I-Dysgraphia iwukuphazamiseka kokubhala, okuholela ekubhalweni kwezinhlamvu ezingalungile kanye nezikhala ezingagcwalisiwe. Lokhu kuguqulwa kolimi olulotshiwe kuthinta amakhono emishini ahlobene nokubhala ngokuhlanganisa, okuvame ukwaziwa ngokuthi “ukubhala okunamathiselwe”.

I-Dysgraphia ivame ukuholela ekulahlekelweni ukuzethemba nokunciphisa impumelelo ezifundweni. Futhi, naphezu kokubaluleka kwamakhompyutha ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ukubhala okufundekayo kuhlala kuyikhono elibalulekile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ukufundiswa kabusha kokubhala kungalungisa lokhu kukhubazeka kokufunda. Enye enye indlela: ukusetshenziswa, ekilasini, kwekhompiyutha, ukunxephezela ubunzima kumntwana we-dysgraphic. 

Incazelo ye-dysgraphia

Incazelo enikezwe udokotela wezifo zengqondo waseFrance uJulian de Ajuriaguerra we-dysgraphia iphelele impela: "Ingabe i-dysgraphic iyingane enekhwalithi yokubhala entula lapho kungekho kusilela kwemizwa noma ubuhlakani okungachaza lokhu kusilela."

Ngakho-ke i-Dysgraphia iwukuphazamiseka okuqhubekayo ekugcwalisekeni kokuthinta kwesithombe, okuthinta indlela yokubhala, kodwa futhi nesivinini sayo sokwenza.

Ikakhulukazi ingaba yingxenye ye-symptomatology ye-proprioception disorders: ikhono lokunquma indawo yezingxenye zomzimba, kanye ne-amplitude noma isiqondiso sokunyakaza kwayo, ngaphandle kokusekelwa kwezimpawu ezibonakalayo noma zokuzwa.

Izinkinga ze-dysgraphia

• Izici zangaphakathi:

Umsebenzi wokubhala uyinkimbinkimbi futhi uhilela amakhono amaningi. Esinyathelweni sokubhala, amakhono afana nokulawulwa kahle kwemoto, ubumbano, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-visuospatial, noma ukuhlela ukunyakaza asengozini. Kuphinde kuphazamise ikhwalithi yokukhohlisa kwezandla, lokho okubonwayo kanye nokutholwa okufanele, osekushiwo, kanye namandla okunaka okuqhubekayo. Ikhono lokuzwela kweminwe nalo lidlala indima enkulu.

I-Dysgraphia ingachazwa ngokuhluleka kwekhono elilodwa noma amaningi kulawa, okubizwa ngokuthi izici ezingaphakathi.

• Izici zangaphandle:

Izici zangaphandle, zemvelo ye-biomechanical, noma ezihlobene nendawo ezungezile nazo zingase zibandakanyeke: uhlobo lwepeni noma iphepha elisetshenzisiwe, ubude phakathi kwesihlalo nedeski, umthamo wokubhala odingekayo, njll. 

Ukuxilongwa kwe-dysgraphia: izici zekhwalithi nenani

Ukuxilongwa kwe-dysgraphia kuhlanganisa amathuluzi avumelekile najwayelekile kanye nokubhekwa okungakahleleki, okungenziwa uthisha ekilasini.

• Ukuhlola ikhwalithi yokubhala, amaphuzu we-BHK dysgraphia, owasungulwa ngo-2002, acabangela ikhwalithi yomdwebo, leyo yokukhiqizwa kabusha kwencwadi, njengobukhulu bayo, ukuma noma isilinganiso, kanye nezinhlamvu zokulandelana phakathi kwazo, ukugcina. ulayini, noma inhlangano esekhasini… 
• Ingxenye yobuningi bokubhala nayo inqunywa i-BHK, noma isivinini sokubhala sika-Lespargot, esasungulwa ngo-1981 futhi salinganiswa kabusha ngo-2008. Lezi zivivinyo zizobeka ingane maqondana neqembu leminyaka yakhe noma iminyaka. izinga lesikole, elinquma ukushuba kokuchezuka kwaso kwejwayelekile. Ukukhathala, ukubekezela okuphansi noma ukwehla kwezinga lokubhala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungabonakala.
• Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kwe-Ajuriaguerra okubizwa ngokuthi isivivinyo sokusheshisa ukubhala kuzohlola izinga lokuzenzakalelayo, elivumela noma elingavumeli ukusheshisa kwesigqi sokubhala. Ukusebenza okuphansi, okufana nokuzenzakalelayo okunganele, ngakho-ke kuzodinga umthwalo wokunaka ophakeme.

Lezi zinkinga zolimi olubhaliwe, eziphazamisa ukufunda kodwa futhi nesivinini sokubhala, zihlolwa ngokuhlolwa kokwelashwa kwenkulumo, okuzosiza ekuxilongweni kwe-dysgraphia, kukhomba amarejista asusayo. Ekugcineni, lokhu kuxilongwa kudinga umbono kadokotela, ngokuvamile i-neuropediatrician, ocabangela konke ukuhlolwa okwenziwa ochwepheshe: isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo, i-ophthalmologist, i-orthoptist, isazi sokukhuluma, i-psychomotor therapist, njll.

