Ama-disaccharides

Ama-Disaccharides (ama-disaccharides, ama-oligosaccharides) yiqembu lama-carbohydrate, ama-molecule aqukethe ushukela olula amabili ahlanganiswe abe yi-molecule eyodwa ngesibopho se-glycosidic sokucushwa okuhlukile. Ifomula ejwayelekile yama-disaccharides ingamelwa njengo-C₁₂Н₂₂О₁₁.

Ngokuya ngesakhiwo sama-molecule kanye nezakhiwo zawo zamakhemikhali, ama-disaccharides anciphisa futhi anganciphisi ayahlukaniswa. Ukunciphisa ama-disaccharides kuhlanganisa i-lactose, i-maltose, ne-cellobiose; ama-disaccharides anganciphisi ahlanganisa i-sucrose ne-trehalose.

Izakhi ze-Chemical

Ushukela yizinto eziqinile eziyikristalu. Amakristalu ezinto ezihlukahlukene anombala kusuka komhlophe kuya kunsundu. Zincibilika kahle emanzini nase-alcohol, zibe nokunambitheka okumnandi.

Ngesikhathi sokusabela kwe-hydrolysis, izibopho ze-glycosidic ziyaphulwa, ngenxa yalokho ama-disaccharides ahlukana abe ushukela olula amabili. Enqubweni ehlanekezelwe ye-hydrolysis, i-condensation ihlanganisa ama-molecule amaningana ama-disaccharides abe ama-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi - ama-polysaccharides.

I-Lactose - ushukela wobisi

Igama elithi "lactose" lihunyushwa lisuka esiLatini ngokuthi "ushukela wobisi". Le carbohydrate ibizwa kanjalo ngoba itholakala ngobuningi emikhiqizweni yobisi. I-Lactose iyi-polymer ehlanganisa ama-molecule e-monosaccharides amabili - i-glucose ne-galactose. Ngokungafani namanye ama-disaccharides, i-lactose ayiyona i-hygroscopic. Thola le carbohydrate ku-whey.

Ububanzi besicelo

I-Lactose isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yezemithi. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-hygroscopicity, isetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezidakamizwa ezisuselwa kushukela ezi-hydrolysable kalula. Amanye ama-carbohydrate, angama-hygroscopic, asheshe abe manzi futhi umuthi osebenzayo kuwo ubola ngokushesha.

Ushukela wobisi kuma-laboratories emithi ye-biological usetshenziswa ekwenzeni imidiya yezakhi zokukhulisa amasiko ahlukahlukene amagciwane kanye nesikhunta, isibonelo, ekukhiqizeni i-penicillin.

I-Lactose i-isomerized kwezemithi ukukhiqiza i-lactulose. I-Lactulose iyi-biological probiotic eyenza ukuhamba kwamathumbu kujwayelekile uma kwenzeka ukuqunjelwa, i-dysbacteriosis nezinye izinkinga zokugaya ukudla.

Izakhiwo Eziwusizo

Ushukela obisini uyinto ebaluleke kakhulu enomsoco kanye nepulasitiki, ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni okuvumelana kokukhula kwezilwane ezincelisayo, kuhlanganise nengane. I-Lactose iyindawo yezakhi zokuthuthukisa amagciwane e-lactic acid emathunjini, avimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zokubola kuwo.

Ezakhiweni ezizuzisayo ze-lactose, kungahlukaniswa ukuthi, ngamandla amakhulu, ayisetshenziselwa ukwakha amafutha futhi ayikhulisi izinga le-cholesterol egazini.

Okungenzeka kube yingozi

I-Lactose ayilimazi umzimba womuntu. Okuwukuphela kokuphikisana nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo equkethe ushukela wobisi ukungabekezelelani kwe-lactose, okwenzeka kubantu abanokuntuleka kwe-enzyme ye-lactase, ephula ushukela wobisi ube ama-carbohydrate alula. Ukungabekezelelani kwe-Lactose kuyimbangela yokumuncwa okungalungile kwemikhiqizo yobisi ngabantu, ngokuvamile abantu abadala. Le pathology ibonakala ngendlela yezimpawu ezilandelayo:

• isicanucanu nokuhlanza;
• isifo sohudo;
• ukuqunjelwa;
• i-colic;
• ukulunywa nokuqubuka esikhumbeni;
• i-rhinitis yokungezwani;
• ukukhukhumeza

Ukungabekezelelani kwe-Lactose kuvame ukuhambisana nomzimba, futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokuntuleka kwe-lactase okuhlobene neminyaka.

I-Maltose - ushukela we-malt

I-Maltose, equkethe izinsalela ezimbili ze-glucose, iyi-disaccharide ekhiqizwa okusanhlamvu ukwakha izicubu zemibungu yazo. I-maltose encane itholakala empovani nakumpe wezitshalo eziqhakazayo, nakutamatisi. Ushukela we-malt nawo ukhiqizwa ngamanye amaseli amagciwane.

Ezilwaneni nakubantu, i-maltose yenziwa ngokuwohloka kwe-polysaccharides - isitashi ne-glycogen - ngosizo lwe-enzyme maltase.

Indima eyinhloko yezinto eziphilayo ze-maltose ukuhlinzeka umzimba ngezinto zamandla.

