Indlela yokuhlola i-enzyme immunoabsorption assay - ngesiNgisi i-Enzyme-Linked Immuno Assay - noma ukuhlolwa kwe-ELISA ukuhlola amasosha omzimba okuvumela ukutholwa noma ukucutshungulwa kwama-molecule kusampula yebhayoloji. Yacatshangelwa futhi yathuthukiswa ososayensi ababili baseSweden, uPeter Perlmann no-Eva Engvall eStockholm University ngo-1971.

Ama-molecule ahlolwe indlela ye-ELISA ngokuvamile angamaprotheni. Futhi izinhlobo zesampula zihlanganisa izinto eziwuketshezi zebhayoloji - i-plasma, i-serum, umchamo, umjuluko -, imidiya ye-cell culture, noma iphrotheni ehlanganisiwe - iphrotheni ekhiqizwe iseli okubalulekile kofuzo okushintshiwe ngokuhlanganiswa kabusha kofuzo - acwengwe abe yisixazululo.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-ELISA kusetshenziswa kakhulu ku-immunology ukuthola kanye / noma ukukala ubukhona bamaprotheni, amasosha omzimba noma ama-antigen kusampula. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwe-serological kuthola ikakhulukazi amasosha omzimba akhiqizwa umzimba ukuphendula ekungcoleni ngegciwane.

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibodies ekuxilongweni kwezifo ezithathelwanayo kumelela indlela ethile futhi esheshayo. Indlela ye-ELISA yindlela ye-immuno-enzymatic eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukubona ngeso lengqondo, kusukela kusampula yezinto eziphilayo, ukusabela phakathi kwe-antigen - umzimba othathwa njengowelinye izwe into ephilayo - kanye ne-antibody esebenzisa ukusabela kombala okukhiqizwa umaka we-enzyme - ngokuvamile i-alkaline phosphatase ne-peroxidase - exhunywe ngaphambili ku-antibody. Ukusabela kombala kuqinisekisa ukukhonjwa kwebhaktheriya elihlukanisiwe noma ubukhona begciwane elifunekayo kanye nokushuba kombala kunikeza inkomba yenani lama-antigen noma amasosha omzimba kusampula esinikeziwe.

Kunezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zokuhlolwa kwe-ELISA:

• ELISA ngqo, kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola noma ukukala amasosha omzimba. Isebenzisa kuphela i-antibody eyinhloko;
• ELISA ngokungaqondile, esetshenziswa kakhulu, futhi yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola noma ukuhlola amasosha omzimba. Isebenzisa i-antibody yesibili eyinikeza ukuzwela okungcono kune-ELISA eqondile;
• ELISA emqhudelwaneni, ivumela umthamo wama-antigen. Ikhiqizwe ukuncintisana ngamabhondi, ayisebenzisi i-enzyme;
• ELISA "esangweji", ivumela umthamo wama-antigen. Le nqubo ivame ukusetshenziswa ocwaningweni.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-ELISA kusetshenziselwa:

• Thola futhi ulinganise amasosha omzimba ku-serology ukuze kutholakale izifo ezithathelwanayo: i-virology, i-parasitology, i-bacteriology, njll;
• Amaprotheni we-Dose ekugxilweni okuphansi: imithamo ethile yamaprotheni athile e-plasma (i-immunoglobulin E (IgE), i-ferritin, ama-hormone amaprotheni, njll.), izimpawu ze-tumor, njll.
• Thatha ama-molecule amancane: amahomoni e-steroid, amahomoni egilo, izidakamizwa ...

Ukuhlolwa kwe-ELISA kusetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukuxilonga izifo eziningi ezithathelwanayo:

Izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (STDs)

Kubandakanya i-hepatitis, i-syphilis, i-chlamydia ne-HIV. Okutuswe iziphathimandla zezempilo, kuwukuhlola okuyinhloko kokuhlolwa kwe-AIDS: kubonisa ukuba khona kwamasosha omzimba alwa ne-HIV kanye ne-p24 antigen emasontweni ayisithupha ngemva kokutheleleka.

Izifo zesifunda noma ezivamile

I-Yellow fever, isifo se-Marburg virus (MVM), i-Ladengue, isifo se-Lyme, i-Chikungunya, i-Rift Valley fever, i-Ebola, i-Lassa fever, njll.

I-Covid-19

Ukuze kwenziwe ngaphezu kwamaviki ama-2 kuye kwangama-3 ngemuva kokuqala kwezimpawu, ukuhlolwa kwe-ELISA kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlonza, esikhathini esingaphansi kwehora, ukuba khona kwamasosha omzimba alwa ne-SARS-CoV-2.

Amagciwane abangela izifo ngaphambi kokubeletha

I-Toxoplasmosis, i-rubella, i-cytomegalovirus, i-herpes simplex isibonelo.

Amanye amacala

Kodwa futhi uthole izinhlelo zokusebenza ekutholeni:

• Ukukhulelwa;
• Izifo ze-Autoimmune;
• Ukungezwani nokudla: ukunqunywa kwenani lama-immunoglobulins E (IgE) aphelele kusiza ekuhloleni nasekwelapheni kokungezwani komzimba nezinto ezithile;
• Ukuphazamiseka kweHormonal;
• Izimpawu zesimila;
• Amagciwane ezitshalo;
• Futhi okuningi okuningi

Njengengxenye yokutholwa kwama-anti-SARS-CoV-2 amasosha omzimba, ucwaningo lokushayela olwenziwa ngo-Agasti 2020 yi-Institut Pasteur, i-CNRS, i-Inserm kanye neNyuvesi yaseParis luqinisekisa ukwethembeka kokuhlolwa kwe-ELISA: zombili izivivinyo ze-ELISA ezihloliwe. yonke i-N protein ye-SARS-CoV-2 (ELISA N) noma isizinda esingaphandle kwe-virus spike (S) njengama-antigen aqondiwe. Le ndlela yokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlonza amasosha omzimba ezimweni ezingaphezu kuka-90%, ngenani eliphansi kakhulu lamanga elingu-1%.

Okwenziwa ekuhlaziyeni amalabhorethri ngencwadi yezokwelapha, ukuhlolwa kuka-Elisa kubiza cishe ama-euro ayi-10 futhi kubuyiselwa ngo-100% Ngomshuwalense Wezempilo.

Kwenziwa ngemininingwane yamahhala, izikhungo zokuhlola kanye nokuxilonga (CeGIDD), zingaba mahhala ku-HIV kanye ne-SARS-CoV-2.