Charles Darwin

UCharles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) wayengusosayensi wemvelo waseNgilandi nomhambi owabeka izisekelo zemfundiso yesimanje yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nesiqondiso somcabango wokuziphendukela kwemvelo obizwa ngegama lakhe (uDarwinism). Umzukulu ka-Erasmus Darwin noJosiah Wedgwood.

Emcabangweni wakhe, incazelo yokuqala enemininingwane eyanyatheliswa ngo-1859 encwadini ethi "The Origin of Species" (isihloko esigcwele: "Imvelaphi Yezilwane Ngokukhetha Kwemvelo, noma Ukusinda Kwezinhlanga Ezithandwayo Emzabalazweni Wokuphila" ), uDarwin wanamathisela ukubaluleka kokuziphendukela kwemvelo ekuzikhetheleni kwemvelo nokuhlukahluka okungapheli.

i-biography emfushane

Funda futhi uhambe

Wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 12, 1809 eShrewsbury. Ufundele ubudokotela e-University of Edinburgh. Ngo-1827 wangena eNyuvesi yaseCambridge, lapho afundela khona izifundo zenkolo iminyaka emithathu. Ngo-1831, ngemva kokuphothula eyunivesithi, uDarwin, njengesazi semvelo, wahamba uhambo oluzungeza umhlaba ngomkhumbi wohambo lweRoyal Navy, iBeagle, lapho abuyela khona eNgilandi kuphela ngo-Okthoba 2, 1836. Phakathi nohambo, UDarwin uvakashele isiqhingi saseTenerife, iziQhingi zaseCape Verde, ogwini lwaseBrazil, e-Argentina, e-Uruguay, eTierra del Fuego, eTasmania naseziqhingini zaseCocos, lapho aletha khona inani elikhulu lokubuka. Imiphumela yavezwa emisebenzini ethi "Idayari yocwaningo lwesayensi yemvelo" (I-Journal ye-Naturalist, 1839), "The Zoology of Voyage on the Beagle" (I-Zoology of the Voyage on the Beagle, 1840), "Ukwakheka nokusatshalaliswa kwezixhobo zamakhorali" (Isakhiwo Nokusatshalaliswa Kwezixhobo Zamakhoralieyodwa);

Umsebenzi wesayensi

Ngo-1838-1841. UDarwin wayengunobhala we-Geological Society yaseLondon. Ngo-1839 washada, kwathi ngo-1842 lo mbhangqwana wasuka eLondon waya e-Down (Kent), lapho baqala khona ukuhlala unomphela. Lapha uDarwin wahola ukuphila okuyimfihlo futhi okulinganiselwe kososayensi nomlobi.

Kusukela ngo-1837, uDarwin waqala ukugcina idayari lapho afaka khona idatha mayelana nezinhlobo zezilwane ezifuywayo nezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo, kanye nokucatshangelwa mayelana nokukhethwa kwemvelo. Ngo-1842 wabhala indaba yokuqala ngemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo. Kusukela ngo-1855, uDarwin wabhalelana nesazi sezitshalo saseMelika u-A. Gray, ayethula kuye imibono yakhe eminyakeni emibili kamuva. Ngo-1856, ngaphansi kwethonya lesazi sokuma komhlaba esiyiNgisi kanye nesazi semvelo uC. Lyell, uDarwin waqala ukulungisa incwadi yesithathu, eyandisiwe. Ngo-June 1858, lapho umsebenzi usuphelile, ngathola incwadi evela kusazi semvelo esiyiNgisi u-AR Wallace enombhalo wesandla wesihloko sakamuva. Kulesi sihloko, uDarwin uthole ukuchayeka kafushane kwethiyori yakhe yokuzikhethela kwemvelo. Izazi zemvelo ezimbili ngokuzimela futhi kanyekanye zakha imibono efanayo. Bobabili bathonywe umsebenzi ka-TR Malthus kubantu; bobabili babeyazi ngemibono kaLyell, bobabili bafunda ngezilwane, izitshalo kanye nokwakheka komhlaba kwamaqembu eziqhingi futhi bathola umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlala kuzo. UDarwin wathumela umbhalo wesandla kaWallace kuLyell kanye nendatshana yakhe, kanye nezinhlaka zenguqulo yakhe yesibili (1844) kanye nekhophi yencwadi yakhe eya ku-A. Gray (1857). ULyell waphendukela kusazi sezitshalo esiyiNgisi uJoseph Hooker ukuze athole iseluleko, futhi ngo-July 1, 1859, ndawonye bethula zombili lezi zincwadi kuyi-Linnean Society eLondon.