Okungenzeka kube yingozi

Izakhiwo ezilimazayo ziboniswa yi-maltose kuphela kulabo bantu abane-genetic deficiency ye-maltase. Ngenxa yalokho, emathunjini omuntu, lapho udla ukudla okuqukethe i-maltose, isitashi noma i-glycogen, imikhiqizo engaphansi kwe-oxidized iqoqa, ibangele isifo sohudo esibi. Ukungafaki lokhu kudla ekudleni noma ukuthatha amalungiselelo e-enzyme nge-maltase kusiza ukulinganisa ukubonakaliswa kokungabekezelelani kwe-maltose.

I-Sucrose - ushukela womoba

Ushukela, okhona ekudleni kwethu kwansuku zonke, kokubili ngendlela ehlanzekile futhi njengengxenye yezitsha ezihlukahlukene, i-sucrose. Yenziwe ngeglucose nezinsalela ze-fructose.

Emvelweni, i-sucrose itholakala ezinhlobonhlobo zezithelo: izithelo, amajikijolo, imifino, kanye nomoba, lapho yaqala ukumbiwa khona. Ukuwohloka kwe-sucrose kuqala emlonyeni bese kuphelela emathunjini. Ngaphansi kwethonya le-alpha-glucosidase, ushukela womoba uhlukaniswa ube yi-glucose ne-fructose, emuncwa ngokushesha egazini.

Izakhiwo Eziwusizo

Izinzuzo ze-sucrose zisobala. Njenge-disaccharide evame kakhulu emvelweni, i-sucrose isebenza njengomthombo wamandla womzimba. Ukugcwalisa igazi nge-glucose ne-fructose, ushukela wommoba:

• iqinisekisa ukusebenza okuvamile kobuchopho - umthengi oyinhloko wamandla;
• iwumthombo wamandla wokufinyela kwemisipha;
• kwandisa ukusebenza kahle komzimba;
• ivuselela ukwakheka kwe-serotonin, ngenxa yalokho ithuthukisa imizwa, ibe yinto elwa nokucindezeleka;
• ubamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwamasu (hhayi kuphela) amafutha agciniwe;
• ithatha ingxenye esebenzayo ku-carbohydrate metabolism;
• isekela umsebenzi wokukhipha ubuthi esibindini.

Imisebenzi enenzuzo ye-sucrose ibonakala kuphela uma idliwe ngamanani alinganiselwe. Kubhekwa njengokufanelekile ukudla ama-30-50 g kashukela womoba ekudleni, eziphuzweni noma ngendlela ehlanzekile.

Ukulimaza uma uxhashazwa

Ukweqa umthamo wansuku zonke kugcwele ukubonakaliswa kwezakhiwo eziyingozi ze-sucrose:

• izifo ze-endocrine (isifo sikashukela, ukukhuluphala);
• ukubhujiswa koqweqwe lwawo lwamazinyo kanye ne-pathologies engxenyeni yesistimu ye-musculoskeletal ngenxa yokwephulwa kwe-metabolism yamaminerali;
• isikhumba esiwohlokayo, izipikili eziphukayo nezinwele;
• ukuwohloka kwesimo sesikhumba (ukuqubuka, ukwakheka kwama-acne);
• ukucindezelwa kokuzivikela komzimba (i-immunosuppressant ephumelelayo);
• ukucindezelwa komsebenzi we-enzyme;
• ukwanda kwe-asidi yejusi lesisu;
• ukwephulwa kwezinso;
• i-hypercholesterolemia ne-triglyceridemia;
• ukusheshisa ukuguga.

Njengoba amavithamini B ebambe iqhaza ngenkuthalo enqubweni yokumuncwa kwemikhiqizo yokuwohloka kwe-sucrose (i-glucose, i-fructose), ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kokudla okumnandi kugcwele ukushoda kwala mavithamini. Ukuntuleka kwamavithamini B isikhathi eside kuyingozi ngokuphazamiseka okuqhubekayo kwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, i-pathologies yomsebenzi we-neuropsychic.

Ezinganeni, uthando lwamaswidi luholela ekwandeni komsebenzi wabo kuze kufike ekuthuthukisweni kwe-hyperactivity syndrome, i-neurosis, ukucasuka.

I-Cellobiose disaccharide

I-Cellobiose iyi-disaccharide equkethe ama-molecule amabili e-glucose. Ikhiqizwa izitshalo kanye namaseli athile amagciwane. I-Cellobiosis ayinayo inani lezinto eziphilayo kubantu: emzimbeni womuntu, le nto ayiphuli, kodwa iyinhlanganisela ye-ballast. Ezitshalweni, i-cellobiose yenza umsebenzi wesakhiwo, njengoba iyingxenye ye-molecule ye-cellulose.

I-Trehalose - ushukela we-mushroom

I-Trehalose yenziwe ngama-molecule amabili eglucose. Iqukethwe kusikhunta esiphezulu (kungakho igama layo lesibili - i-mycosis), ulwelwe, ama-lichens, ezinye izibungu nezinambuzane. Kukholakala ukuthi ukuqoqwa kwe-trehalose kungenye yezimo zokwanda kokumelana neseli ekuncipheni. Ayingeni emzimbeni womuntu, noma kunjalo, ukungena kwayo kakhulu egazini kungabangela ukudakwa.

Ama-Disaccharides asatshalaliswa kabanzi emvelweni - ezicutshini namaseli ezitshalo, isikhunta, izilwane, amagciwane. Zifakwe ekwakhiweni kwezinkimbinkimbi ze-molecular complexes, futhi zitholakala esimweni samahhala. Ezinye zazo (lactose, sucrose) ziyi-substrate yamandla yezinto eziphilayo, ezinye (cellobiose) zenza umsebenzi wesakhiwo.