Abantu abathintekayo yi-dysgraphia

I-10 kuya ku-30% yezingane ezifunda isikole zithinteka yi-dysgraphia. Abafana bathinteka kakhulu kunamantombazane. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo olwenziwa ezinganeni ezineminyaka engu-7 nangaphezulu luye lwabonisa, ngokuqhathaniswa, ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwekhwalithi nesivinini sokubhala kubafana.

Izinto eziyingozi ze-dysgraphia: ngaphambi kwesikhathi noma ukusebenza ngokweqile

Izingane ezizalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi zivame ukuba ne-dysgraphia kunezingane ezizalwe ngesikhathi. Ikakhulukazi, ukwehla kwezinzwa zabo ezingeni leminwe. Esinye isici esiyingozi: ukungasebenzi kahle. Cishe u-50% wezingane ezikhuthele kakhulu ezinokunakwa zinezinkinga zokusebenzisana kahle kwezimoto.

Ukubhala ngesandla nokusebenza kwakho kuhlolwa ngokusekelwe kumibandela emithathu: isivinini, ukufundeka, kanye nezindleko zokuqonda.

Izindleko zokuqonda ze-dysgraphia: izimpawu eziyinhloko

Ngakho-ke i-Dysgraphia idala izindleko ezibalulekile zokuqonda, izimpawu ezihlukahlukene ezingahlolwa ngisho nangendlela engakahleleki, njenge:

• i-hypertonia, ukwanda okweqile kwethoni yemisipha. Lokhu kushuba kwesisipha ekuphumuleni ngezinye izikhathi kuhlotshaniswa nobuhlungu.
• I-Synkinesias ingabonwa: ukugoqa okungafuneki kwemisipha, okuhlotshaniswa nokunyakaza kweminye imisipha, ngokuzithandela noma i-reflexes.
• Ukukhathala okungavamile, kanye nokonakala kokubhala ngesandla phezu komsebenzi kuvame ukubonwa.

Ezinye izimpawu

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpawu ezingokwengqondo, ikakhulukazi ukuntula ukuzethemba noma ukuzethemba, zivame ukutholwa. I-Dysgraphia ingase futhi yembule ubunzima bokwamukela ukuvinjelwa, noma ekuvezeni imizwa yakho.

Izindlela eziningana zingahlanganiswa ekwelapheni i-dysgraphia.

Ukwelashwa okuyinhloko kwe-dysgraphia: ukuvuselelwa kokubhala

Izikhathi ze-Graphotherapy, ezenziwa ngumelaphi wokukhuluma, i-psychomotor therapist noma i-graphopedagogue, izovumela ingane ukuthi iphinde ifundise ukubhala kwayo. Umsebenzi wokubhala uhlanganisa kokubili imisebenzi yemoto kanye nemisebenzi ye-psychic, i-graphotherapy izohlose ukuthuthukisa ukubhala kwayo futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuziphatha kwengane.

• Phakathi nalezi zikhathi, ukuphumula kungahambisana nokuzivocavoca kokubhala kanye nemifanekiso.
• Lezi zivivinyo zizokwenziwa ngendlela ejabulisayo.
• Ukuzivocavoca kokulungiswa kokuma kuzohlanganiswa, ukuthuthukisa uhlaka olwenziwa ngumntwana ngenxa yokubeka umzimba wakhe.
• Ukuzivocavoca kwe-Motricity kuzovumela umsebenzi ekuhlukaniseni imisipha kanye nokuxhaphaza izinto.
• Ukuzivocavoca okuhlukahlukene kwangaphambi kwezithombe kuzosiza ingane ukuthi ithole kalula futhi i-fluidity yokunyakaza.
• Ukuzivocavoca kwe-Scryptographic kuzogxila kulungu elibhalayo, ngokufezekiswa kobumo, imigqa eqhubekayo, ama-sinusoid, ama-garlands ...
• Okokugcina, ukuzivocavoca kwe-calligraphy kuzovumela ingane ukuthi ifunde ukubhala ngendlela efanele, ngokudlala ngezici ezifana nendlela yokubhala, izinsimbi, nokunikeza izivivinyo zokubhala: ukubhala okunesigqi noma okuyimpumputhe, ukuhlukahluka kosayizi wezinhlamvu, njll.

Izixazululo ngokumelene ne-dysgraphia ekilasini

Ekilasini, uthisha angenza amalungiselelo omfundi we-dysgraphic, njenge:

• Nikeza amakhophi nemibhalo engenalutho, ukuze uthathe inothi efanele. 
• Hlela amathuluzi okubhala usebenzisa imigqa enemibala, izincwadi zokubhalela ezinezikhala ezinkulu.
• Sekela ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwezibalo zejiyomethri.
• Qiniseka ukuthi uthuthukisa injabulo yokubhala ...
• Ekugcineni, ingane ingase inikezwe ukusebenzisa ikhompyutha.

