Imvamisa yemvelaphi yofuzo, i-agenesis yamazinyo ibonakala ngokungabikho kokwakheka kwezinyo elilodwa noma ngaphezulu. Okubi kakhulu noma okuncane kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi kuba nemiphumela ebalulekile yokusebenza nobuhle, enemiphumela ebalulekile yengqondo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-orthodontic kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukulinganisa ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswa ngamazinyo noma izimila zingase zibe usizo yini.

Incazelo

I-agenesis yamazinyo ibonakala ngokungabikho kwezinyo elilodwa noma ngaphezulu, ngoba awazange akhe. Lokhu kuphazamiseka kungathinta amazinyo ezingane (izingane ezingenawo amazinyo) kodwa kuthinta amazinyo ahlala njalo kaningi. 

Kunezinhlobo ezimaphakathi noma ezinzima ze-dental agenesis:

• Lapho kuhileleke amazinyo ambalwa kuphela, sikhuluma nge-hypodontia (izinyo elilodwa kuya kwayisithupha elishodayo). 
• I-Oligodontia ibhekisela ekungabikho kwamazinyo angaphezu kwesithupha. Ngokuvamile kuhambisana nokukhubazeka okuthinta ezinye izitho, kungase kuhlotshaniswe nama-syndromes ahlukene.
• Okokugcina, i-anodontia ibhekisela ekungabibikho ngokuphelele kwamazinyo, okubuye kuhambisane nezinye izitho ezingavamile.

Izimbangela

I-agenesis yamazinyo imvamisa ukuzalwa. Ezikhathini eziningi, kuvela imvelaphi yofuzo (i-genetic anomaly noma ukubukeka okungavamile kumuntu), kodwa izici zemvelo nazo zingase zingenele.

Izici zofuzo

Izinguquko ezihlukene eziqondise izakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ekwakhiweni kwamazinyo kungase kuhileleke.

• Sikhuluma nge-agenesis yamazinyo ehlukanisiwe lapho ukukhubazeka kofuzo kuthinta kuphela ukukhula kwamazinyo.
• I-Syndromic dental agenesis ixhunyaniswa nokungajwayelekile kwezakhi zofuzo ezithinta nokuthuthukiswa kwezinye izicubu. Ukungabikho kwamazinyo ngokuvamile kuwuphawu lokuqala. Kukhona cishe i-150 yalezi syndromes: i-ectodermal dysplasia, i-Down syndrome, i-Van der Woude syndrome, njll.

yizici zemvelo

Ukuchayeka kombungu ezicini ezithile zemvelo kuthinta ukwakheka kwamagciwane ezinyo. Kungaba ama-agent aphathekayo (ama-ionizing radiations) noma ama-chemical agents (izidakamizwa ezithathwe ngumama), kodwa futhi kube izifo ezithathelwanayo komama (ugcunsula, isifo sofuba, i-rubella…).

Ukwelashwa komdlavuza wezingane nge-chemotherapy noma nge-radiotherapy kungaba imbangela ye-multiple genesis, ibe nzima kakhulu kuye ngeminyaka yokwelashwa kanye nemithamo enikeziwe.

Okokugcina, ukuhlukumezeka okubalulekile kwe-craniofacial kungase kube nesibopho se-agenesis yamazinyo.

kwesifo

Ukuhlolwa komtholampilo kanye ne-panoramic X-ray kuyizinsika zokuxilongwa. I-x-ray ye-retro-alveolar - i-x-ray ye-intraoral yakudala evame ukwenziwa ehhovisi lamazinyo - kwesinye isikhathi iyenziwa.

Ukubonisana okukhethekile

Iziguli eziphethwe i-oligodontia zidluliselwa ekubonisaneni kochwepheshe, okuzozinikeza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kokuxilonga futhi kuqondiswe ukunakekelwa kwemikhakha eminingi.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni ze-oligodontia, ukuhlolwa kwe-orthodontic kusekelwe ikakhulukazi ku-lateral teleradiography yogebhezi, ugongolo lwekhoni (CBCT), inqubo ye-radiography enesinqumo esiphezulu evumela ukwakhiwa kabusha kwedijithali kwe-3D, ezithombeni zangaphandle nezangaphakathi kanye nakuma-orthodontic cast.

Ukwelulekwa ngofuzo kuzosiza ukucacisa ukuthi i-oligodontia iyi-syndromic noma cha futhi ixoxe ngezindaba zofuzo.

Abantu abathintekayo

I-Dental agenesis ingenye yezinkinga zamazinyo ezivame kakhulu kubantu, kodwa esikhathini esiningi kunezinyo elilodwa noma amabili kuphela angekho. I-Agenesis yamazinyo okuhlakanipha iyona evame kakhulu futhi ithinta kufika ku-20 noma ngisho nama-30% abantu.

I-Oligondotia, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibhekwa njengesifo esingavamile (imvamisa engaphansi kuka-0,1% ezifundweni ezihlukahlukene). Ukungabikho okuphelele kwamazinyo 

akuvamile kakhulu.

Sekukonke, abesifazane bavame ukuthinteka kakhulu kunabesilisa, kodwa lo mkhuba ubonakala uhlehliswa uma sicabangela kuphela amafomu anenani elikhulu lamazinyo alahlekile.

