokwakheka kwemizwa yethu, ngokwazo, njengezimo zengqondo, kufanele zihlale ziyilokho eziyikho. Uma amaqiniso engqondo ajulile, ahlanzekile, abalulekile, ngakho-ke ngokombono wanoma iyiphi inkolelo ye-physiological yemvelaphi yawo azohlala ejulile, ehlanzekile, eyigugu kithi ngokwencazelo njengoba enjalo ngokombono wethiyori yethu. Baphetha ngokwabo isilinganiso sangaphakathi sokubaluleka kwabo, futhi ukufakazela, ngosizo lwethiyori ehlongozwayo yemizwa, ukuthi izinqubo zezinzwa akumele zihlukaniswe ngesisekelo, umlingiswa wezinto ezibonakalayo, akuhambisani ngokunengqondo njengokuphika okuhlongozwayo. inkolelo-mbono, ebhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi iholela ekuchazeni okuyisisekelo kokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo. izenzakalo zomzwelo.

Iphuzu lokubuka elihlongozwayo lichaza ukuhlukahluka okumangalisayo kwemizwa

Uma inkolelo-mbono engiyiphakamisayo ilungile, khona-ke umzwelo ngamunye uwumphumela wenhlanganisela ibe yinkimbinkimbi eyodwa yezakhi zengqondo, ngayinye yazo ngenxa yenqubo ethile yomzimba. Izakhi ezakha noma yiluphi ushintsho emzimbeni ziwumphumela we-reflex ebangelwa i-stimulus yangaphandle. Lokhu kuphakamisa ngokushesha imibuzo eminingi ecacile, ehluke kakhulu kunoma yimiphi imibuzo ehlongozwayo ngabameleli beminye imibono yemizwa. Ngokombono wabo, okuwukuphela kwemisebenzi engaba khona ekuhlaziyeni imizwelo kwaba ukuhlukaniswa: “Lo mzwelo ungowaluphi uhlobo noma uhlobo lwezinhlobo?” noma incazelo: “Iziphi izibonakaliso zangaphandle ezibonisa lo muzwa?”. Manje sekuyindaba yokuthola izimbangela zemizwa: “Yiziphi izinguquko ezibangela lokhu noma leyo nto kithi?” futhi "Kungani kubangela kithi lezo hhayi ezinye izinguquko?". Kusukela ekuhlaziyeni okukha phezulu kwemizwelo, kanjalo sidlulela esifundweni esijulile, siye esifundweni sezinga eliphakeme. Ukuhlukaniswa nokuchazwa yizigaba eziphansi kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi. Ngokushesha nje lapho umbuzo wembangela ungena endaweni yesehlakalo emkhakheni wocwaningo wesayensi, ukuhlukaniswa kwezigaba nezincazelo zihlehlela ngemuva futhi zigcina ukubaluleka kwazo kuphela lapho zisiqhubezela isifundo sembangela. Uma sesichazile ukuthi imbangela yemizwa yizenzo ezingenakubalwa ze-reflex ezivela ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto zangaphandle futhi zisiqaphela ngokushesha, khona-ke kuyasicacela ngokushesha ukuthi kungani kungaba nemizwa engenakubalwa nokuthi kungani kumuntu ngamunye ingahluka ngokungapheli. kokubili ekuqanjweni nasezihlosweni eziwabangelayo. Iqiniso liwukuthi esenzweni se-reflex akukho lutho olungaguquki, oluphelele. Izenzo ezihluke kakhulu ze-reflex zingenzeka, futhi lezi zenzo, njengoba kwaziwa, ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokungapheli.

Ngamafuphi: noma yikuphi ukuhlukaniswa kwemizwelo kungabhekwa "kweqiniso" noma "kwemvelo" inqobo nje uma kufeza injongo yako, kanye nemibuzo efana nokuthi "Iyini inkulumo 'yeqiniso' noma 'ejwayelekile' yentukuthelo nokwesaba?" abanalo inani lenhloso. Esikhundleni sokuxazulula imibuzo enjalo, kufanele sigxile ekucaciseni ukuthi lokhu noma lokho "kubonakaliswa" kokwesaba noma intukuthelo kungenzeka kanjani - futhi lokhu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, umsebenzi we-physiological mechanics, ngakolunye, umsebenzi womlando. kwengqondo yomuntu, umsebenzi lowo, njengazo zonke izinkinga zesayensi ezixazululekayo, nakuba kunzima, mhlawumbe, ukuthola isisombululo sawo. Kancane kancane ngizonikeza imizamo eyenziwe yokuyixazulula.

