Ezinyathelweni zikaBuddha
Lapho ubuBuddha buqala ukusabalala bubheke empumalanga busuka eNdiya, baba nethonya elinamandla kuwo wonke amazwe ayehlangana endleleni yawo, kuhlanganise neShayina, iKorea neJapane. UbuBuddha bafika eJapan cishe ngo-552 AD. Ngo-April 675 AD umbusi waseJapane u-Tenmu wavimbela ukusetshenziswa kwenyama kuzo zonke izilwane ezinemilenze emine, kuhlanganise nezinkomo, amahhashi, izinja nezinkawu, kanye nenyama yenkukhu (izinkukhu, amaqhude). Umbusi ngamunye owalandela wayewuqinisa ngezikhathi ezithile lokhu kuvinjelwa, kuze kube yilapho ukudla inyama kuqedwa ngokuphelele ekhulwini le-10.
Ezwekazini laseShayina naseKorea, izindela zamaBuddha zabambelela esimisweni esithi “ahimsa” noma ukungabi nobudlova emikhubeni yazo yokudla, kodwa le mingcele ayizange isebenze kubantu abaningi. Nokho, eJapane, umbusi wayenesandla esiqinile futhi ebusa ngendlela yokuthi alethe izikhonzi zakhe ezimfundisweni zikaBuddha zokungabi nobudlova. Ukubulala izilwane ezincelisayo kwakubhekwa njengesono esikhulu kunazo zonke, izinyoni njengesono esilinganiselwe, nezinhlanzi njengesono esincane. AmaJapane ayedla imikhomo, eyaziwa namuhla ukuthi iyizilwane ezincelisayo, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi yayibhekwa njengezinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu.
AmaJapane nawo enza umehluko phakathi kwezilwane ezifuywe ekhaya nezilwane zasendle. Ukubulala isilwane sasendle njengenyoni kwakubhekwa njengesono. Ukubulawa kwesilwane esakhuliswa umuntu kusukela ekuzalweni kwakhe kwakubhekwa njengento enengekayo nje - kufana nokubulala elinye lamalungu omndeni. Ngakho-ke, ukudla kwaseJapane ikakhulukazi kwakuhlanganisa irayisi, ama-noodle, inhlanzi, kanye nemidlalo ngezikhathi ezithile.
Phakathi nenkathi yama-Heian (794-1185 AD), incwadi ye-Engishiki yemithetho namasiko yathi ukuzila ukudla izinsuku ezintathu njengesijeziso sokudla inyama. Ngalesi sikhathi, umuntu, enamahloni ngokuziphatha kwakhe okubi, akufanele abheke unkulunkulu (isithombe) sikaBuddha.
Emakhulwini eminyaka alandela, i-Ise Shrine yethula imithetho eqinile nakakhulu - labo abadla inyama kwakudingeka balambe izinsuku ezingu-100; lowo odlayo kwakumele azile ukudla izinsuku ezingamatshumi amabili lanye; futhi odlayo kanye nalowo odlayo kanye nalowo odla inyama kwakumelwe azile ukudla izinsuku eziyisikhombisa. Ngakho-ke, kwakukhona umthwalo othile kanye nokuzisola kwamazinga amathathu okungcola ngobudlova obuhlobene nenyama.
KumaJapane, inkomo yayiyisilwane esingcwele kakhulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kobisi eJapane kwakungandile. Ezimweni eziningi ezingavamile, abalimi babesebenzisa inkomo njengesilwane sokudonsa ukuze balime emasimini.
Kunobunye ubufakazi bokusetshenziswa kobisi emibuthanweni yezicukuthwane. Kwakukhona izimo lapho ukhilimu nebhotela kwakusetshenziselwa ukukhokha intela. Nokho, izinkomo eziningi zazivikelekile futhi zazikwazi ukuzulazula ngokuthula ezingadini zasebukhosini.
