E-France njengase-Canada, sibona ukungalingani emisebenzini yezemfundo nezobuchwepheshe exhunywe ubulili babantu ngabanye. Nakuba amantombazane ngokwesilinganiso enza kangcono emfundweni yawo kunabafana, athambekele kakhulu ezigabeni zemibhalo neziqu, okuyimizila engenanzuzo encane kunezigaba zesayensi, ezobuchwepheshe nezimboni ezikhethwe abafana. Ngokusho kwababhali u-Couppié no-Epiphane, yile ndlela abalahlekelwa ngayo ” ingxenye yenzuzo yale mpumelelo engcono yezemfundo “. Ukukhetha kwabo ubungcweti akuzuzisi kangako ngokombono wezezimali, kodwa kuthiwani ngokuhlobana kwakho nenjabulo nokwaneliseka? Ngeshwa siyazi ukuthi lokhu kuqondiswa kochwepheshe kuholela ebunzimeni bokuhlanganiswa kochwepheshe kwabesifazane, ubungozi obuphezulu bokungasebenzi kanye nezimo ezibucayi kakhulu… 

Ngo-1981, uLinda Gottfredson wathuthukisa ithiyori ngokumelwa kochwepheshe. Ngokwakamuva, izingane ziqale zibone ukuthi imisebenzi ihlukaniswa ngobulili, bese kuthi imisebenzi ehlukene inamazinga angalingani okuhlonishwa emphakathini. Ngakho-ke, lapho ineminyaka engu-13, yonke intsha inebalazwe lokuqonda eliyingqayizivele elimelela ubungcweti. Futhi bazoyisebenzisa ukusungula a indawo yezinketho zemisebenzi eyamukelekayo ngokwemibandela engu-3: 

• ukuhambisana kobulili obubonakalayo bomsebenzi ngamunye nobunikazi bobulili
• ukuhambisana kwezinga elicatshangwayo lokuvelela lomsebenzi ngamunye nomuzwa wokuba namandla okufeza lo msebenzi
• ukuzimisela ukwenza noma yini edingekayo ukuze uthole umsebenzi oyifunayo.

Le mephu “yemisebenzi eyamukelekayo” izonquma umumo wezemfundo kanye nezinguquko ezingaba khona phakathi nomsebenzi.

Ngo-1990, inhlolo-vo yabonisa ukuthi ‘imisebenzi ababeyithanda abafana kwakuyimisebenzi enjengososayensi, iphoyisa, umdwebi, umlimi, umbazi, nomdwebi wamapulani, kuyilapho imisebenzi eyayithandwa amantombazane kwakuwuthisha, uthisha wesikole esiphakeme, umlimi, umdwebi, unobhala. kanye negrosa. Kuzo zonke izimo, isici sobulili esithatha indawo yokuqala ngaphezu kwesici sokuhlonishwa komphakathi.

Noma kunjalo, nakuba abafana beqaphela kakhulu amaholo emisebenzi ehlukahlukene efiselekayo, ukukhathazeka kwamantombazane kugxile kakhulu empilweni yomphakathi kanye nokubuyisana kwezindima zomndeni nezomsebenzi.

Le mibono engelona iqiniso ikhona besebancane kakhulu futhi ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kwesikole samabanga aphansi. 

Ngo-1996, u-Gottfredson wenza isiphakamiso se-theory of compromise. Ngokwalokhu kwakamuva, ukuvumelana kuchazwa njengenqubo lapho abantu beshintsha izifiso zabo ukuze bathole izinqumo ezingokoqobo nezifinyelelekayo zobungcweti.

NgokukaGottfredson, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuyekethisa “kwasekuqaleni” kwenzeka lapho umuntu ebona ukuthi umsebenzi abewufisa kakhulu awukona ukukhetha okufinyelelekayo noma okunengqondo. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “okungokomthetho” kuvumelana nakho kwenzeka lapho umuntu eshintsha izifiso zakhe ngenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho aba nakho ngenkathi ezama ukuthola umsebenzi noma phakathi nokuhlangenwe nakho kwasesikoleni.

The ukuvumelana okulindelekile zixhunyaniswe nemibono yokungafinyeleleki hhayi ngenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho kwangempela emakethe yezemisebenzi: ngakho-ke zivela ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi zibe nomthelela ekukhethweni komsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo.

Ngo-2001, uPatton noCreed babona ukuthi intsha izizwa iqiniseke ngokwengeziwe ngephrojekthi yayo yobungcweti lapho iqiniso lokuthatha izinqumo likude (cishe iminyaka eyi-13): amantombazane azizwa eqiniseka kakhulu ngoba anolwazi oluhle ngendawo yobuchwepheshe.

Kodwa, ngokumangalisayo, ngemva kweminyaka engu-15, abafana namantombazane baba nokungaqiniseki. Eminyakeni engu-17, lapho ukukhetha sekuseduze, amantombazane azoqala ukungabaza futhi abe nokungaqiniseki okukhulu ekukhetheni kwawo umsebenzi kanye nomhlaba womsebenzi kunabafana.

Ngo-1996 u-Holland wenza isiphakamiso sethiyori entsha esekelwe “kukhetho lomsebenzi”. Ihlukanisa izigaba eziyisi-6 zezintshisekelo zomsebenzi, ngasinye sihambisana namaphrofayili obuntu ahlukene:

• Ongokoqobo
• Umphenyi
• Ubuciko
• Social
• ukuheha
• Ezivamile

Ngokusho kukaHolland, ubulili, izinhlobo zobuntu, indawo ezungezile, isiko (okuhlangenwe nakho kwabanye abantu bobulili obufanayo, abanesizinda esifanayo ngokwesibonelo) kanye nomthelela womndeni (okuhlanganisa okulindelwe, amakhono emizwa atholwe) kungenza kube nokwenzeka ukulindela uchwepheshe. izifiso zentsha.