Ubufakazi obengeziwe obuvuna ithiyori yami

Uma inkolelo-mbono yami inembile, khona-ke kufanele iqinisekiswe ubufakazi obulandelayo obungaqondile: ngokusho kwayo, ngokuzivusa ngokungenangqondo, esimweni esizolile sengqondo, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle kwalokhu noma lowomzwelo, kufanele sizizwe umzwelo ngokwawo. Lo mcabango, njengoba ubungaqinisekiswa ngesipiliyoni, uqinisekiswa kakhulu kunokuphikiswa yilaba bakamuva. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ukundiza kuwuqinisa ngezinga elingakanani umuzwa wokwesaba wokwesaba kithi nokuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukukhulisa imizwa yentukuthelo noma yokudabuka kithi ngokuvumela ukubamba ngokukhululekile ukubonakaliswa kwabo kwangaphandle. Ngokuqala kabusha ukukhala, siqinisa umuzwa wosizi kithi ngokwethu, futhi ukuhlasela okusha ngakunye kokukhala kwandisa usizi, kuze kube yilapho ekugcineni kuba nokuzola ngenxa yokukhathala nokuba buthaka okubonakalayo kwenjabulo engokomzimba. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ngentukuthelo siziletha kanjani endaweni ephakeme kakhulu yenjabulo, sikhiqiza izikhathi eziningana zilandelana ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle kwentukuthelo. Cindezela ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle kwentshiseko kuwe, futhi kuzoba yiqhwa kuwe. Ngaphambi kokuba uvume ukucasuka, zama ukubala uze ufike eshumini, futhi isizathu sokucasuka siyobonakala singenangqondo ngendlela ehlekisayo kuwe. Ukuze sizinike isibindi, sishaye ikhwelo, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo sizinika ukuzethemba ngempela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zama ukuhlala usuku lonke endaweni ecatshangelwayo, ububula njalo ngomzuzu futhi uphendule imibuzo yabanye ngezwi eliwile, futhi uzoqinisa nakakhulu isimo sakho se-melancholic. Emfundweni yokuziphatha, bonke abantu abanolwazi baye baqaphela lo mthetho olandelayo njengobaluleke kakhulu: uma sifuna ukucindezela ukukhangwa okungathandeki ngokomzwelo kithi, kufanele ngesineke futhi siqale ngokuthula sizikhiqizele ukunyakaza kwangaphandle okuhambisana nezimo ezingokomoya ezifiselekayo. thina. Umphumela wemizamo yethu ephikelelayo kulokhu kuzoba ukuthi isimo somqondo esibi, esicindezelekile sizoshabalala futhi sithathelwe indawo yinjabulo nobumnene. Qondisa imibimbi ebunzini lakho, sula amehlo akho, qondisa umzimba wakho, khuluma ngezwi elikhulu, ubingelele ngenjabulo abantu obajwayele, futhi uma ungenayo inhliziyo yetshe, khona-ke uzonqotshwa kancane kancane kancane kancane esimweni somusa.

Ngokumelene nalokhu okungenhla, umuntu angasho iqiniso lokuthi, ngokusho kwabalingisi abaningi abakhiqiza ngokuphelele ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle kwemizwelo ngezwi labo, isimo sobuso nokunyakaza komzimba, ababoni noma yimiphi imizwelo. Abanye, nokho, ngokusho kobufakazi bukaDkt Archer, oqoqe izibalo ezinelukuluku ngale ndaba phakathi kwabalingisi, bagcina ukuthi kulezo zimo lapho bekwazi ukudlala indima kahle, bahlangabezana nayo yonke imizwa ehambisana nalokhu. Umuntu angakhomba incazelo elula kakhulu yalokhu kungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kwamaciko. Ekukhulumeni komzwelo ngamunye, ukuvuswa kwemvelo kwangaphakathi kungacindezelwa ngokuphelele kwabanye abantu, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokwezinga elikhulu, imizwa ngokwayo, kuyilapho abanye abantu bengenalo leli khono. Abalingisi abahlangabezana nemizwa ngesikhathi bedlala abakwazi; labo abangenayo imizwa bayakwazi ukuhlukanisa ngokuphelele imizwa kanye nenkulumo yabo.