Omunye wemikhiqizo yobisi esazi ukuthi amaJapane ayeyisebenzisa kwakuyi-daigo. Igama lesiJapane lanamuhla elithi "daigomi", elisho "ingxenye engcono kakhulu", livela egameni lalo mkhiqizo wobisi. Iklanyelwe ukuvusa umuzwa ojulile wobuhle futhi inikeze injabulo. Ngokomfanekiso, elithi “daigo” lalisho isigaba sokugcina sokuhlanzwa endleleni eya ekukhanyeni. Ukukhulunywa kokuqala kwe-daigo kutholakala ku-Nirvana Sutra, lapho iresiphi elandelayo yanikezwa:
“Kusukela ezinkomeni kuye obisini olusha, kusuka obisini olusha kuye kukhilimu, kusuka kukhilimu kuya obisini olugoqiwe, kusuka obisini olugayiwe kuya ebhotela, kusuka ebhotela kuya ku-ghee (daigo). UDaigo ungcono kakhulu.” (Nirvana Sutra).
I-Raku yayingomunye umkhiqizo wobisi. Kuthiwa yakhiwe ngobisi oluxutshwe noshukela bese ibiliswa yaba yiqatha. Abanye bathi bekuwuhlobo lukashizi, kodwa le ncazelo izwakala njenge-burfi. Emakhulwini eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba khona kweziqandisi, le ndlela yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthutha nokugcina amaprotheni obisi. Ama-raku shavings ayethengiswa, adliwe noma afakwe etiyeni elishisayo.
Ukufika kwabokufika
Ngo-August 15, 1549, uFrancis Xavier, omunye wabasunguli be-Jesuit Catholic Order, wafika nezithunywa zevangeli ezingamaPutukezi eJapane, osebeni lwaseNagasaki. Baqala ukushumayela ngobuKristu.
IJapane ngaleso sikhathi yayihlukene ngokwezombangazwe. Ababusi abaningi abahlukene babebusa izindawo ezihlukahlukene, zonke izinhlobo zemifelandawonye nezimpi zenzeka. U-Oda Nobunaga, umsamurai, naphezu kokuzalwa engumlimi, waba omunye wabantu abathathu abakhulu abahlanganisa iJapane. Waziwa nangokuhlala amaJesuit ukuze akwazi ukushumayela, futhi ngo-1576, eKyoto, wasekela ukusungulwa kwesonto lokuqala lobuKristu. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukusekela kwakhe okwanyakazisa ithonya labapristi bamaBuddha.
Ekuqaleni, amaJesuit ayeyizibukeli nje eziqaphile. EJapane, bathola isiko elingaziwa kubo, elicwengisisiwe futhi elithuthuke kakhulu. Baqaphela ukuthi amaJapane ayekhathazeke kakhulu ngenhlanzeko futhi ayegeza nsuku zonke. Kwakungavamile futhi kungavamile ngalezo zinsuku. Indlela yokubhala amaJapane nayo yayihlukile - ukusuka phezulu kuya phansi, hhayi ukusuka kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla. Futhi nakuba amaJapane ayenohlelo oluqinile lwezempi lwamaSamurai, ayesasebenzisa izinkemba nemicibisholo ezimpini.
Inkosi yasePortugal ayizange inikeze usizo lwezimali emisebenzini yezithunywa zevangeli eJapane. Kunalokho, amaJesuit avunyelwa ukuba ahlanganyele kulo msebenzi. Ngemva kokuguqulwa kukaDaimyo (inkosi yenkosi) yendawo u-Omura Sumitada, isigodi esincane sokudoba saseNagasaki sanikelwa kumaJesuit. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izithunywa zevangeli ezingamaKristu zazinikela kulo lonke elaseningizimu yeJapane futhi zaguqulela iKyushu neYamaguchi (izifunda zaseDaimyo) ebuKristwini.
Zonke izinhlobo zohwebo zaqala ukugeleza eNagasaki, futhi abathengisi baceba kakhulu. Okwakuthakazelisa kakhulu kwakuyizibhamu zamaPutukezi. Njengoba izithunywa zevangeli zandisa ithonya lazo, zaqala ukwethula ukusetshenziswa kwenyama. Ekuqaleni, lokhu “kwakuyisivumelwano” sezithunywa zevangeli zakwamanye amazwe “ezazidinga inyama ukuze zihlale ziphilile”. Kodwa ukubulala izilwane nokudla inyama kwasabalala nomaphi lapho abantu beguqulelwa khona enkolweni entsha. Sibona ukuqinisekiswa kwalokhu: igama lesiJapane lisuselwa olimini lwesiPutukezi .
