Wonke umuntu odla imifino okungenani kanye empilweni yakhe, ephendula izindaba zakhe mayelana nezingozi zokudla kwenyama, wezwa: “Imifino nayo igcwele ama-nitrate nazo zonke izinhlobo zamakhemikhali. Yini-ke lapho?!" Lokhu kungenye yezingxabano ezithandwayo zabadla inyama. Ngempela, yimiphi imifino nezithelo ongazidla? Futhi iyingozi kangakanani “indaba ye-nitrate” empilweni yethu? I-Nitrates: abangani abangani, abangabaphangi I-Nitrates iwusawoti we-nitric acid, iyisici somsoco wezitshalo futhi iyadingeka kubo ukwakha amaseli nokudala i-chlorophyll. Ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-nitrate emhlabathini akuwona neze ubuthi ezitshalweni; kunalokho, kunomthelela ekukhuleni kwabo okwandisiwe, i-photosynthesis esebenzayo kanye nesivuno esikhulu. Ngakho-ke, abalimi bangase bafune "ukweqisa kancane" ngomanyolo. Kubantu nezilwane, ama-nitrate ngenani elijwayelekile awayona ingozi, kodwa imithamo ephezulu ingabangela ubuthi futhi iholele ekufeni. Kanye emzimbeni, emathunjini amakhulu, ngaphansi kwethonya le-microflora, ama-nitrate aphenduka ama-nitrites - anobuthi kubantu. I-Nitrites inomphumela omubi ku-hemoglobin: i-iron ferrous is oxidized to ferric iron and methemoglobin is found, engakwazi ukuthwala umoya-mpilo ezicutshini nasezithweni - kwenzeka indlala ye-oxygen. Ngokwezindinganiso ze-World Health Organization, ukudla okuvunyelwe nsuku zonke kwe-nitrate kumuntu akufanele kudlule i-5 mg nge-1 kg yesisindo somzimba, okungukuthi. e. kumuntu onesisindo esingama-70 kg - kungabi ngaphezu kwama-350 mg ngosuku. Uma uthatha u-600-650 mg we-nitrate ngesikhathi, ubuthi bungenzeka kumuntu omdala. Ezinganeni (ezincane, ezivelele kakhulu) ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezibhekene nokubuyiselwa kwe-hemoglobin kuyancipha, ngakho-ke ama-nitrate ayingozi kakhulu ezinganeni kunabantu abadala. Izinga lomthelela we-nitrate kumuntu alixhomekile kuphela ngobuningi babo, kodwa futhi nesimo somzimba wonke. Emzimbeni onempilo, ukuguqulwa kwe-nitrate ku-nitrites kuhamba kancane kunasemzimbeni obuthakathaka. Ingxenye ebalulekile yazo ivele ikhishwe, futhi ezinye ziguqulwa zibe izinhlanganisela eziwusizo. Indlela yokuvikela ngokumelene nama-nitrate inikezwa imvelo, futhi i-metabolism evamile isho ngisho nokuba khona kwalawa sawoti. Ukuba ukudla kwezitshalo, ama-nitrate azohlala eyingxenye yawo ebalulekile (ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke kube nezitshalo ngokwazo). Kodwa abantu kudingeka baqaphele ngosawoti we-nitric acid futhi, uma kungenzeka, banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwawo. Indlela yokuzivikela kuma-nitrate Yiqiniso, indlela elula yokusho ukuthi udinga ukudla imifino eqinisekisiwe kuphela, eqoqwe emasimini afakazelwe, abantu abafakazelwe. Noma ucebise ngokuthola imitha ye-nitrate noma i-nitrate tester (uma wazi okuthile mayelana nokusebenza kwamadivayisi anjalo, sicela ubhale emazwana esihlokweni) Kodwa iqiniso lempilo yilokhu: umi phambi kwekhawunta enemifino enemibala / izithelo, nakho konke ongakwenza mayelana nokuzithola, kubhaliwe emalini yentengo - izindleko kanye nezwe lokukhula ... Nanka amacebiso awusizo: Thola ukuthi hlobo luni lwalesi "sithelo". Ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zemifino, okuqukethwe kwe-nitrate ngesikhathi sokuvuna kuyahluka kakhulu komunye nomunye. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi zonke izitshalo ziqoqa usawoti we-nitric acid ngezindlela ezahlukene. Isibonelo, izinhlobo zikabhontshisi oluhlaza zivame ukuba phezulu ku-nitrate kunezinhlobo zikabhontshisi ophuzi. Khetha ezivuthiwe. Uma kungenzeka, susa izinhlobo zakuqala, izitshalo ezingavuthiwe, nemifino ebamba ukushisa, evame ukuqukatha imithamo ephezulu ye-nitrate, ekudleni. Nokho, imifino evuthwe ngokweqile akufanele ivunyelwe. Isibonelo, izitshalo zezimpande ezikhule kakhulu zama-beet wetafula kanye ne-zucchini nazo ziqukethe inani elikhulayo lama-nitrate. Ezaqathe, ikhwalithi yempande engcono kakhulu iphawulwe ngesisindo esingu-100-200 g. Ukunambitheka nombala. Izinhlobo ezinemibala egqamile yezitshalo zezimpande (ikakhulukazi izaqathi) ziqukethe ama-nitrate amancane kuneziphaphathekile. Kodwa hhayi kuphela ukubukeka okubalulekile. Uma imifino inokunambitheka okungeyona engokwemvelo, ayijabulisi ukuhlafuna - lokhu kubonisa okuqukethwe okweqile kwe-nitric acid usawoti. Okusha kuphela! Amasaladi namajusi ezithelo nemifino kufanele adliwe asanda kulungiswa. Ngisho nokugcinwa kwesikhashana esiqandisini kuholela ekwandeni kwe-microflora, okunomthelela ekukhiqizeni izinto ezinobuthi kubantu. Gwema ama-preservatives. Ungafaki ekudleni ukudla okusemathinini (futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo amasoseji nenyama ebhemayo), elungiswa ngokufaka ama-nitrate nama-nitrate. Ekwenziweni kwemikhiqizo ye-ham nesoseji, ayengezwa nje kuphela ukucindezela umsebenzi wamagciwane e-pathogenic, kodwa futhi ukunikeza imikhiqizo yenyama i-tint ebomvu-brown. Sebenzisa amanzi ahlanzekile. Cishe u-20% wawo wonke ama-nitrate angena emzimbeni womuntu ngamanzi. Amanzi abilayo angcoliswe ama-nitrate awanciphisi, kodwa andisa ubuthi bawo. Ubuthi ngamanzi anjalo buyingozi kakhulu, njengoba izinga lokumuncwa ubuthi egazini likhula. Indlela yokunciphisa i-nitrate emifino (leyo osuvele unayo ekhishini lakho) Ngisho noma ulahlekelwe umjikelezo wokuqala ekulweni ne-nitrate futhi uthenge ingulube ku-poke, konke akulahlekile. Ngosizo lommese, ipani kanye namanye amathuluzi awusizo, ungalungisa isimo futhi ulahle usawoti we-nitrogen oweqile. Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene: lapho upheka, u-canning, u-salting, u-fermenting futhi uhlanza imifino, izinga le-nitrate liyancipha kakhulu. Kodwa akuzona zonke izindlela ezisebenza ngokulinganayo, kuhlanganise nombono wokulondoloza izinto eziwusizo. Isibonelo, uma ucwilisa amazambane ahlutshiwe usuku ngesisombululo sikasawoti esiyiphesenti elilodwa, khona-ke cishe ngeke abe khona ama-nitrate kuwo, kanye nezinto ezibalulekile zebhayoloji. Ukuvutshelwa, ukucwilisa, usawoti, ukukhethwa kukhethekile ngoba ezinsukwini zokuqala ezingu-3-4 kunenqubo ethuthukisiwe yokuguqula i-nitrate ibe yi-nitrites, ngakho-ke kungcono ukungadli iklabishi esanda kufakwa emanzini, ukhukhamba neminye imifino ngaphambi kwezinsuku eziyi-10-15 kamuva. . Ngokucwiliswa isikhathi eside (amahora ama-2) kwemifino enamaqabunga, i-15-20% ye-nitrate iyagezwa kuyo. Ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-nitrate ezitshalweni zezimpande kanye neklabishi ngo-25-30%, kwanele ukuwagcina emanzini ihora, emva kokuwasika zibe izingcezu ezincane. Ngesikhathi sokupheka, amazambane alahlekelwa kufika ku-80%, izaqathe, iklabishi, i-rutabaga - kufika ku-70%, ama-beet wetafula - kufika ku-40% we-nitrate, kodwa ezinye zezakhi namavithamini zibhujiswa. Zonke lezi zindlela zine-drawback eyodwa enkulu - inqwaba ye-nitrate igxilwe kumaseli futhi ayikhishwa ngezindlela ezinjalo. Indlela ephumelela kakhulu ukuhlanza imifino ngendlela efanele. Ama-nitrate asatshalaliswa ngokungalingani ezitshalweni. Zincane kakhulu ezithelweni, ngakho izithelo nezinhlamvu kubhekwa njengokuphephile kakhulu ukudliwa. Kuyadingeka ukususa izindawo zokuhlushwa kukasawoti we-nitrogen, ikakhulukazi lapho udla imifino emisha: ikhasi, iziqu, izimpande zezitshalo zezimpande, ama-petioles, izindawo zokuguqulwa kwezitshalo zezimpande zibe izimpande, isiqu. Lokhu kunciphisa "i-nitrate" yemifino izikhathi ezimbili kuya kwezintathu. I-Encyclopedia of Safety yemifino ngayinye yeluleka indlela yayo yokuhlanza: BEET. I-Beetroot ibhekwa njengendlovukazi phakathi kwemifino, kodwa futhi inikezwe isihloko sokuba ngumpetha ekuqoqweni kwe-nitrate. Abanye abameleli bayo bangaqukatha kufika ku-4000 mg / kg. Ama-nitrate kuma-beet asatshalaliswa ngokungalingani kakhulu. Uma okuqukethwe kwabo engxenyeni ephakathi kwesiphambano sesitshalo sezimpande kuthathwa njengeyunithi engu-1, khona-ke engxenyeni engezansi (eduze nomsila) kuzoba namayunithi angama-4, futhi engxenyeni engaphezulu (eduze kwamaqabunga) - amayunithi ayi-8. Ngakho-ke, kuphephe kakhudlwana ukusika phezulu cishe ngekota bese umsila - cishe ingxenye yesishiyagalombili yesitshalo sezimpande. Ngale ndlela, ama-beet akhululwa ezingxenyeni ezintathu kwezine ze-nitrate. OKULUHLAZA. Ku-ulethisi, isipinashi, i-parsley, i-dill kanye neminye imifino, ama-nitrate ngezinye izikhathi aphakeme nakakhulu kunama-beet. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezitshalweni ezivela emibhedeni engavundile, okuqukethwe kukasawoti kuvame ukulinganisela, kepha kulezo ezitshalwe kwisisombululo sezakhi noma enhlabathini eyondliwe kahle, ukugcwala kwe-nitrate kungafinyelela ku-4000-5000 mg / kg. Ukuhlushwa kukasawoti ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zezitshalo kunezinhlobonhlobo - kukhona okuningi kuzo eziqwini naseziqwini zamaqabunga. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amakhambi amasha aqukethe amavithamini amaningi avimbela ukuguqulwa kwe-nitrate ku-nitrites. Inani elikhulu le-ascorbic acid (uvithamini C) lisiza "ukumisa" ama-nitrate, ngakho-ke kuyasiza ukwengeza amakhambi amasha ezitsheni zemifino. Kodwa ungakhohlwa ukuthi ngaphansi kwethonya lama-microorganisms nomoya, ama-nitrate aphenduka ngokushesha abe ama-nitrites. Okuluhlaza kuqotshwe kangcono ngaphambi nje kokuphakelwa. IKLABISHI. Eklabishi elimhlophe, i-nitrate "ikhethe" amaqabunga angaphezulu (izingqimba ezintathu noma ezine). Kukhona usawoti we-nitrogen ophindwe kabili kuwo kanye nasesiqwini kunengxenye emaphakathi yekhanda. Ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, iklabishi elisha ligcina okuqukethwe kwe-nitrate kuze kube nguFebhuwari, kodwa kakade ngoMashi, ukuhlushwa kukasawoti kwehla cishe izikhathi ezintathu. E-sauerkraut, ezinsukwini zokuqala ezingu-3-4 kukhona ukuguqulwa okusheshayo kwe-nitrate ibe ama-nitrate. Ngakho-ke, kungcono ukudla iklabishi enosawoti omncane hhayi ngaphambi kwesonto. Esikhathini esizayo, iningi le-nitrate lidlulela ku-brine - kanye nengxenye yazo zonke izinhlanganisela ezibalulekile. Ukholifulawa uvamise ukuqukatha ama-nitrate amaningi kuneklabishi elimhlophe futhi ashiswe kahle kakhulu. I-RADISH. Ngezinye izikhathi ama-radishes aqukethe kufika ku-2500 mg/kg we-nitrate. Ukugxila okungaba ngu-500 mg/kg kungathathwa njengokuhle kakhulu (ezinhlobonhlobo zakuqala). "Ezinhlotsheni eziyindilinga" zesithombo, usawoti we-nitrogen mancane kakhulu kune-"longated". Unganciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-nitrate kumaradishi ngesigamu ngokusika iziqongo nemisila ngo-1/8. IZAMBANE. Ngokugcinwa okuhle, okuqukethwe kwe-nitrate kumazambane kwehla kakhulu ekuqaleni kukaMashi - cishe izikhathi ezine. Kuze kube nguFebhuwari, ukuhlushwa kuhlala kucishe kungashintshile. Iningi losawoti ku-tuber ligxile eduze nendawo (futhi izinto ezibalulekile ziseduze nekhasi!), Kodwa umehluko mncane. Ngakho-ke, akusizi ukuyicwecwa, ngaphandle kwalokho, amavithamini nama-enzyme aqukethwe ngaphansi kwe-peel anciphisa ukuguqulwa kwe-nitrate ku-nitrites. Indlela efanelekile yokupheka amazambane anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-nitrate iyashiswa, "emfaniswano": izilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane zifakwa ziphelele, ezinkulu zisikwa zibe izingxenye ezi-2, 4 noma ezi-6, kanti kuze kufike ku-60-70% we-nitrate kususwa. Ngesikhathi sokupheka okuvamile, kuze kufike ku-40% kuyasuswa, uma ukuthosa - mayelana ne-15%. Kungcono ukuthulula amanzi asele ngemva kokupheka amazambane. ISAQATHE. Izaqathi, ikakhulukazi ezisanda kuqala, zingaqongelela kufika ku-1000 mg/kg we-nitrate. Ziningi zazo phezulu, eduze kwamaqabunga, futhi nasemsila ngokwawo. Kuphinde kwaphawulwa ukuthi inani elincane le-nitrate lenzeka kwizaqathi ezinosayizi ophakathi. Nokho, hhayi izaqathe kuphela, kodwa yonke imifino - beet, turnips, zucchini, njll. kungcono ukuthatha osayizi abaphakathi. Ezaqathi eziqoshiwe (njengasemifino, ama-beet, njll.), ama-nitrate aphenduka ngokushesha abe ama-nitrites. Emasaladi, lezi zinqubo zithuthukiswa ukuba khona kokhilimu omuncu noma imayonnaise (imayonnaise ngokwayo inobuthi!), Okubangela ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwama-microorganisms. Amafutha kabhekilanga avimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane. I-ZUCCHINI Angase aqukathe kufika ku-700 mg/kg we-nitrate. Iningi lazo lisongqimba oluncane ngaphansi kwesikhumba kanye eduze nomsila. Kungcono ukususa umsila futhi ususe ikhasi endaweni ewugqinsi. I-Zucchini, ikakhulukazi evuthiwe, ivame ukubiliswa, okunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-nitrate izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezimbili. Ingashiswa ngesitimu esitsheni esicindezelayo. Ukhukhamba. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, ngisho ukhukhamba angakwazi ukuqoqa kufika ku-600 mg/kg we-nitrate. Kukhona izikhathi eziningana ngaphezulu kwazo ngaphansi kwekhasi kunaphakathi. Futhi uma ikhasi libaba, lingajabulisi, kufanele linqunywe. Kubuye kunconywe ukusika ingxenye enganambitheki kakhulu eduze nomsila. *** Vele, lawa macebiso ayiconsi nje olwandle lolwazi oluwusizo oludingekayo ukuze kugcinwe impilo. Kodwa manje umbuzo wabadla inyama ngama-nitrate ungaphendulwa ngokuphepha: “Ingabe uyawesaba ama-nitrate?
2022-11-11