Phendula ekuphikiseni okungenzeka

Kungase kuphikisane nombono wami wokuthi ngezinye izikhathi, ngokulibazisa ukubonakaliswa komzwelo, siyawuqinisa. Leso simo sengqondo osithola lapho izimo zikuphoqa ukuba ugweme ukuhleka sibuhlungu; intukuthelo, ecindezelwa ukwesaba, iphenduka inzondo enamandla kakhulu. Kunalokho, ukuveza imizwa ngokukhululekile kunikeza impumuzo.

Lokhu kuphikisa kusobala kakhulu kunokufakazelwa. Ngesikhathi sokukhuluma, imizwa ihlale izwakala. Ngemva kokukhuluma, lapho ukukhishwa okuvamile kwenzeke ezikhungweni zemizwa, asisazwani nemizwa. Kodwa ngisho nasezimweni lapho ukubonakaliswa kobuso bucindezelwa yithi, ukuvuthwa kwangaphakathi esifubeni nasesiswini kungazibonakalisa ngawo wonke amandla amakhulu, njengokuthi, isibonelo, ngokuhleka okucindezelwe; noma imizwa, ngokuhlanganiswa kwento eyivusayo ngethonya elivimbelayo, ingase izalwe kabusha ibe imizwa ehluke ngokuphelele, engase ihambisane nesasasa elihlukile nelinamandla lezinto eziphilayo. Ukube benginesifiso sokubulala isitha sami, kodwa ngingazange ngilokothe ​​ukwenza kanjalo, khona-ke imizwa yami ibiyohluka ngokuphelele kuleyo ebingangidla ukube ngisifezile isifiso sami. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuphikisa akunakufaneleka.

Imizwa ecashile eyengeziwe

Emizweni yobuhle, ukujabula komzimba kanye nokuqina kwemizwelo kungaba buthaka. Isazi se-esthetician singahlola ngokuzolile, ngaphandle kokujabula komzimba, ngendlela ehlakaniphe kakhulu yokuhlola umsebenzi wobuciko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imisebenzi yobuciko ingavusa imizwa enamandla ngokwedlulele, futhi kulezi zimo isipiliyoni siyavumelana impela neziphakamiso zetiyori esizibeke phambili. Ngokusho kwethiyori yethu, imithombo eyinhloko yemizwa imisinga ye-centripetal. Emibonweni yobuhle (ngokwesibonelo, eyomculo), ama-centripetal currents adlala indima enkulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ama-excitations emvelo angaphakathi avela kanye nawo noma cha. Umsebenzi wobuhle ngokwawo umelela into yokuzwa, futhi njengoba umbono wobuhle uyinto esheshayo, «gu.e.go», inzwa enolwazi olucacile, njengoba nje injabulo yobuhle ehlotshaniswa nayo ithi «gu.e.» futhi elikhanyayo. Angiliphiki iqiniso lokuthi kungase kube khona izinjabulo ezicashile, ngamanye amazwi, kungase kube khona imizwa ngenxa yesasasa lezikhungo, ngaphandle kokuzimela emisinga ye-centripetal. Imizwa enjalo ihlanganisa umuzwa wokwaneliseka ngokokuziphatha, ukubonga, ilukuluku, impumuzo ngemva kokuxazulula inkinga. Kodwa ubuthakathaka kanye nokucwebezela kwale mizwa, lapho ingaxhumene nokuvusa amadlingozi komzimba, kuwumehluko obukhali kakhulu emizweni eqine kakhulu. Kubo bonke abantu abanikezwe ukuzwela nokuthatheka, imizwelo ecashile ibilokhu ihlotshaniswa nesasasa lomzimba: ubulungisa bokuziphatha bubonakala emisindo yezwi noma ekubonisweni kwamehlo, njll. Lokho esikubiza ngokuthi ukutuswa kuhlale kuhlotshaniswa nokujabula komzimba, noma ngabe izisusa ezikudalile bekungezemvelo yobuhlakani nje. Uma ukubonisa ngobuhlakani noma ukuhlakanipha okuhlakaniphile kungasenzeli ukuhleka kwangempela, uma singajabuleli umzimba lapho sibona isenzo esilungile noma somusa, khona-ke isimo sethu somqondo ngeke sibizwe ngokuthi umzwelo. Eqinisweni, lapha kunombono ohlakaniphile wezigigaba esibhekisela eqenjini labantu abanobuqili, abahlakaniphile noma abaqotho, abaphanayo, njll. Izimo ezinjalo zokuqaphela, ezihlanganisa ukwahlulela okulula, kufanele kuthiwe zihlobene nezinqubo zengqondo ezithinta imizwa. .