Elinye lamakilasi ezenhlalo laliyi-“Eta” (ukuhumusha kwemibhalo - “inqwaba yokungcola”), abameleli bayo ababebhekwa njengabangcolile, njengoba umsebenzi wabo wawuwukuhlanza izidumbu. Namuhla baziwa ngokuthi i-Burakumin. Izinkomo azikaze zibulawe. Kodwa-ke, leli klasi lalivunyelwe ukwenza nokudayisa impahla ngesikhumba sezinkomo ezafa ngenxa yemvelo. Behlanganyela emisebenzini engcolile, babephansi kwesiteji senhlalo, abaningi babo baguqukela ebuKristwini futhi bahileleka embonini yenyama ekhulayo.
Kodwa ukusabalala kokusetshenziswa kwenyama kwakumane kuyisiqalo. Ngaleso sikhathi, iPortugal yayingelinye lamazwe ayinhloko ahweba ngezigqila. AmaJesuit asiza ekuhwebeni ngezigqila edolobheni lawo eliyitheku laseNagasaki. Kwaziwa ngokuthi ukuhweba kwe-"Nanban" noma "i-southern barbarian". Izinkulungwane zabesifazane baseJapane zathengiswa ngonya ebugqilini emhlabeni wonke. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwenkosi yasePortugal, uJoao III kanye noPapa, owabonisa intengo yomgibeli onjalo ongavamile - amantombazane angama-50 aseJapane ngomphongolo ongu-1 we-Jesuit saltpeter (cannon powder).
Njengoba ababusi bendawo beguqulelwa ebuKristwini, abaningi babo baphoqelela izikhonzi zabo ukuba nazo ziguqukele ebuKristwini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaJesuit ayebona ukuhwebelana ngezikhali njengenye yezindlela zokushintsha ukulingana kwamandla ezombusazwe phakathi kwama- belligerents ahlukahlukene. Banikezela ngezikhali kuChristian daimyo futhi basebenzisa amabutho abo ezempi ukukhulisa ithonya labo. Ababusi abaningi babezimisele ukuguqukela ebuKristwini bazi ukuthi babeyozuza ngaphezu kwezimbangi zabo.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kwakunabaphendukile abangaba ngu-300,000 phakathi namashumi ambalwa eminyaka. Ukuqapha manje sekuthathelwe indawo ukuzethemba. Amathempeli nezindawo zokukhulekela zamaBuddha zasendulo manje zase zithukwa futhi zazibizwa ngokuthi “amaqaba” futhi “akhohlakele”.
Konke lokhu kwabonwa nguSamurai uToyotomi Hideyoshi. Njengothisha wakhe, u-Oda Nobunaga, wazalelwa emndenini ompofu futhi wakhula waba ujenene onamandla. Izisusa zamaJesuit zaqala ukusola kuye lapho ebona ukuthi abaseSpain babegqilaze iPhilippines. Okwenzeka eJapane kwamzonda.
Ngo-1587, uJenene Hideyoshi waphoqa umpristi ongumJesuit uGaspar Coelho ukuba ahlangane futhi wamnika “Umyalelo Wokuhlenga Wohlelo LwamaJesuit”. Lo mbhalo uqukethe izinto eziyi-11, okuhlanganisa:
1) Misa konke ukuhweba ngezigqila zaseJapane futhi ubuyisele bonke abesifazane baseJapane abavela emhlabeni wonke.
2) Yeka ukudla inyama - akufanele kubulawe izinkomo noma amahhashi.
3) Yeka ukuthuka amathempeli amaBuddha.
4) Yeka ukuguqukela ebuKristwini ngenkani.