Ukuvama kwe-agenesis kanye nohlobo lwamazinyo alahlekile nakho kuyahlukahluka kuye ngeqembu lobuhlanga. Ngakho-ke, abantu baseYurophu bohlobo lwaseCaucasia mancane amathuba okuba bakwenze lokhokubiza kakhulu kunamaShayina.

Amazinyo

Ngezinhlobo ezithambile (hypodontia), amazinyo obuhlakani avame ukushoda. Ama-incisors angemuva kanye nama-premolars nawo kungenzeka abengekho.

Ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu (i-oligodontia), ama-canines, i-molars yokuqala neyesibili noma ama-incisors amaphakathi aphezulu angase akhathazeke. Lapho i-oligodontics ithinta amazinyo ahlala njalo, amazinyo obisi angase aqhubeke edlula iminyaka evamile.

I-Oligodontia ingahambisana nokungajwayelekile okuhlukahlukene okuthinta amanye amazinyo nomhlathi njenge:

• amazinyo amancane,
• amazinyo ayi-conical noma amise ngendlela engavamile,
• ukukhubazeka koqweqwe lwawo,
• amazinyo enjabulo,
• ukuqhuma sekwephuzile,
• I-alveolar bone hypotrophy.

Ukungajwayelekile kwe-syndromic okuhambisanayo

I-agenesis yamazinyo ihlotshaniswa nokuqhekeka kodebe nolwanga kwezinye izifo ezifana ne-Van der Woude syndrome.

I-Oligodontia ingabuye ihlotshaniswe nokushoda kokuphuma kwamathe, ukungahambi kahle kwezinwele noma izinzipho, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezindlala zokujuluka, njll.

Izinkinga eziningi ze-agenesis

I-multiple tooth genesis ingaholela ekukhuleni okunganele komhlathi (hypoplasia). Akukhuthazwa ukuhlafuna, ithambo livame ukuncibilika.

Ukwengeza, ukuvaleka okubi (malocclusion) komgodi womlomo kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu yokusebenza. Izingane ezithintekile zivame ukuba nokuphazamiseka kokuhlafuna nokugwinya, okungaholela ezinkingeni ezingapheli zokugaya ukudla, okunomthelela ekukhuleni nempilo. Ukushaya kwezingcingo nakho kuyathinteka, futhi ukubambezeleka kolimi ngeke kukhishwe. Ngezinye izikhathi kukhona ukuphazamiseka kokungena komoya.

Imiphumela yezinga lempilo ayiyona into encane. Umthelela wobuhle be-multiple genesis ngokuvamile awubonakali kahle. Njengoba izingane zikhula, zivame ukuzehlukanisa futhi zigweme ukuhleka, ukumamatheka noma ukudla phambi kwabanye. Ngaphandle kokwelashwa, ukuzethemba kanye nempilo yenhlalo kuvame ukuwohloka.

Ukwelashwa kuhlose ukulondoloza imali esele yamazinyo, ukubuyisela ukuvaleka okuhle komgodi womlomo kanye nokuthuthukisa ubuhle bobuhle. Kuye ngenombolo nendawo amazinyo angekho, ukuvuselelwa kungase kusebenzise izitho zokwenziwa noma izifakelo zamazinyo.

I-Oligodontics idinga ukunakekelwa kwesikhathi eside ngokungenelela okuningana njengoba ukukhula kuqhubeka.

Ukwelashwa kwe-Orthodontic

Ukwelashwa kwe-Orthodontic kwenza kube nokwenzeka, uma kunesidingo, ukuguqula ukuqondanisa nokubeka amazinyo asele. Ingasetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ukuvala isikhala phakathi kwamazinyo amabili noma ngokuphambene ukuyikhulisa ngaphambi kokushintshwa kwezinyo elingekho.

Ukwelashwa ngokwenziwa

Ukuvuselelwa kwe-prosthetic kungaqala ngaphambi kweminyaka emibili. Isebenzisa amazinyo okufakelwa ingxenye akhiphekayo noma izitho zokufakelwa (ama-veneers, imiqhele noma amabhuloho). 

Ukwelashwa kokufakelwa

Uma kungenzeka, izimila zamazinyo zinikeza isisombululo esihlala isikhathi eside. Ngokuvamile zidinga ukuxhunyelelwa kwethambo ngaphambili. Ukubekwa kwezimila ezi-2 (noma ngisho nezi-4) ngaphambi kokuphela kokukhula kungenzeka kuphela esifundeni sangaphambili se-mandibular (umhlathi ophansi). Ezinye izinhlobo zokufakelwa zifakwa ngemva kokuyeka ukukhula.

I-Odotonology

Udokotela wamazinyo angase adinge ukwelapha izifo ezihambisana namazinyo. Ama-resin ahlanganisiwe asetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ukunikeza amazinyo ukubukeka kwemvelo.

Ukwesekwa ngokwengqondo

Ukulandelelwa kwesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo kungaba yinzuzo ukusiza ingane ukuba inqobe ubunzima bayo.

Akunakwenzeka ukuvimbela i-agenesis yamazinyo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvikelwa kwamazinyo asele kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi uma ukukhubazeka koqweqwe lwawo kubeka engcupheni enkulu yokubola, futhi imfundo yenhlanzeko yomlomo idlala indima ebalulekile.