Okuqukethwe
I-spruce blue, futhi ukuklwebha (Picea pungens) ungowokuzalwa eNyakatho Melika. Kodwa lapho efika eYurophu, ngokushesha wathola ukuthandwa lapho futhi ngokushesha wazi kahle expanses. Uthandwa ngombala omangalisayo wezinaliti, umqhele ominyene olinganiselayo, ukuzithoba, ukumelana nomoya nesomiso, kanye nekhono lokusinda esithwathwaneni esinzima. Le spruce iyisibindi eside sangempela, iminyaka yayo ingafinyelela eminyakeni engama-500, noma kunjalo, esimweni sezulu, ngemuva kweminyaka engama-40, i-spruce iqala ukulahlekelwa izimfanelo zayo zokuhlobisa.
Izinhlobo ze-spruce eziluhlaza
Imvelo inikeze i-spruce eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokubukeka okumangazayo, kepha abafuyi benze impumelelo emangalisayo ngokufunda ukuguqulwa kwemvelo nokudala izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu. Futhi namuhla, ama-spruces anomqhele we-pyramidal kanye ne-cone, ama-dwarfs anomqhele oyindilinga no-oval asemakethe. Futhi umbala wezinaliti uyahlukahluka kusuka kosiliva kuya koluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ojulile (1).
I-Glouca glauca (Glauca Globosa). Mhlawumbe ezihlukahlukene ethandwa kakhulu phakathi balimi. Yatholwa ngo-1937 izithombo, futhi kakade ngo-1955 yangena ezimakethe. Isihlahla sikaKhisimusi esincanyana esinomqhele omuhle ominyene ohlangene ngeke sikhule sibe ngaphezu kwama-2 m, kodwa sifike ku-3 m ububanzi. Eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila, umqhele ubukeka uyingcosana futhi usicaba, kodwa ube usuthola i-oval enhle emide kanye nokuminyana. Izinaliti zinde, zigobile kancane, zimhlophe-luhlaza. Amacones makhulu, ansundu ngokukhanyayo. Lolu hlobo luhle kakhulu, luxhunyelelwe esiqwini eside.
I-Glauka globoza imelana nesithwathwa (ibekezelela kufika ku-40 ° C), i-photophilous, kodwa ingakhula nasethunzini eliyingxenye. Umhlabathi uthanda i-loamy, evundile, ene-acidic kancane noma engathathi hlangothi.
Ezingadini, lezi zinhlobonhlobo zibukeka kahle endaweni engaphambili, kuma-rockeries nasezindongeni zokugcina.
I-Hoopsie (i-Hoopsii). Ibhekwa njengeluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunawo wonke amafir aluhlaza. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo ziwumphumela weminyaka eminingi yomsebenzi wabalimi baseJalimane abavela enkulisa ye-Hoops Nursery. Kodwa-ke, umlando wokubukeka nokukhuthazwa kwalokhu kuhlukahluka kunokungafani okusobala. Okubaluleke nakakhulu ukuthi maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, i-spruce eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yavela emakethe, ikhula ngokulinganayo futhi ngemva kweminyaka eminingi ifinyelela ubude obuyi-8 m, izibonelo zomuntu ngamunye zingakhula zibe yi-12 m nomqhele. ububanzi bufika ku-3-5 m. Lobu buhle obuncane ekuqaleni bubonakala bunciphile kancane, kodwa ngokuhamba kweminyaka amazinga e-trunk aphelile, umqhele obanzi obanzi uba yi-symmetrical, conical, umbala ocebile ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka wezinaliti uqala ukusiliva elangeni elikhanyayo. Amandla nokuqina kwalesi sipruce kunikezwa amagatsha aphakanyiswe kancane (2).
Izinhlobonhlobo azikwazi ukumelana nesithwathwa (zibekezelela kufika ku-40 ° C), zi-photophilous, kodwa zibekezelela kalula i-shading encane. Umhlabathi uthanda i-loamy, enomswakama ngokusesilinganisweni futhi evundile, evundile kahle.
Ezingadini, lezi zinhlobonhlobo ze-spruce zifeza ngempumelelo indima yesihlahla sikaKhisimusi. Ngakho-ke, indawo yayo ingaphambili kwengadi noma endaweni yangasese ngokumelene nengemuva lotshani. I-Hupsi ingaba ingemuva elimangalisayo lezihlahla ze-coniferous ezimfishane kanye ne-recumbent.
Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okubabazekayo (Okuluhlaza Okwesibhakabhaka Okumangalisayo). Lesi sitshalo yisihlahla sesifunda sase-US i-Colorado ne-Utah. Akukona nje ukuqondana ukuthi igama layo "libabazekayo". Kufana ncamashi nalokhu: isihlahla esincane esifinyelela ku-45 m ukuphakama futhi sifinyelela ku-6 m ububanzi, esinamagxolo esiqu esimpunga esihloniphekile kanye nezinaliti ezimpunga ezinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Futhi izinaliti azincane, 3 cm ubude, ziqinile, i-tetrahedral. Umbala wazo uyashintsha phakathi nonyaka: usuka komhlophe uye koluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekwindla. Ama-cones amakhulu avela kulesi sipruce kuphela ezihlahleni ezingaphezu kweminyaka engama-30 ubudala.