Ngalo myalelo, waxosha amaJesuit eJapane. Sekuphele iminyaka engu-38 kuphela bafika. Wabe esehola amabutho akhe emazweni amaqaba aseningizimu. Ngesikhathi enqoba lezi zindawo, wabona ngokunengeka kwezilwane eziningi ezihlatshiwe zilahlwe eduze kwezitolo zasemgwaqweni. Kuyo yonke indawo, waqala ukufaka i-Kosatsu - izimpawu eziyisixwayiso ezazisa abantu ngemithetho yamaSamurai. Futhi phakathi kwale mithetho kukhona “Ungayidli Inyama”.
Inyama yayingeyona nje “isono” noma “engcolile.” Manje inyama yase ihlotshaniswa nokuziphatha okubi kwamaqaba angaphandle—ubugqila bobulili, ukunukubezwa ngokwenkolo, nokuketulwa kwezombangazwe.
Ngemva kokufa kukaHideyoshi ngo-1598, kwaqala ukubusa iSamurai Tokugawa Ieyasu. Wabheka nomsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli zobuKristu ‘njengebutho labagijimi’ lokunqoba iJapane. Ngo-1614, wavimbela ubuKristu ngokuphelele, ephawula ukuthi "bonakalisa ubuhle" futhi budala ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi phakathi namashumi eminyaka alandela amaKristu angaba ngu-3 cishe abulawa, futhi iningi lalahla noma lafihla ukholo lwawo.
Ekugcineni, ngo-1635, iSimemezelo Sakoku (“Izwe Elivaliwe”) savala iJapane ethonyeni lakwamanye amazwe. Akekho kumaJapane owayevunyelwe ukuhamba eJapane, kanye nokubuyela kuyo uma omunye wabo ephesheya. Imikhumbi yabahwebi baseJapane yashiswa futhi yacwila ogwini. Abokufika baxoshwa futhi ukuhweba okulinganiselwe kwakuvunyelwe kuphela eNhlonhlweni encane yaseDejima eNagasaki Bay. Lesi siqhingi sasingamamitha angu-120 ngamamitha angu-75 futhi sasivumela abantu bangaphandle abangaphezu kuka-19 ngesikhathi.
Eminyakeni engu-218 eyalandela, iJapane yahlala yodwa kodwa izinzile kwezombangazwe. Ngaphandle kwezimpi, amaSamurai kancane kancane avilapha futhi aba nesithakazelo ekuhlebeni kwakamuva kwezombusazwe. Umphakathi wawulawulwa. Abanye bangase bathi yacindezelwa, kodwa le mingcele yavumela iJapane ukuba ilondoloze isiko layo lendabuko.
Abuyile amaqaba
NgoJulayi 8, 1853, uCommodore Perry wangena ethekwini lenhloko-dolobha yase-Edo nemikhumbi yempi emine yaseMelika ephefumula intuthu emnyama. Bavimbe ichweba banqamula ukudla kwezwe. AmaJapane, ahlukaniswe iminyaka engu-218, ayesele emuva kakhulu ngokwezobuchwepheshe futhi engakwazi ukufanisa imikhumbi yempi yesimanje yaseMelika. Lo mcimbi wawubizwa nge- “Black Sails”.
AmaJapane ayesaba, lokhu kwadala inkinga enkulu yezombangazwe. UCommodore Perry, egameni le-United States, wafuna ukuba iJapane isayine isivumelwano sokuvula uhwebo lwamahhala. Wadubula ngezibhamu zakhe ekhombisa amandla futhi wasongela ukubhujiswa ngokuphelele uma bengalaleli. ISivumelwano Sokuthula SaseJapane NaseMelika (ISivumelwano SaseKanagawa) sasayinwa ngo-March 31, 1854. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, amaNgisi, amaDashi, namaRussia enza okufanayo, esebenzisa amaqhinga afanayo ukuze aphoqelele amandla awo ezempi ukuba ahwebe ngokukhululekile neJapane.
AmaJapane abona ubungozi bawo futhi aphetha ngokuthi adinga ukwenza isimanjemanje.
Ithempeli elilodwa elincane lamaBuddha, i-Gokusen-ji, selishintshiwe ukuze lamukele izivakashi zakwamanye amazwe. Ngo-1856, ithempeli lase liyinxusa lokuqala lase-US eJapane, eliholwa ngu-Consul General Townsend Harris.