Umsebenzi o late

Ngo-1859, uDarwin washicilela ethi The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, noma i-Preservation of Favored Breeds in the Struggle for Life.On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, noma Ukulondolozwa Kwezinhlanga Ezithandwayo Emzabalazweni Wempilo), lapho abonisa khona ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane, imvelaphi yazo engokwemvelo ezinhlotsheni zangaphambili.

Ngo-1868, uDarwin washicilela incwadi yakhe yesibili ethi, The Change in Domestic Animals and Cultivated Plants.Ukwehlukahlukana Kwezilwane Nezitshalo Ngaphansi Kokwenziwa Kwasekhaya), okuhlanganisa izibonelo eziningi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngo-1871, kwavela omunye umsebenzi obalulekile kaDarwin - "Ukwehla Komuntu Nokukhethwa Kobulili".Ukwehla Komuntu, kanye Nokukhethwa Ngokuphathelene Nocansi), lapho uDarwin anikeza khona izimpikiswano ezisekela imvelaphi yezilwane yomuntu. Eminye imisebenzi kaDarwin ephawulekayo ihlanganisa uBarnacles (I-Monograph ku-Cirripedia, 1851-1854); "Impova kuma-orchid" (The Ukuvundiswa kwama-orchid, 1862); "Ukuvezwa Kwemizwa Kumuntu Nezilwane" (Ukuvezwa Kwemizwa Kumuntu Nezilwane, 1872); "Isenzo se-cross-pollination kanye ne-self-pollination emhlabeni wezitshalo" (Imiphumela Yesiphambano- kanye Nokuzivundisa ngokwakho eMbusweni Wemifino.

Darwin nenkolo

C. Darwin wavela endaweni engavumelani. Nakuba amanye amalungu omkhaya wakubo ayengabantu abacabanga ngokukhululekile ababezenqaba obala izinkolelo zenkolo ezingokwesiko, yena ngokwakhe akazange aqale angabaze iqiniso elingokoqobo leBhayibheli. Waya esikoleni saseSheshi, wabe esefunda imfundiso yenkolo yaseSheshi eCambridge ukuze abe umfundisi, futhi waqinisekiswa ngokugcwele impikiswano kaWilliam Paley ye-teleological yokuthi umklamo ohlakaniphile obonakala endalweni ufakazela ukuba khona kukaNkulunkulu. Kodwa-ke, ukholo lwakhe lwaqala ukuntengantenga ngenkathi ehamba eBeagle. Wakungabaza lokho ayekubona, ngokwesibonelo, emangala ngezidalwa ezinhle ezijulile zasolwandle ezidalwe ekujuleni okungaka okungekho muntu owayengajabulela umbono wazo, ethuthumela lapho ebona umnyovu okhubazekile, okwakufanele ube ukudla okuphilayo kwezibungu zawo. . Esibonelweni sokugcina, wabona ukungqubuzana okucacile emibonweni kaPaley mayelana nokuhleleka komhlaba okuhle kakhulu. Ngenkathi ehamba phezu kweBeagle, uDarwin wayesabambelele ngokuqinile emthethweni futhi engase asebenzise igunya leBhayibheli lokuziphatha, kodwa kancane kancane waqala ukubuka indaba yendalo, njengoba yethulwe eTestamenteni Elidala, njengamanga futhi engathembeki.

