Umnikelo weqanda: usebenza kanjani?

I-Biomedicine Agency ilinganisela ukuthi kuzodingeka abanikela ngamaqanda abangu-1 unyaka ngamunye ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zabashadile abalindile. Isidingo okungenzeka futhi sikhule ngokwanda kokufinyelela ekukhiqizeni okusizwayo kanye nokulungiswa kwezimo zokungaziwa zabanikeli be-gamete. Ubani ongazuza namuhla ngomnikelo weqanda eFrance? Ubani ongenza eyodwa? Izimpendulo zethu.

Kuyini ukunikela ngeqanda?

Owesifazane angavuma ukunikela ngamanye amaqanda akhe ukuze avumele omunye wesifazane ukuthi abe ngumama. I-oocyte iyingqamuzana yokuzala yabesifazane. Wonke umuntu wesifazane ngokuvamile unezinkulungwane zamaqanda kumaqanda akhe. Nyanga zonke, cishe eziyishumi ziyakhula ukuze kuphumele ekuphumeni kweqanda kwe-oocyte eyodwa, engavundiswa yisidoda. E-France, umnikelo ungowokuzithandela futhi mahhala. Imibandela yokungaziwa zalungiswa ngokwamukelwa ngo-June 29, 2021 yiSishayamthetho Sikazwelonke somthethosivivinywa we-bioethics. Kusukela ngenyanga ye-13 kulandela ukumenyezelwa kwalo mthetho, abanikeli be-gamete kufanele bavume idatha engahlonzi (izisusa zomnikelo, izici zomzimba) kodwa futhi ukukhomba idluliselwe uma ingane izelwe ngalo mnikelo futhi uyicela lapho isikhulile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akukho sivumelwano esingasungulwa phakathi kwengane ngenxa yomnikelo kanye nomnikeli.

Yiziphi izimo zokunikela ngamaqanda?

EFrance, umnikelo weqanda ibuswa umthetho we-bioethics kaJulayi 29, 1994, ocacisa ukuthi onikelayo kumele abe neminyaka esemthethweni, abe ngaphansi kweminyaka engama-37, futhi abe nempilo enhle. Umbandela obekwe kubanikeli, ukuthi okungenani babe nengane eyodwa, wasuswa ngokubuyekezwa kwemithetho ye-bioethical kaJulayi 2011. Ukunikezwa okusha okunhloso yayo kuwukwandisa inani leminikelo, namanje ayanele.

Ubani ongazuza ekunikeleni ngeqanda?

Ama-oocyte anikezwa imibhangqwana engakwazi ukuthola abantwana, kungaba ngenxa yokuthi owesifazane ngokwemvelo akanawo ama-oocyte, noma ngenxa yokuthi ama-oocyte akhe aveza izifo zofuzo ezithathelwana enganeni, noma uma ethole ukwelashwa okucekele phansi ama-oocyte akhe, kodwa futhi kusukela ehlobo lika-2021 emibhangqwaneni yabesifazane nabesifazane abangashadile. Kuzo zonke izimo, umbhangqwana owamukelayo kufanele ube neminyaka yobudala yokuzala. Owesilisa nowesifazane benza indlela yabo ngaphakathi kohlaka oluqinile lwezokwelapha nomthethoukuzala okusizwa ngokwelashwa (MAP).

Ungabonisana kuphi ngomnikelo weqanda?

E-France, kuphela 31 izikhungo zokuzala ezisizwa ngokwelashwa (AMP) bagunyazwe ukwamukela abanikelayo noma abamukeli, futhi bathathe amasampula.

Umnikelo weqanda: yiziphi izivivinyo zokuqala zomnikeli?

Ngaphezu kokuhlolwa okuphelele komtholampilo, onikelayo kufanele ahlole igazi ukuze akhiphe isifo esithathelwanayo (i-hepatitis B no-C, i-AIDS, i-cytomegalovirus, i-HTLV 1 kanye ne-2 virus, ugcunsula), i-karyotype (uhlobo lwemephu ye-chromosome) kanye I-ultrasound yama-pelvic okuzovumela udokotela ukuthi ahlole indawo yakhe yesibeletho. Kuye ngesikhungo, angase futhi acelwe ukuthi abonane nodokotela wofuzo kanye/noma nodokotela wezengqondo.

Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho kuyobhalwa khona ku-a uhlu lwabanikeli, nezici zakhe ezingokomzimba nezofuzo, umlando wakhe wezokwelapha, uhlobo lwegazi lakhe… Lezi zonke izici udokotela okuyodingeka azibhale lapho ebhalelana (omunye ukhuluma “ngokubhanqa”) nephrofayili yalowo owamukelayo. Ngoba awukwazi ukunikela nganoma iyiphi i-oocyte kuwo wonke umamukeli.

Umnikelo wamaqanda: ukuhlolwa komamukeli

Umamukeli, futhi mhlawumbe nomngane wakhe womshado, kuzodingeka futhi ahlole igazi ukuze akhiphe isifo esithathelwanayo esingase sibe khona (isifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo B no-C, i-cytomegalovirus, i-AIDS, i-syphilis). Owesifazane naye uzohlomula a ukuhlolwa okuphelele komtholampilo ukufunda ikakhulukazi izinga layo ulwelwesi lwesibeletho. Ngokuqondene nomlingani wakhe womshado, kuzodingeka enze a i-spermogram ukuhlola inombolo, ikhwalithi kanye nokuhamba kwesidoda sakhe.

Onikelayo kufanele enzeni?

Ngemva kokumnika imvume, ulandela a ukwelashwa kwe-ovarian stimulation ngemijovo yamahomoni engaphansi kwesikhumba, nsuku zonke isikhathi esingangenyanga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele athumele ku-a ukuqapha eduze nge-ultrasound yansuku zonke nokuhlolwa kwegazi izinsuku ezimbalwa. Ngokwengxenye yakhe, umemukeli uthatha ukwelashwa kwama-hormone ngendlela yamaphilisi, ukuze alungise ulwelwesi lwesibeletho sakhe ukuze kufakwe umbungu.

Kusebenza kanjani ukunikela ngeqanda?

Ukudlula ku-in vitro fertilization kuyimpoqo. Udokotela ubhoboza wonke ama-oocyte angaba khona (ngokwesilinganiso esingu-5 ukuya ku-8) ngokuqondile kumaqanda omnikeli, ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia. Ama-oocyte avuthiwe avundiswa ngokushesha ku-in vitro (eshubhu lokuhlola) ngesidoda somlingani womamukeli. Ezinsukwini ezimbili noma ezintathu kamuva, umbungu owodwa noma emibili ifakwa esibelethweni salowo owamukelayo. Uma kukhona eminye imibungu esele, iqandiswa. Umamukeli angaphinda asebenzise noma nini lapho ethanda phakathi neminyaka emihlanu.

Ingabe ikhona imiphumela emibi ngokunikela ngeqanda?

Ukwelashwa ngokuvamile kusekelwa kahle futhi ukukhuthazwa ekulungiseleleni umnikelo akuwanciphisi amathuba okuthi onikelayo aphinde akhulelwe. Imiphumela emibi ifana ncamashi neyokuvuselela i-ovarian.

Lithini izinga lempumelelo lokunikela ngeqanda?

Abanye babeka phambili umfanekiso we Ama-25-30% okukhulelwa kubamukeli, kodwa imiphumela incike ngokuyinhloko ku ikhwalithi ye-oocyte ngakho-ke iminyaka yomnikeli. Lapho esemdala, ayancipha amathuba okukhulelwa.