Eminyakeni engu-1, akukho neyodwa inkomo ebulewe e-Japan.
Ngo-1856 u-Consul General u-Townsend Harris waletha inkomo e-consulate futhi wayihlaba emagcekeni ethempeli. Khona-ke yena, kanye nomhumushi wakhe uHendrik Heusken, bathosa inyama yakhe base beyidla newayini.
Lesi sigameko sadala uthuthuva olukhulu emphakathini. Abalimi ngokwesaba baqala ukufihla izinkomo zabo. Ekugcineni uHeusken wabulawa uronin (amaSamurai angenangqondo) ehola umkhankaso wokulwa nabantu bakwamanye amazwe.
Kodwa isenzo saqedwa - babulala isilwane esingcwele kakhulu samaJapane. Kuthiwa lesi kwakuyisenzo esaqala iJapane yesimanje. Ngokungazelelwe "amasiko amadala" aphuma emfashini futhi amaJapane akwazi ukuqeda izindlela zabo "zakudala" kanye "nemuva". Ukuze kukhunjulwe lesi sigameko, ngo-1931 isakhiwo se-consulate saqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi "Ithempeli Lenkomo Ehlatshiwe". Isifanekiso sikaBuddha, esiphezu kwesisekelo esihlotshiswe ngezithombe zezinkomo, sibheka isakhiwo.
Kusukela lapho, kwaqala ukubonakala amadela, futhi nomaphi lapho ayevuleka khona, kwakunokwethuka. AmaJapane aba nomuzwa wokuthi lokhu kwakungcolisa izindawo zawo zokuhlala, kuzenza zingahlanzekile futhi zingathandeki.
Ngo-1869, uMnyango Wezezimali WaseJapane wasungula i-guiba kaisha, inkampani ezinikele ekuthengiseleni abahwebi bangaphandle inyama yenkomo. Khona-ke, ngo-1872, uMbusi uMeiji waphasisa uMthetho we-Nikujiki Saitai, owaqeda ngenkani imingcele emibili emikhulu ezindela ezingamaBuddha: wawuvumela ukuba zishade futhi zidle inyama yenkomo. Kamuva, ngawo lowo nyaka, uMbusi wamemezela obala ukuthi yena uthanda ukudla inyama yenkomo newundlu.
Ngo-February 18, 1872, izindela eziyishumi zamaBuddha zagasela eSigodlweni Sobukhosi ukuze zibulale uMbusi. Izindela ezinhlanu zadutshulwa zabulawa. Bamemezela ukuthi ukudla inyama “kwakucekela phansi imiphefumulo” yabantu baseJapane futhi kufanele kunqandwe. Lezi zindaba zazifihlwe eJapane, kodwa umyalezo ngazo wavela ephephandabeni laseBrithani i-Times.
U-Emperor wabe esehlakaza isigaba sezempi sama-Samurai, esikhundleni salo wabeka ibutho lezempi elibuthelwa eNtshonalanga, waqala ukuthenga izikhali zanamuhla e-United States naseYurophu. Ama-Samurai amaningi alahlekelwa isimo sawo ngobusuku obubodwa nje. Manje isikhundla sabo sasingaphansi kwesabathengisi ababeziphilisa ngokuhweba okusha.
Ukuthengisa inyama eJapan
Ngesimemezelo somphakathi soMbusi sokuthanda inyama, inyama yamukelwa yizihlakaniphi, osopolitiki kanye nesigaba somthengisi. Kwabahlakaniphileyo, inyama yayibekwe njengophawu lwempucuko nesimanje. Ngokwezombangazwe, inyama yayibhekwa njengendlela yokwakha ibutho eliqinile - ukwakha isosha eliqinile. Ngokomnotho, ukuhweba ngenyama kwakuhlotshaniswa nengcebo nokuchuma kwesigaba somthengisi.