Lapho ebuya, waqala ukuqoqa ubufakazi bokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Wayazi ukuthi abangane bakhe benkolo yezazi zemvelo babebheka imibono enjalo njengokuhlubuka, ebukela phansi izincazelo ezimangalisayo zokuhleleka komphakathi, futhi wayazi ukuthi imibono enjalo yezinguquko yayiyohlangatshezwana nokungabi nabubele okukhethekile ngesikhathi isikhundla seSonto LaseSheshi sishiswa abaphikisi abakhulu. nabaphika ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu. Ethuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yakhe yokuzikhethela kwemvelo ngasese, uDarwin waze wabhala ngenkolo njengesu lokusinda kwezizwe, kodwa wayekholelwa kuNkulunkulu njengoyena ophakeme onquma imithetho yaleli zwe. Ukholo lwakhe lwaba buthakathaka kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi, ngokufa kwendodakazi yakhe u-Annie ngo-1851, uDarwin wagcina elahlekelwe ukholo kunkulunkulu wamaKristu. Waqhubeka esekela isonto lendawo futhi esiza amakholwa ezindabeni ezifanayo, kodwa ngeSonto, lapho wonke umkhaya uya esontweni, wayehamba ayoshaywa umoya. Kamuva, lapho ebuzwa ngemibono yakhe engokwenkolo, uDarwin wabhala ukuthi wayengakaze akholelwe ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona, ngomqondo wokuthi akazange akuphike ukuba khona kukaNkulunkulu nokuthi, ngokuvamile, “kungaba ngokunembile ukuchaza isimo sami sengqondo ngokuthi uNkulunkulu akekho. .»

Emlandweni wakhe wokuphila kukayisemkhulu ka-Erasmus Darwin, uCharles wakhuluma ngamahemuhemu angamanga okuthi u-Erasmus wakhala kuNkulunkulu okhukhweni lokufa. UCharles waphetha indaba yakhe ngala mazwi: “Yayinjalo imizwa yobuKristu kuleli zwe ngo-1802 <...> Singathemba okungenani ukuthi akukho okunjengalokhu okukhona namuhla.” Ngaphandle kwalezi zifiso ezinhle, izindaba ezifanayo zihambisana nokufa kukaCharles uqobo. Okudume kakhulu kulezi kwakuyilokho okubizwa ngokuthi “indaba kaLady Hope”, umshumayeli oyiNgisi, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1915, eyayithi uDarwin wayeguqukele enkolweni ngesikhathi egula ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe. Izindaba ezinjalo zasakazwa ngenkuthalo amaqembu enkolo ahlukahlukene futhi ekugcineni zathola isikhundla sezinganekwane zasemadolobheni, kodwa zaphikiswa izingane zikaDarwin futhi zalahlwa izazi-mlando njengezingamanga.

Imishado nezingane

NgoJanuwari 29, 1839, uCharles Darwin washada nomzala wakhe, u-Emma Wedgwood. Umshado wenziwa ngokwesiko leBandla laseSheshi, futhi ngokuhambisana namasiko ama-Unitarian. Ekuqaleni lo mbhangqwana wawuhlala kuGower Street eLondon, kwathi ngoSepthemba 17, 1842 bathuthela eDown (Kent). AbakwaDarwin babenezingane eziyishumi, ezintathu kuzo ezashona zisencane. Abaningi bezingane nabazukulu ngokwabo bathole impumelelo ebalulekile. Ezinye zezingane zazigula noma zibuthakathaka, futhi uCharles Darwin wayesaba ukuthi isizathu sasiwukusondelana kwabo no-Emma, ​​okwakubonakala emsebenzini wakhe ngobuhlungu bokuzalanisa kanye nezinzuzo zeziphambano ezikude.

Imiklomelo nomehluko

UDarwin uthole imiklomelo eminingi evela emiphakathini yesayensi yaseGreat Britain nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. UDarwin washona eDowne, eKent, ngo-Ephreli 19, 1882.

Quotes

• "Ayikho into emangalisa ukwedlula ukusabalala kokungathembeki okungokwenkolo, noma ukucabangela, phakathi nengxenye yesibili yokuphila kwami."
• "Abukho ubufakazi bokuthi umuntu ekuqaleni wanikezwa inkolelo ekhulisayo yokuba khona kukankulunkulu onamandla onke."
• “Lapho sazi ngokwengeziwe imithetho yemvelo engaguquleki, yilapho izimangaliso ezimangalisayo ziba kithina.