Incazelo yokwesaba

Ngokwesisekelo sokucatshangelwa engikwenzile ngenhla, ngeke nginikeze lapha noma yiluphi uhlobo lwemizwa, akukho ukuhlukaniswa kwayo, futhi akukho ncazelo yezimpawu zayo. Cishe konke lokhu umfundi angazicabangela ngokwakhe ngokuzibheka kanye nokubuka abanye. Kodwa-ke, njengesibonelo sencazelo engcono yezimpawu zomzwelo, ngizonikeza lapha incazelo kaDarwin yezimpawu zokwesaba:

“Ukwesaba kuvame ukundulelwa ukumangala futhi kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nakho kangangokuthi kokubili kuthinta ngokushesha izinzwa zokubona nokuzwa. Kuzo zombili izimo, amehlo nomlomo kuvuleka kakhulu, futhi amashiya aphakama. Umuntu othukile ngomzuzu wokuqala uyama, abambe umoya futhi ahlale enganyakazi, noma agobe phansi, njengokungathi uzama ngomzwelo wemvelo ukuze anganakwa. Inhliziyo ishaya ngokushesha, ishaya izimbambo ngamandla, nakuba kungangabazeki kakhulu ukuthi isebenze kakhulu kunokujwayelekile, ithumela ukugeleza kwegazi okungaphezu kokuvamile kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba, njengoba isikhumba sishintsha ngokushesha, njengangaphambili. yokuquleka. Siyabona ukuthi umuzwa wokwesaba okukhulu unomphumela ophawulekayo esikhumbeni, ngokuqaphela ukujuluka okumangalisayo okumangalisayo. Lo mjuluko uphawuleka nakakhulu ngoba ubuso besikhumba bubanda (yingakho inkulumo ethi: umjuluko obandayo), kuyilapho ingaphezulu lesikhumba lishisa ngesikhathi sokujuluka okujwayelekile okuvela ezindlala zomjuluko. Izinwele esikhumbeni ziyama, futhi imisipha iqala ukuthuthumela. Ngokuphathelene nokuphulwa komyalelo ojwayelekile emsebenzini wenhliziyo, ukuphefumula kuba ngokushesha. Izindlala zamathe ziyeka ukusebenza kahle, umlomo woma futhi uvamise ukuvuleka uvale futhi. Ngabona nokuthi ngokwethuka kancane kunesifiso esinamandla sokuzamula. Esinye sezibonakaliso eziphawulekayo zokwesaba ukuthuthumela kwayo yonke imisipha yomzimba, ngokuvamile iqala ukubonwa ezindebeni. Ngenxa yalokhu, futhi ngenxa yokoma komlomo, izwi liba nomsindo, liyisithulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi liyanyamalala ngokuphelele. «Obstupui steteruntque comae et vox faucibus haesi — Ngindikindiki; izinwele zami zema ekugcineni, futhi izwi lami lafela emphinjeni (lat.) «…