Kodwa iningi labantu lisaphatha inyama njengomkhiqizo ongcolile futhi onesono. Kodwa uhlelo lokuqhakambisa inyama kubantu abaningi seluqalile. Enye yamasu - ukushintsha igama lenyama - yenza kube nokwenzeka ukugwema ukuqonda ukuthi kuyini ngempela. Ngokwesibonelo, inyama yengulube yayibizwa ngokuthi “botan” (imbali ye-peony), inyama yenyamazana yayibizwa ngokuthi “momiji” (maple), kanti inyama yehhashi yayibizwa ngokuthi “sakura” (imbali ye-cherry). Namuhla sibona itulo lokumaketha elifanayo - i-Happy Mills, i-McNuggets ne-Woopers - amagama angajwayelekile afihla ubudlova.
Inkampani eyodwa ehweba ngenyama yaqhuba umkhankaso wokukhangisa ngo-1871:
“Okokuqala incazelo evame kakhulu yokungathandi inyama ukuthi izinkomo nezingulube zinkulu kangangokuthi zisebenza kanzima ngendlela emangalisayo ukuhlaba. Futhi ubani omkhulu, inkomo noma umkhomo? Akekho umuntu omelene nokudla inyama yomkhomo. Kuwunya yini ukubulala umuntu ophilayo? Futhi unqume ukuvula umgogodla we-eel ephilayo noma unqume ikhanda likafudu oluphilayo? Ingabe inyama yenkomo nobisi kungcolile ngempela? Izinkomo nezimvu zidla okusanhlamvu notshani kuphela, kuyilapho inhlanzi ebilisiwe etholakala e-Nihonbashi yenziwa ngoshaka abaye badla abantu abaminzayo. Futhi nakuba isobho elenziwe ngezingulube ezimnyama [izinhlanzi zasolwandle ezivamile e-Asia] limnandi, lenziwa ngenhlanzi edla indle yomuntu ephonswa imikhumbi emanzini. Nakuba imifino yasentwasahlobo ngokungangabazeki iphunga elimnandi futhi elimnandi kakhulu, ngicabanga ukuthi umchamo owawuvundiswa ngawo ngosuku olwandulela izolo wawufakwe ngokuphelele emaqabunga. Ingabe inyama yenkomo nobisi inuka kabi? Ingabe izibilini zezinhlanzi ezifakwe emanzini nazo azinuki kabi? Inyama ye-pike evutshiwe neyomisiwe ngokungangabazeki inuka kabi kakhulu. Kuthiwani ngesitshalo seqanda esifakwe emanzini anosawoti kanye ne-daikon radish? Ekukhetheni kwabo, kusetshenziswa indlela "yakudala", ngokusho ukuthi yiziphi izibungu zezinambuzane ezixutshwa nelayisi miso, esetshenziswa njenge-marinade. Akuyona yini inkinga ukuthi siqala kulokho esikujwayele nesingeyikho? Inyama yenkomo nobisi kunomsoco kakhulu futhi kuhle kakhulu emzimbeni. Lokhu ukudla okuyisisekelo kwabaseNtshonalanga. Thina maJapane sidinga ukuvula amehlo ethu futhi siqale ukujabulela ubuhle benyama yenkomo nobisi.”
Kancane kancane, abantu baqala ukwamukela umqondo omusha.
Umjikelezo wokubhujiswa
Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo abona iJapane yakha kokubili amandla ezempi kanye namaphupho okwanda. Inyama yaba yisisekelo sokudla kwamasosha aseJapan. Nakuba izinga lezimpi ezalandela likhulu kakhulu kulesi sihloko, singasho ukuthi iJapane ibangela unya oluningi kulo lonke elaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Njengoba impi yayisondela ekupheleni, i-United States, eyake yaba umthengisi wezikhali waseJapane, yafinyelela isiphetho sezikhali ezibhubhisa kakhulu emhlabeni.
