Ithini eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nelimhlophe lobisi olujiyile lihlotshaniswa iningi yiSoviet Union, kanti abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lo mkhiqizo uzalwe ngalesi sikhathi. Eqinisweni, amagama amaningi namazwe anikele kulo mkhiqizo ayabandakanyeka emlandweni wokuvela kobisi olujiyile.
Ukujabulisa umnqobi
Uhlobo oluthandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabalandeli bobisi olujiyile lunikeza ubunikazi bokuzalwa kwale dessert engathobeki kumthengisi waseFrance nomthengisi wewayini uNicolas Francois Apper.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, wayedume ngemizamo yakhe yokudla, kuyilapho uNapoleon ayefuna ukwandisa ikhishi lamasosha akhe ukuze ukudla emikhankasweni kuhlale isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka, kube nomsoco futhi kusha.
Usomaqhinga omkhulu kanye nomnqobi wamemezela umncintiswano wokulondolozwa kokudla okuhle kakhulu, ethembisa umklomelo omuhle kumnqobi.
UNicolas Apper unciphise ubisi emlilweni ovulekile, wabe eselugcina emabhodleleni engilazi anentamo ebanzi, wawafaka uphawu wabe esewashisisa emanzini abilayo amahora amabili. Kuvele ukuthi kube yi-concentrate ejiyile emnandi, futhi kungenxa yalokhu lapho uNapoleon anikeze uPhakeme umklomelo nendondo yegolide, kanye nesihloko esihlonishwayo esithi "Umhlinzeki Wobuntu".
Ekuhlolweni okunjalo wabangelwa yimpikiswano yososayensi bangaleso sikhathi. I-Needham ethile yase-Ireland yayikholelwa ukuthi amagciwane avela ezintweni ezingaphili, kanti i-Italian Spallanzani yanqaba, ikholelwa ukuthi igciwane ngalinye linokhokho walo.
Ngemuva kwesikhashana, umpheki we-khekhe waqala ukuthengisa izinto azenzile esitolo "Ukudla okuhlukahlukene emabhodleleni nasemabhokisini", eqhubeka nokuzama ukudla nokulondolozwa kwazo, futhi wabhala nencwadi ethi "Ubuciko bokulondoloza izinto zezitshalo nezilwane isikhathi eside inkathi. ” Phakathi kwezinto azisungulile kukhona i-chicken cutlet cutlet nama-bouillon cubes.
Izigidi Zobisi Boden
Indaba yokuvela kobisi olujiyile ayigcini lapho. Indoda eyiNgisi uPeter Durand yasebenzisa ilungelo lobunikazi lika-Alpert lokulondoloza ubisi futhi yaqala ukusebenzisa amathini njengeziqukathi ngo-1810. Futhi abantu bakubo uMelbeck no-Underwood ngo-1826 no-1828, ngaphandle kokusho lutho, baveza umqondo wokwengeza ushukela obisini.
Futhi ngo-1850, usomabhizinisi uGail Boden, eya embukisweni wezohwebo eLondon, lapho amenywa khona ngokusungula kwakhe isilingo senyama, wabona isithombe sobuthi bezingane ngobisi lwenkomo lwezilwane ezigulayo. Izinkomo zathathwa zangeniswa emkhunjini ukuze zibe nomkhiqizo omusha, kodwa lokhu kwaphenduka inhlekelele - izingane eziningana zabulawa ukudakwa. UBoden wathembisa ukuthi uzokwakha ubisi olusemathinini futhi lapho ebuyela ekhaya waqala izivivinyo zakhe.
Ukhiphe ubisi lube yimpuphu, kepha akakwazanga ukukugwema ukunamathela ezindongeni zezitsha. Umqondo uqhamuke encekwini - othile weluleka uBoden ukuthi agcobe izinhlangothi zamabhodwe ngamafutha. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1850, ngemuva kwamathumba amade, ubisi lwalubiliswa lube yinsundu ensundu, e-viscous, eyayinambitheka kamnandi futhi ingonakalanga isikhathi eside. Ukuze uthole ukunambitheka okungcono nempilo eshalofini ende, uBoden waqala ukwengeza ushukela obisini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngo-1856, wenza ilungelo lobunikazi lokukhiqizwa kobisi olujiyile futhi wakha ifektri yokukhiqizwa kwalo, wagcina enweba ibhizinisi futhi waba usozigidi.
Ama-molasses ase-Argentina
Abantu base-Argentina bakholelwa ukuthi ubisi olujiyile lwasungulwa ngenhlanhla esifundazweni saseBuenos Aires, eminyakeni engama-30 ngaphambi kwelungelo lobunikazi laseMelika.
Ngo-1829, ngesikhathi sempi yombango, oGeneral Lavagier noRoses, ababekade belwa bodwa, benza umgubho. Ekuphithizelweni, inceku yayikhohliwe ubisi olubilayo ethinini - futhi ikani laqhuma. Omunye wojenene wanambitha izigaxa ezijiyile ezigelezayo futhi wamangala ngokunambitheka kwawo okumnandi. Ngakho-ke ojenene babona ngokushesha ngempumelelo engaba khona yomkhiqizo omusha, kwasetshenziswa oxhumana nabo abanethonya, futhi ubisi olujiyile lwangena ngokuzethemba ekukhiqizweni futhi baqala ukujabulela impumelelo emangalisayo phakathi kwama-Argentina.