Ukusebenzisa amakhompyutha ekilasini ukunxephezela i-dysgraphia

Ikhompiyutha ngempela ingaba yindlela yokunxephezela ezinganeni ezine-dysgraphia. Ngoba ngisho noma ukufundiswa kabusha kwezithombe kuyivumela ukuthi ithuthukise ukusebenza kwayo, ngokuya ngokufundeka kanye nesivinini, izindleko zokuqonda eziphikelelayo ziwukuthi zinqamula ukunaka kwengane kakhulu.

"Esikoleni, ingane esesimweni sokubhala okungenanzuzo ihlala iphazamisekile ukukhiqizwa kwerekhodi elibhaliwe, futhi ayisenazo izinsiza ezanele zokugxila emsebenzini womqondo", dwebela abelaphi bomsebenzi u-Anne-Laure Guillermin no-Sophie Leveque-Dupin. Bakucacisa lokho "Isenzo sokubhala singanxeshezelwa ngokuthayipha ikhibhodi, ehlala iyisenzo semoto esilula ngisho noma kufanele izenzekele".

Laba basebenzi ababili, abangabaqeqeshi, bagcizelela umthetho olandelwayo wokusetha ithuluzi lekhompyutha, okuyinto "Idinga ukuthi ingane ithole isivinini esanele sokuthayipha, nokuthi ikhompuyutha yakhe imvumela ukuthi aphendule kuzo zonke izimo zesikole".

Okokugcina, esimweni sokuthi kungabi ngokuphambene nokukhubazeka ngokweqile, ikhompyutha, ikhulula ingane ekuboniseni kokubhala, izokwandisa amandla akhe okunaka kweminye imisebenzi yokuqonda.

Umuthi we-Herbal: Izimbali ze-Bach ezinconyelwe i-dysgraphia

Umuthi wamakhambi, ikakhulukazi izimbali ze-Bach, nawo unganikeza amandla okusindisa lapho ebhekene nobunzima bengane ene-dysgraphic: lokhu yilokho umeluleki ogunyaziwe uFrançoise Quencez asikiselayo, encwadini yakhe. Impilo yesikole engcono ngezimbali ze-Bach.

Ezinganeni ezinenkinga yokubhala, okulandelayo kuzotuswa ikakhulukazi:

• I-Sceleranthus (ukuphefumula), imbali yokulinganisela ngokomzwelo esebenza ngokungazi lutho kanye nokuntuleka kokuxhumana,
• U-Chestnut Bud, ovela eqenjini "ukuntula isithakazelo okwamanje", uwusizo ekubhekaneni nobunzima bokufunda.

Isazi sezinzwa uBernard Sablonnière usichaze kahle: "Ubuchopho buyipulasitiki kangangokuthi izinqubo ezihlobene nokufunda nokuthuthukiswa kwamandla obuchopho azihlukaniseki." Kukhona akubiza ngamawindi okufunda, okungukuthi, “izikhathi ezihambisana namakhono athile okufunda”..

Lo mbono wewindi lokwamukela ukufunda utholakala kumakhono amahle emisipha, phakathi kwezinyanga ezintathu neshumi nesishiyagalombili: iminyaka ingane edinga ukuyithinta, cindezela ... Futhi ukhuthaze amakhono ahlukahlukene ngokuzivivinya kungalushintsha uhlelo. UBernard Sablonnière naye uyingxenye: “Uma izingane ezinezinyanga ezintathu ubudala ziqeqeshelwa ukubona nokubamba izinto ngosizo lokuzivocavoca okufanele, zithola amakhono okunyakaza ngaphambi kokuthuthukiswa okuvamile kokuxhumana kwe-motor cortex. noma kusukela eminyakeni yobudala eyizinyanga ezinhlanu. “

Kusukela zisencane, vocavoca izingane ngokuthinta okuyingcaca kwazo zonke izinhlobo, ukudweba, imidlalo yepulasitiki, ukubamba, futhi ubenze baphathe futhi bathathe izinto, kuyilapho uqinisekisa ngangokunokwenzeka ukunciphisa ukuchayeka kwabo ezikrinini, ezibeka engcupheni ukwenza buthaka i-psychomotor yabo engaba namandla, zonke izindlela okufanele zilandelwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthuthukiswa kwezimoto ezingcono esikhathini esizayo ezinganeni. Futhi umvumele, mhlawumbe, ukuba agweme ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa i-dysgraphia, njengokuthi, mhlawumbe namanje kaningi, ukubizwa ngokuthi "uvilapha" noma "u-clumsy"?

Izimbangela ze-dysgraphia, okuvunywa ukuthi ziyinkimbinkimbi, ziningi. Nokho, kuwukukhubazeka okungenqobeki, uma sekutholakele futhi kunakekelwa. Ukuqeqeshwa kokubhala ngesandla kwansuku zonke esikoleni samabanga aphansi kuwumugqa wokuqala wokuvimbela, okuqhubeka nokusekela ubungoti bokupela isipelingi.