Ngo-July 16, 1945, kwahlolwa isikhali sokuqala se-athomu, okuthiwa uZiqu-zintathu, e-Alamogordo, eNew Mexico. “UBaba Webhomu Le-athomu” uDkt. J. Robert Oppenheimer ngaleso sikhathi wakhumbula amazwi avela ku-Bhagavad Gita umbhalo 11.32 : “Manje sengingukufa, umbhubhisi wezwe.” Ngezansi ungabona ukuthi uphawula kanjani ngaleli vesi:
Amasosha ase-US abe esebheka iJapan. Phakathi neminyaka yempi, amadolobha amaningi eJapane ayesecekeleke phansi kakade. UMongameli Truman ukhethe izinhloso ezimbili, uHiroshima noKokura. Lawa kwakungamadolobha ayengakathintwa impi. Ngokulahla amabhomu kulezi zinhloso ezimbili, i-US ingathola "ukuhlolwa" okubalulekile kwemiphumela yabo ezakhiweni nakubantu, futhi iphule intando yabantu baseJapane.
Emasontweni amathathu kamuva, ngo-August 6, 1945, ibhomu le-Enola Gay lawisa ibhomu le-uranium elibizwa ngokuthi “Baby” eningizimu yeHiroshima. Lokhu kuqhuma kwabulala abantu abangu-80,000 70,000, kwathi abanye abangu-XNUMX XNUMX bafa emasontweni alandelayo ngenxa yokulimala kwabo.
Inhloso elandelayo kwakuyidolobha laseKokura, kodwa isishingishane esafika sabambezela indiza. Lapho isimo sezulu siba ngcono, ngo-August 9, 1945, ngesibusiso sabapristi ababili, i-Fat Man, isikhali se-athomu se-plutonium, yalayishwa endizeni. Indiza yasuka esiqhingini sase-Tinian (igama lekhodi elithi "Pontificate") ngemiyalo yokuqhuma ibhomu idolobha laseKokura kuphela ngaphansi kokulawulwa okubonakalayo.
Umshayeli wendiza, uMajor Charles Sweeney, wandiza phezu kweKokura, kodwa idolobha lalingabonakali ngenxa yamafu. Waphindela omunye umzuliswano, futhi wayengawuboni umuzi. Uphethiloli wawuphela, wayesezweni lezitha. Wenza umzamo wakhe wesithathu wokugcina. Nalapha futhi ikhava yefu yamvimbela ukuba abone lelitshe.
Walungiselela ukubuyela esizindeni. Khona-ke amafu ahlukana futhi uMajor Sweeney wabona idolobha laseNagasaki. Inhloso yayibonakala, wakhipha umyalo wokuwisa ibhomu. Wawela esigodini sase-Urakami saseNagasaki City. Abantu abangaphezu kuka-40,000 XNUMX babulawa ilangabi elinjengelanga ngokuphazima kweso. Babengase bafe abaningi, kodwa amagquma azungeze isigodi ayevikela ingxenye enkulu yedolobha elingaphesheya.
Lena indlela amacala amabili empi amakhulu kakhulu enziwa ngayo. Abadala nabancane, abesifazane nabantwana, abaphile kahle nababuthaka, bonke babulawa. Akekho owasinda.
NgesiJapane, inkulumo ethi “inhlanhla njengo-Kokura” yavela, okusho insindiso engalindelekile ekubhujisweni ngokuphelele.
Lapho kuzwakala izindaba zokubhujiswa kweNagasaki, abapristi ababili ababusisa indiza bashaqeka. Bobabili uFata George Zabelka (wamaKatolika) kanye noWilliam Downey (amaLuthela) kamuva balahla zonke izinhlobo zobudlova.
INagasaki yayiyisizinda sobuKristu eJapan kanti i-Urakami Valley yayiyisikhungo sobuKristu eNagasaki. Cishe ngemva kweminyaka engama-396 UFrancis Xavier waqala ukufika eNagasaki, amaKristu abulala abalandeli bawo abaningi kunanoma yimuphi amaSamurai eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-200 yokushushiswa kwawo.
Kamuva, uJenene Douglas MacArthur, uMkhuzi Ophakeme Ohlangene Womsebenzi WaseJapane, wanxenxa ababhishobhi ababili bamaKatolika aseMelika, uJohn O’Hare noMichael Ready, ukuba bathumele “izinkulungwane zezithunywa zevangeli ezingamaKatolika” ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuze “zivale isikhala esingokomoya esadalwa ukunqotshwa okunjalo” phakathi nonyaka owodwa.