Lapho ukwesaba kuphakama kubuhlungu bokwesaba, sithola isithombe esisha sokusabela kwemizwelo. Inhliziyo ishaya ngokuguquguquka ngokuphelele, iyama, futhi iquleke; ubuso bumbozwe ububomvu obubulalayo; ukuphefumula kunzima, amaphiko ekhala ahlukene kakhulu, izindebe zinyakaza, njengoba kumuntu ophefumulayo, izihlathi ezishonile ziyaqhaqhazela, ukugwinya nokuhogela kwenzeka emphinjeni, amehlo aqhuma, cishe awamboziwe amajwabu amehlo, aqondile. entweni yokwesaba noma elokhu ezungeza ngapha nangapha. «Huc iluc volvens oculos totumque pererra — Izungeza ngapha nangapha, iso lizungeza lonke (lat.)». Abafundi kuthiwa bavuleke ngendlela exakile. Yonke imisipha iyaqina noma ifike inyakaze, izibhakela zigoqeke ngokushintshana, bese zingahlanjululwa, imvamisa lokhu kunyakaza kuyaqina. Izandla zinwetshwa ziye phambili, noma zingase zimboze ikhanda ngokungahleliwe. UMnu. Haguenauer wabona lesi senzo sokugcina somuntu wase-Australia owayethukile. Kwezinye izimo, kukhona isifiso esingenakuvinjelwa esingenakuvinjelwa sokubaleka, lesi sifiso sinamandla kangangokuthi amasosha anesibindi angabanjwa ngokuthuka okungazelelwe (Umsuka Wemizwelo (NY Ed.), p. 292.).

Umsuka wokusabela kwemizwa

Kungayiphi indlela izinto ezihlukahlukene ezivusa imizwa zisibangela ukuba sibe nezinhlobo ezithile zenjabulo yomzimba? Lo mbuzo usanda kuphakanyiswa, kodwa kusukela lapho kuye kwenziwa imizamo ethokozisayo yokuwuphendula.

Ezinye zezinkulumo zingase zithathwe njengokuphindaphinda okubuthakathaka kokunyakaza obekukade (ngenkathi zisavezwa ngendlela ebukhali) kunenzuzo kumuntu ngamunye. Ezinye izinhlobo zokukhuluma ngokufanayo zingabhekwa njengokukhiqiza kabusha ohlotsheni olubuthaka lokunyakaza, ngaphansi kwezinye izimo, okwakuyizengezo zomzimba ezidingekayo ekunyakazeni okuwusizo. Isibonelo sokusabela okunjalo ngokomzwelo ukuphelelwa umoya ngesikhathi sentukuthelo noma ukwesaba, okusho ukuthi, i-echo ephilayo, ukukhiqizwa okungaphelele kombuso lapho umuntu kufanele aphefumule kanzima ekulweni nesitha noma indiza esheshayo. Okunjalo, okungenani, ukuqagela kukaSpencer ngale ndaba, ukuqagela okuye kwaqinisekiswa abanye ososayensi. Futhi, ngokwazi kwami, wayengusosayensi wokuqala owaphakamisa ukuthi okunye ukunyakaza ngokwesaba nentukuthelo kungabhekwa njengensalela yokunyakaza okwakuwusizo ekuqaleni.

Uthi: “Ukuze uthole ngezinga elincane, izimo zengqondo ezihambisana nokulimala noma ukubaleka ziwukuzwa lokho esikubiza ngokuthi ukwesaba. Ukuzwa, ngokwezinga elincane, izimo zengqondo ezihlobene nokubamba inyamazane, ukuyibulala nokuyidla, kufana nokufuna ukubamba inyamazane, ukuyibulala futhi uyidle. Ulimi kuphela lokuthambekela kwethu lusebenza njengobufakazi bokuthi ukuthambekela ezenzweni ezithile akulutho kodwa ukuvuswa kwengqondo okusafufusa okuhlobene nalezi zenzo. Ukwesaba okunamandla kubonakaliswa ngokukhala, isifiso sokuphunyuka, ukuthuthumela kwenhliziyo, ukuthuthumela—ngamazwi nje, izimpawu ezihambisana nokuhlupheka kwangempela okuhlangenwe nakho entweni esifaka ukwesaba. Izinkanuko ezihambisana nokucekelwa phansi, ukushabalaliswa kokuthile, zivezwa ngokucindezela okuvamile kwesimiso semisipha, ngokugedla amazinyo, ukudedela izinzipho, ukuvuleka kwamehlo nokuhonqa - konke lokhu kuwukubonakaliswa okubuthakathaka kwalezo zenzo ezihambisana nokubulawa kwenyamazane. Kule datha yomgomo noma ubani angakwazi ukwengeza amaqiniso amaningi asuka kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe siqu, incazelo yawo futhi ecacile. Wonke umuntu angazibonela ukuthi isimo sengqondo esibangelwa ukwesaba siqukethe ukumelwa kwezenzakalo ezingemnandi ezisilindele ngaphambili; nokuthi isimo sengqondo esibizwa ngokuthi intukuthelo sihlanganisa ukucabanga ngezenzo ezihlobene nokuzwisa othile ukuhlupheka.

