I-Computed tomography, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi “iskena”, yavela okokuqala ngqa ngo-1972. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwe-radiological kusetshenziswa ama-X-ray. Okwenziwa isazi se-radiologist, sithwebula izithombe ezinemininingwane enezinhlangothi ezintathu. I-Computed tomography ivumela ukucwaninga kwezitho zesiguli futhi ithole ukungahambi kahle okuthile ngokunembe kakhulu kunokunye ukuhlola.

I-Computed tomography (CT) ukuhlolwa kwe-x-ray. Le ndlela yokwelapha yokuthwebula izithombe, eyenziwa isazi se-radiologist, ibizwa nangokuthi isithwebuli (noma i-CT-Scan: ngesiNgisi, i-computed tomography). Ihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-X-ray nesistimu yekhompyutha. Lokhu kuvumela izithombe ezincane zezingxenye zomzimba. 

Iringi iqukethe ishubhu ye-x-ray kanye nesethi yezithonjana:

• ugongolo lwe-x-ray luzungeza isiguli;
• Ama-X-ray detectors aqoqa izici zemishayo eye yadlula emzimbeni wesiguli;
• ihlaziywa ngekhompuyutha, lolu lwazi luzovumela ukwakhiwa kwesithombe. Ngempela kuyi-algorithm yezibalo yokwakha kabusha isithombe esenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola umbono wesitho.

Izitho zingafundwa ngazodwana. I-tomography yekhompyutha yenza kube nokwenzeka ukwakha kabusha izithombe ze-2D noma ze-3D zezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene ze-anatomical. Usayizi omncane wokuthola isilonda, ikakhulukazi, uthuthukiswa kakhulu ngesithwebuli.

Ukusetshenziswa komthombo wokuqhathanisa

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubonakala kwezicubu, umkhiqizo wokuqhathanisa osuselwa ku-iodine uvame ukusetshenziswa. Yethulwa ngomlomo, noma ngomjovo. Umjovo kumele uvumelane nesiguli, isitho esithakaselwayo, umongo womtholampilo. Imithamo ejovwe kufanele incike esisindweni sesiguli. 

Le ndlela yokuqhathanisa iyinto eyenza izingxenye ezithile zomzimba zikhanye. Umgomo ukubenza babonakale ezithombeni ezithathwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Le midiya yokuqhathanisa ene-iodine, isibonelo, eyenza umgudu womchamo nemithambo yegazi kuguquguquke, amuncwa ngendlela yento ebizwa ngokuthi i-iomeprol. Kubalulekile ukuqapha izingozi zokungezwani komzimba, ezikhona kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokuphatha kanye nomthamo.

Cishe amaskena ayizigidi ezinhlanu akhiqizwa eFrance ngonyaka, eminyakeni yamuva (isibalo sika-2015), izigidi ezingama-70 e-United States. Lokhu kuhlolwa akunconywa kwabesifazane abakhulelwe.

Ukuthwebula isithombe sezokwelapha kubalulekile ukuze kutholwe ukuxilonga, ukuhlola ubucayi be-pathology, noma ngisho nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa. Inzuzo yokuskena ngesithwebuli ukuthi inikeza ulwazi olunembe kakhulu ngezindawo ezifundwayo. Ngakho-ke i-computed tomography iboniswa ekusesheni izilonda ezingabonakali ku-ultrasound noma kuma-x-ray evamile:

• Brain. Ukuze kuhlolwe ubuchopho, izinkomba ze-computed tomography namuhla zithinta ikakhulukazi iziguli eziye zahlukumezeka ekhanda, noma okusolwa kuzo ukopha kwe-intracranial. Ukusesha ama-pathologies e-cerebral angahlukumezeki, kunalokho i-MRI ezokwenziwa (ukuhlolwa okusebenzisa insimu kazibuthe namaza omsakazo);

• I-Thorax. Isithwebuli namuhla siwukuhlola okungcono kakhulu kwe-radiological ukuhlola ithorax;

• esiswini. I-Computed tomography futhi ingenye yezivivinyo ze-x-ray ezihamba phambili zokuhlola isisu. Ikakhulukazi, inikeza ukwazisa okuhle kwazo zonke izitho zangaphakathi "ezigcwele" zesisu;

• Izilonda amathambo. Isithwebuli sivumela ukuhlolwa kwezilonda zamathambo njengokuphuka;

• I-Pathologies ama-vascular. I-Computed tomography ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile okubheka i-pulmonary embolism noma i-aortic dissection.