I-Aftermath & Modern Japan
Ngo-September 2, 1945, amaJapane anikezela ngokusemthethweni. Phakathi neminyaka yokubusa kwe-US (1945-1952), umkhuzi ophakeme wamabutho ahlaselayo wethula uhlelo lwesidlo sasemini esikoleni olwaluqondiswa i-USDA ukuze “luthuthukise impilo” yezingane zesikole zaseJapane futhi lugxilise kuzo ukunambitheka kwenyama. Ekupheleni komsebenzi, isibalo sezingane ezibambe iqhaza kulolu hlelo sase sikhule sisuka ku-250 saya ezigidini ezingu-8.
Kodwa izingane zesikole zaqala ukunqotshwa ukugula okungaqondakali. Abanye besaba ukuthi kwakuwumphumela wensalela yemisebe yokuqhuma kwe-athomu. Kwaqala ukuqubuka emizimbeni yezingane zesikole. Kodwa-ke, amaMelika aqaphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuthi amaJapane ayengezwani nenyama, futhi umphumela wawo wawubangelwa yizinyosi.
Emashumini eminyaka adlule, ukuthengwa kwenyama yaseJapane kwamanye amazwe kuye kwanda ngendlela efanayo nemboni yasendaweni yokubulala.
Ngo-1976, i-American Meat Exporters Federation yaqala umkhankaso wokumaketha ukuze kuthuthukiswe inyama yaseMelika eJapan, okwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-1985, lapho kwethulwa Uhlelo Lokukhuthaza Ukuthekelisa Okuhlosiwe (Targeted Export Promotion Programme)ITIYE). Ngo-2002, iMeat Exporters' Federation yethula umkhankaso othi “Welcome Beef”, owalandelwa ngo-2006 ngumkhankaso othi “Siyakhathalela”. Ubudlelwano bangasese nomphakathi phakathi kwe-USDA kanye ne-American Meat Exporters Federation buye babamba iqhaza elikhulu ekukhuthazeni ukudla kwenyama e-Japan, ngaleyo ndlela kukhiqiza izigidigidi zamaRandi embonini yesilaha yase-US.
Isimo samanje sibonakala esihlokweni sakamuva ku-McClatchy DC ngomhla ka-8 Disemba 2014: “Isidingo Esiqinile SaseJapane Solimi Lwenkomo Sishukumisa Ukuthunyelwa Kwe-US.”
Isiphetho
Ubufakazi obungokomlando busikhombisa ukuthi yiziphi izindlela ezazisetshenziswa ukukhuthaza ukudla inyama:
1) Faka isikhalazo esimweni seqembu elincane lenkolo/langaphandle
2) Ukuzibandakanya okuhlosiwe kwezigaba eziphezulu
3) Ukuzibandakanya okuhlosiwe kwezigaba eziphansi
4) Ukuthengisa Inyama Ukusebenzisa Amagama Angajwayelekile
5) Ukudala isithombe senyama njengomkhiqizo ofanekisela isimanje, impilo kanye nengcebo
6) Ukuthengisa izikhali ukudala ukungazinzi kwezombangazwe
7) Izinsongo kanye nezenzo zempi ukudala ukuhweba mahhala
8) Ukubhujiswa okuphelele nokudalwa kwesiko elisha elisekela ukudla inyama
9) Ukudala Uhlelo Lwesidlo Sasemini Esikoleni Lokufundisa Izingane Ukudla Inyama
10) Ukusetshenziswa kwemiphakathi ehwebayo kanye nezinzuzo zezomnotho
Izazi zasendulo zaziyiqonda imithetho ecashile elawula indawo yonke. Udlame olutholakala enyameni lutshala imbewu yezingxabano ezizayo. Uma ubona lezi zindlela zisetshenziswa, yazi ukuthi (ukubhujiswa) sekuseduze.
Futhi lapho iJapan isibuswa abavikeli abakhulu bezinkomo - iSamurai ...
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