Umgomo wokuhlangenwe nakho ohlotsheni olubuthakathaka lokusabela, oluwusizo kithi ekungqubuzaneni okubukhali nento yomzwelo onikeziwe, uthole izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi kokuhlangenwe nakho. Isici esincane esifana nokukhipha amazinyo, ukuveza amazinyo angenhla, uDarwin ubhekwa njengento esiyizuza njengefa kokhokho bethu, ababenamazinyo amakhulu amehlo (ama-fangs) futhi bawakhipha lapho ehlasela isitha (njengoba izinja zenza manje). Ngendlela efanayo, ngokukaDarwin, ukuphakanyiswa kwamashiya ekuqondiseni ukunaka kokuthile okungaphandle, ukuvula umlomo ngokumangala, kungenxa yosizo lwalokhu kunyakaza ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. Ukuphakamisa amashiya kuxhumene nokuvuleka kwamehlo ukuze ubone kangcono, ukuvula umlomo ngokulalela okukhulu kanye nokuhogela umoya ngokushesha, okuvame ukwandulela ukungezwani kwemisipha. NgokukaSpencer, ukwanda kwamakhala ngentukuthelo kuyinsalela yalezo zenzo okhokho bethu abasebenzisa kuzo, behogela umoya ngamakhala ngesikhathi somzabalazo, lapho «umlomo wabo ugcwele ingxenye yomzimba wesitha, abawuthatha. bathunjwe ngamazinyo abo» (!). Ukuthuthumela ngesikhathi sokwesaba, ngokusho kukaMantegazza, kunenhloso yokufudumala igazi (!). UWundt ukholelwa ukuthi ububomvu bobuso nentamo kuyinqubo eklanyelwe ukulinganisa ukucindezeleka kobuchopho begazi eligijimela ekhanda ngenxa yokujabula okuzumayo kwenhliziyo. UWundt noDarwin baphikisa ngokuthi ukuthululwa kwezinyembezi kunenjongo efanayo: ngokubangela ukugijima kwegazi ebusweni, bayalisusa ebuchosheni. Ukuncipha kwezicubu zamehlo, okuhloswe ukuthi ebuntwaneni ukuvikela iso ekugijimeni kwegazi ngokweqile ngesikhathi sokuklabalasa enganeni, kugcinwa kubantu abadala ngendlela yokufiphaza kwamashiya, okwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho. sithola okuthile ekucabangeni noma emsebenzini. engathandeki noma enzima. UDarwin uthi: “Njengoba umkhuba wokuhwaqabala ngaphambi kokuklabalasa noma ukukhala uye wagcinwa ezinganeni ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane eziningi, uye wahlotshaniswa ngokuqinile nomuzwa wokuvela kokuthile okuyinhlekelele noma okungajabulisi. Khona-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, yavela lapho isikhulile, nakuba ingakaze ifike esilinganisweni sokukhala. Ukukhala nokukhala siqala ukucindezela ngokuzithandela esikhathini sokuqala sokuphila, kodwa ukuthambekela kokufiphaza akunakukwazi ukuyekeka. Esinye isimiso, uDarwin angase angenzi ubulungisa kuso, singase sibizwe ngokuthi isimiso sokusabela ngendlela efanayo nezisusa zezinzwa ezifanayo. Kunenombolo yezichasiso esizisebenzisa ngendlela engathekisayo emibonweni yezindawo zomqondo ezihlukene—imibono yekilasi ngalinye ingaba mnandi, inothile, futhi imelane, imizwa yazo zonke izigaba ingaba bukhali. Ngokufanelekile, u-Wundt no-Piderith babheka ukusabela okuningi okuveza kakhulu izisusa zokuziphatha njengokuvezwa okungokomfanekiso okuvelayo kokunambitha. Isimo sethu sengqondo emibonweni