AbaseColombia badonsa ingubo ngaphezulu kwabo, bathi ukwenziwa kobisi olujiyile kubantu babo, abaseChile nabo babheka ukufaneleka kokuvela kobisi olufingqiwe njengolwabo.
Ubisi oluncibilikisiwe lwabantu
Endaweni yethu, ekuqaleni, ubisi oluncibilikile belungafuneki kakhulu, izimboni ezavulwa ngokukhethekile ukukhiqizwa kwazo zashiswa zavalwa.
Ngesikhathi sempi, ngokwesibonelo, eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala, amafektri e-confectionery ngokuzimela abhekana nezidingo zamasosha, kanye nabahloli bamazwe be-polar kanye nabahlanganyeli ohambweni olude, nobisi olusemathinini, ngakho-ke sasingekho isidingo kanye nemithombo yomkhiqizo ohlukile .
Njengoba ubisi olujiyile lwalumnandi futhi lunikeza amandla, lwaluhlonishwa ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi ezilambile zangemva kwempi, kodwa kwakungeke kwenzeke futhi kubize ukuluthola; ngezikhathi zamaSoviet, ithini lobisi olujiyile lalibhekwa njengokunethezeka.
Ngemuva kwempi, ubisi olujiyile lwaqala ukukhiqizwa ngemiqulu emikhulu; amazinga GOST 2903-78 enzelwe wona.
Imboni yokuqala yobisi efingqiwe eYurophu yavela ngo-1866 eSwitzerland. Ubisi olujiyile lwaseSwitzerland lwaludume kakhulu eYurophu futhi lwaze lwaba “ikhadi lalo lokushaya”.
Ngendlela, ubisi olujiyile lwalusetshenziswa njengefomula yobisi yokondla izingane. Ngenhlanhla, hhayi isikhathi eside, ngoba ibingakwazi ukwanelisa zonke izidingo zokudla okunomsoco namavithamini omzimba okhulayo.
Ubisi olubilisiwe lobisi olubilisiwe
Ezikhathini zangemva kwempi zaseSoviet, ubisi oluncibilikile lwalubilisiwe, futhi njengoba kujwayele ukwenzeka, bekunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zemvelaphi yale dessert engabili.
Omunye wabo uthi uPeople's Commissar Mikoyan yena wazama ubisi olujiyile, wake wabilisa imbiza emanzini. Ithini laqhuma, kepha uketshezi olunsundu olumnyama olwasakazeka kulo lonke ikhishi lwaziswa.
Iningi likholelwa ukuthi ubisi olujiyile olubilisiwe luvele ngaphambili, lapho amasosha abilisa ubisi oluncibilikisiwe ngamaketela ukuze enze ushintsho.
Can
Ukusungulwa kwethini kungathakazelisa njengokuvela kobisi olusemathinini.
Ithini lingabuyela emuva ku-1810 - umakhenikha waseNgilandi uPeter Durand waphakamisa emhlabeni umbono wakhe wokufaka ezinye izimbiza zengilazi ezazigcwele i-wax ezazisetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi. Amathini okuthayela okuqala, yize ayengcono kakhulu, elula futhi ethembeke ukwedlula ingilazi entekenteke, ayesenomklamo ongenangqondo nesembozo esingesihle.
Lesi sivalo savulwa kuphela ngosizo lwamathuluzi athuthukisiwe - ishizolo noma isando, okwakungabesilisa kuphela, ngakho-ke, sasingenzeka kuphela emadodeni, ngakho-ke ukudla okusemathinini kwakungasetshenziswanga empilweni yasekhaya, kepha kwakuyilungelo lokuzulazula okukude , amatilosi.
Kusukela ngo-1819, abantu baseMelika abasebenzayo baqala ukukhiqiza izinhlanzi nezithelo ezisemathinini, ukubuyisela amathini amakhulu enziwe ngesandla ngamancane enziwe ngefektri - kwakulula futhi kungabizi, ukulondolozwa kwezemvelo kwaqala ukufuneka kubantu. Futhi ngo-1860, kwasungulwa i-caner opener eMelika, okwaphinda kwenza lula umsebenzi wokuvula amathini.
Ngama-40s, amathini aqala ukuvalwa ngothayela, kwathi amathini e-aluminium avela kuma-57. Izimbiza "ezijiyile" ezinomthamo wama-325 ml womkhiqizo kuseyisiqukathi sokuqala salo mkhiqizo omnandi.
Yini okufanele ibe lubisi olujiyile
Kuze kube manje, izindinganiso zokukhiqizwa kobisi olujiyile azikashintshi. Kufanele ibe nobisi lwenkomo noshukela. Yonke eminye imikhiqizo enengxube yamafutha, izilondolozi kanye nezithasiselo ezinamakha ngokuvamile ihlukaniswa njengomkhiqizo wobisi ohlangene.