I-Computed tomography inhle kakhulu ekuhloleni isisu kanye nethorax ngoba inikeza izithombe zokucaca okuphezulu kakhulu. Iphinde ithuthuke kakhulu ekufuneni ama-fractures, noma i-calcium noma igazi ezicutshini. I-CT scan, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ayisebenzi kangako ekuhloleni izingxenye ezithambile, ngaphandle kokusesha izibalo zesimila.

• ukopha;
• izimila;
• ama-cysts;
• izifo. 

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isithwebuli singasiza ekuqapheni ezinye izindlela zokwelapha, ikakhulukazi ku-oncology.

Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa

Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa, isiguli sisusa zonke izakhi zensimbi. I-CT scan ingase idinge umjovo womkhiqizo wokuqhathanisa: kulesi simo, isazi se-radiologist sifaka umugqa we-venous (inaliti exhunywe ku-catheter) ekugoqeni kwendololwane.

Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa

Isiguli silele phezu kwetafula elihamba ngendandatho. Le ringi iqukethe ishubhu ye-x-ray kanye nesethi yezithonjana. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, isiguli kufanele sihlale singanyakazi, silele etafuleni. Isiguli sisodwa ekamelweni, kodwa singakwazi, ngombhobho, ukuxhumana nethimba lezokwelapha kulandela ukuhlolwa ngemuva kwengilazi yomthofu. Isikhathi sokuhlolwa esimaphakathi sicishe sibe yikota yehora.

Indawo ejwayeleke kakhulu ukuthi isiguli silale ngomhlane izingalo zibe ngaphezu kwekhanda. Ukuhlolwa akubuhlungu. Ngezinye izikhathi kuzodingeka umise ukuphefumula kwakho imizuzwana embalwa. Kuyadingeka futhi ukugcina umzila we-venous isikhashana, uma kwenzeka ukungezwani komzimba kulandela umjovo.

Ngemuva kokuhlolwa

Isiguli singabuyela ekhaya ngaphandle kokuhambisana, sizokwelulekwa ukuthi siphuze kakhulu ukuze siqede ngokushesha umkhiqizo ohlukile. Ngokuvamile kuhle ukuphuza amalitha amabili amanzi phakathi nosuku lonke.

Ukwazi :

• ngemva kokuskena, i-radiologist ingase ihlaziye izithombe ngokushesha futhi ngokushesha ichaze imiphumela yokuqala esigulini;

• ukuhunyushwa kwezithombe ngezinye izikhathi kungadinga isikhathi esengeziwe, ukunikezwa kokugcina kwemiphumela ngakho-ke ngokuvamile kwenziwa phakathi kwamahora angu-24 okusebenza. Ingase ngempela idinge umsebenzi wesibili we-IT onzima kakhulu noma omncane;

• ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, imiphumela ingase ithathe izinsuku ezintathu zokusebenza ngemva kokuhlolwa.

Umbiko uzothunyelwa kudokotela ochazayo ngeposi, kanye nezithombe eziphrintiwe futhi ngokuvamile ne-CD-ROM yesithombe. 

Uma kukhona okungahambi kahle, lokhu kuvame ukuvela ezithombeni njengamachashaza, amaqhuqhuva, noma ama-opacities. I-Computed tomography ithola ukungahambi kahle okuncane, okungaba ngaphansi noma kulingane namamilimitha angu-3. Nokho, lokhu okungavamile akulona ngempela uphawu lomdlavuza, isibonelo. Incazelo izochazwa esigulini ngudokotela, ozoxoxa ngokuxilongwa.