yezinzwa, enesifaniso nokuzwa okumnandi, okubabayo, okumuncu, kuvezwa ukunyakaza okufana nalokhu esidlulisa ngakho ukuzwakala kokunambitheka okuhambisanayo: , okubonisa isifaniso nokuvezwa kokuvela kokunambitheka okuhambisanayo. Isimo esifanayo sobuso sibonakala ekuboniseni ukunengeka nokwaneliseka. Ukubonakaliswa kokunengeka kungukunyakaza kokuqala kokuqhuma kokuhlanza; ukubonakaliswa kokwaneliseka kufana nokumamatheka komuntu omunca into emnandi noma enambitha okuthile ngezindebe zakhe. Isenzo esivamile sokuphika phakathi kwethu, ukuphenduka kwekhanda ukusuka kolunye uhlangothi kuya kolunye mayelana ne-axis yalo, insalela yalowo mnyakazo ovame ukwenziwa izingane ukuze kuvinjelwe into engathandeki ukuthi ingangeni emlonyeni wabo, futhi engabonwa njalo. enkulisa. Kuvela kithi lapho ngisho nombono olula wokuthile okungekuhle uyisikhuthazo. Ngokufanayo, ukuvuma ngekhanda okuvumayo kufana nokugobisa ikhanda ukuze udle. Kwabesifazane, ukufaniswa phakathi kokunyakaza, okuhlotshaniswa nakancane nokuhogela kanye nenkulumo yokudelela kokuziphatha nenhlalo nokungathandi, kusobala kangangokuthi akudingi incazelo. Ngokumangala nokwesaba, siyacwayiza, ngisho noma ingekho ingozi emehlweni ethu; ukugwema amehlo omuntu isikhashana kungaba uphawu oluthembekile lokuthi ukunikezwa kwethu bekungekona okokunambitheka kwalo muntu futhi kulindeleke ukuthi senqatshwe. Lezi zibonelo zizokwanela ukukhombisa ukuthi ukunyakaza okunjalo kuvezwa ngokufanisa. Kodwa uma okunye ukusabela kwethu ngokomzwelo kungachazwa ngosizo lwezimiso ezimbili esizibonisile (futhi umfundi cishe usevele waba nethuba lokubona ukuthi incazelo yamacala amaningi kakhulu iyinkinga futhi iyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani), khona-ke kusasele amaningi. ukusabela okungokomzwelo okungachazeki nhlobo futhi kufanele sikubheke yithi njengamanje njengokusabela kwe-idiopathic ekushukumiseni kwangaphandle. Lokhu kufaka phakathi: izenzakalo ezingavamile ezenzeka ku-viscera nezindlala zangaphakathi, ukoma komlomo, isifo sohudo nokuhlanza ngokwesaba okukhulu, ukuphuma okukhulu komchamo lapho igazi lijabulile kanye nokufinyela kwesinye ngokwethuka, ukuzamula lapho ulindile, umuzwa wokuthi « isigaxa emphinjeni» ngokudabuka okukhulu, ukukitaza emphinjeni futhi ukwanda ukugwinya ezimweni ezinzima, «ubuhlungu benhliziyo» ngokwesaba, amakhaza futhi ashisayo ukujuluka wendawo kanye jikelele isikhumba, ububomvu kwesikhumba, kanye nezinye izimpawu, okungenzeka ukuthi, nakuba zikhona, azikahlukaniswa ngokucacile phakathi kwabanye futhi zingakatholi igama elikhethekile. NgokukaSpencer noMantegazza, ukuthuthumela akubonwa nje kuphela ngokwesaba, kodwa nangezinye izinto eziningi ezivusa amadlingozi, kuyisenzakalo se-pathological. Lezi ezinye izimpawu ezinamandla zokwethuka - ziyingozi kumuntu obhekene nazo. Emzimbeni oyinkimbinkimbi njengohlelo lwezinzwa, kufanele kube nokusabela okuningi ngengozi; lokhu kusabela bekungeke kuthuthukiswe ngokuphelele ngokuzimela ngenxa yosizo nje abangalunikeza ephilayo.