Ake siqale sisho ukuthi i-cocaine (kanye nama-amphetamine) ihlukaniswa phakathi kwama-ejenti okuthiwa i-central nervous system stimulants. Nakuba ulwazi oluningi oluvezwe lapha lusebenza nasekuthembeleni otshwaleni nezinye izidakamizwa, kunobunye ubufakazi obuhlobene ngqo nalo mndeni wamakhemikhali.

Sikhuluma ngokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa lapho umsebenzisi ehluleka kaningi ukufeza izibopho zakhe emsebenzini, esikoleni noma ekhaya. Noma ukuthi usebenzisa into naphezu kwengozi engokomzimba, izinkinga zomthetho, noma ukuthi iholela ezinkingeni zomphakathi noma zomuntu siqu.

Ukuncika kubonakala ngokubekezelelana, okusho ukuthi inani lomkhiqizo odingekayo ukuze uthole umphumela ofanayo liyakhula; izimpawu zokuhoxa lapho uyeka ukusetshenziswa, ukwenyuka kwamanani kanye nemvamisa yokusetshenziswa. Umsebenzisi unikela isikhathi sakhe esiningi emisebenzini ehlobene nokusetshenziswa, futhi uyaqhubeka naphezu kwemiphumela emibi ebalulekile.

Ukulutha kuyisenzo sokuphoqelela ukufuna ukusebenzisa into ngaphandle kokubheka imiphumela engemihle (ngokwenhlalo, yengqondo neyomzimba) yalokhu kusetshenziswa. Ukulutheka kubonakala kukhula lapho ukusetshenziswa okuphindaphindiwe kwento kushintsha izinzwa ezithile (amaseli ezinzwa) ebuchosheni. Siyazi ukuthi ama-neurons akhulula ama-neurotransmitters (amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene) ukuze axhumane; i-neuron ngayinye ingakhulula futhi ithole ama-neurotransmitters (ngama-receptors). Kukholakala ukuthi lezi zikhuthazi zidala ukuguqulwa kokuphila kwama-receptors athile kuma-neurons, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte ukusebenza kwawo okuvamile. Lezi zingase zingaphinde zilulame ngokugcwele, ngisho nalapho kumiswa ukusetshenziswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izivuseleli zesimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi (kuhlanganise ne-cocaine) zandisa amazinga ama-neurotransmitters amathathu ebuchosheni: I-Dopamine i-norepinephrine futhi i-serotonin.

I-Dopamine. Ivamise ukukhishwa ama-neurons ukuze kusebenze ukwaneliseka nokuvuza ingqondo. I-Dopamine ibonakala iyi-neurotransmitter eyinhloko exhunywe nenkinga yokuba umlutha, ngoba ingqondo yokwaneliseka ayisavuswa ngokuvamile ebuchosheni kubasebenzisi be-cocaine.

I-norépinéphrine. Imvamisa idedelwa ngokuphendula ukucindezeleka, ibangela ukushaya kwenhliziyo kukhuphuke, umfutho wegazi ukhuphuke, nezinye izimpawu ezifana nomfutho wegazi ophakeme. Isihloko sibhekana nokwanda komsebenzi wezimoto, ngokundindizela okuncane emaphethelweni.

serotonin. I-Serotonin isiza ukulawula imizwa, isifiso sokudla nokulala. Inesenzo sokuzola emzimbeni.

Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonisa ukuthi izidakamizwa eziluthayo zishintsha ukusebenza kobuchopho ngendlela ephikelelayo ngemva kokuba umuntu eyekile ukusebenzisa. Ubunzima bezempilo, bezenhlalakahle kanye nomsebenzi obuvame ukuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kabi kwalezi zidakamizwa abupheli lapho ukusetshenziswa kuyekwa. Ochwepheshe babheka ukulutheka njengenkinga engapheli. I-cocaine ibonakala iyisidakamizwa esisengozini enkulu yokulutheka, ngenxa yomphumela wayo onamandla wenjabulo nokushesha kwesenzo.

Umsuka we-cocaine

Amaqabunga I-Erythroxyloni-coca, isitshalo esidabuka ePeru naseBolivia, sasihlafunwa aboMdabu baseMelika futhi abanqobi owazisa umphumela wayo we-tonic. Lesi sitshalo siphinde sasiza ukunciphisa umuzwa wendlala nokoma. Kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu XIX^e Ikhulu leminyaka ukuthi i-cocaine ehlanzekile ikhishwe kulesi sitshalo. Ngaleso sikhathi, odokotela babeyisebenzisa njenge-tonic emakhambi amaningi. Imiphumela eyingozi yayingaziwa. UThomas Edison noSigmund Freud bangabasebenzisi ababili abadumile. Ukuba khona kwaso njengesithako esiphuzweni sokuqala se-"coca-cola" cishe yikhona kwaziwa kakhulu (isiphuzo sesikhishwe kuso iminyaka eminingana).

Amafomu e-cocaine

Abantu abasebenzisa kabi i-cocaine bayisebenzisa kunoma iyiphi yalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zamakhemikhali: i-cocaine hydrochloride ne-crack (inkululeko). I-Cocaine hydrochloride iyimpushana emhlophe engafuthwa, ibhenywe, noma incibilikiswe emanzini bese ijova ngomjovo. I-crack itholakala ngokushintshwa kwamakhemikhali e-cocaine hydrochloride ukuze kutholwe inhlama eqinile engabhenywa.

Ukusabalala kokulutheka

I-US National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) ithi isibalo sabantu abasebenzisa i-cocaine ne-crack sehlile kule minyaka eyishumi edlule.¹. Ukweqisa kwe-cocaine kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yokulaliswa okuhlobene nezidakamizwa ezibhedlela zase-United States naseYurophu. Ngokusho kwedatha yocwaningo lwaseCanada, ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwe-cocaine phakathi kwabantu baseCanada ngo-1997 kwakuyi-0,7%², isilinganiso esifana nese-United States. Lokhu ukwehla ukusuka ku-3% wango-1985, okuyizinga eliphezulu elibikiwe. Ngokwalezi zinhlolovo ezifanayo, amadoda anamathuba aphindwe kabili okubika ngokusebenzisa i-cocaine kunabesifazane.