Izinhlobonhlobo azikwazi ukumelana nesithwathwa, zibekezelela kufika ku-40 ° C, kodwa-ke, ezimweni ezinzima kangako, lapho eneminyaka engama-40-50, i-spruce ilahlekelwa izimfanelo zayo eziphakeme zokuhlobisa. Ukukhanya okukhanyayo, kodwa kubekezelela kalula i-shading, noma kunjalo, kulimaza ukuhlobisa. Umhlabathi uncamela oyisihlabathi kanye ne-loamy, owomile ngokumaphakathi futhi uvundile, okhishwe kahle, nokusabela kusuka ku-acidic kuya ku-alkaline kancane.
Lolu hlobo luhle kakhulu kangangokuthi ludinga indawo enkulu. Ezingadini ezinkulu, zingasebenza njengesihlahla sikaKhisimusi, noma zibe isizinda sezihlahla zokuhlobisa kanye nezitshalo ezincane ze-coniferous.
Lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabalimi, kodwa kunezinye ezingathakazelisi kangako:
- I-Glauca pendula (Glauca pendula) - 8 - 10 m ukuphakama, nomumo womqhele oqondile noma ogobile, amagatsha alengayo nezinaliti ezimpunga eziyisiliva;
- I-Glauca procumbens (i-Glauca procumbens) - ifomu elincanyana elingu-20 cm ukuphakama nomqhele ongalingani osakazwayo ofinyelela ku-1,2 m ububanzi kanye nezinaliti eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka;
- I-Glauca prostrata (Glauca prostrata) - ifomu elincanyana elingekho ngaphezu kwama-40 cm ukuphakama nomqhele oyisicaba olele phansi, ofinyelela ku-2 m ububanzi;
- I-Bonfire (Koster) - 10 - 15 m ukuphakama, nomqhele ovamile oyindilinga nezinaliti eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka;
- I-Misty Blue – 5 – 7 m ukuphakama nomqhele oyindilinga nezinaliti eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ukutshala spruce blue
Ezitshalweni ezinezimpande ezivaliwe (ZKS), isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokutshala sisuka maphakathi no-April kuya ku-Okthoba, ezithonjeni ezinezimpande ezivulekile - kuze kube maphakathi no-April kanye nengxenye yesibili kaSeptemba - ekuqaleni kukaNovemba.
Inketho engcono kakhulu yizithombo esitsheni noma nge-cd yobumba egcwele. Umgodi wokufika kufanele ulungiswe kusenesikhathi. Umanyolo ukhethekile, okungcono ngesenzo eside. Awukho umquba noma umquba omusha, noma kunjalo, kanye nanoma yimuphi umanyolo we-nitrogen, kanye nomlotha. Kuwusizo ukufaka i-humus yamaqabunga, isihlabathi somfula kanye ne-sawdust endala noma izinaliti ezomile enhlabathini yasengadini.
Lapho utshala, kubalulekile ukuthi ungangcwabi ikholomu yempande, ngakho-ke tshala ezingeni elifanayo njengoba isithombo sikhule esitsheni. Ngemva kokutshala, kubalulekile ukuthi isihlahla siniselwe kakhulu futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuchelela njalo nokugeza ngesikhathi sokukhula esimweni sezulu esishisayo.
Lapho utshala entwasahlobo, kuyadingeka ukuthulisa isithombo elangeni elikhanyayo.
Kubalulekile ukulungiselela izithombo ezincane ubusika bokuqala ngokuzibopha ngamagatsha e-spruce noma i-burlap.
ukunakekelwa kwe-spruce eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Izinhlobonhlobo nezinhlobo ze-spruce eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zihlukahlukene, ziqinile ebusika, zikwazi ukukhula ngisho nasezindaweni ezinzima zezwe lethu. Ngokuvamile, abathobekile, kodwa basenama-nuances abo okunakekela.
Ground
Inhlabathi yokutshala i-spruce kufanele ibe nesihlabathi noma i-loamy, ikhululekile, ifakwe kahle. Ukukhipha amanzi kufanele kufakwe emgodini wokutshala, ngoba lezi zitshalo azikubekezeleli amanzi amile. Uma ukusabela kwesisombululo senhlabathi ku-alkaline, i-ammonium sulfate noma umhlaba nge-litter yamahlathi e-coniferous yengezwa emhlabathini.
Lighting
Umqhele omuhle, ovumelanayo we-spruce eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uzoba sendaweni ekhanyiswe kahle kuphela. Kodwa-ke, isitshalo esincane lapho sitshalwe entwasahlobo sidinga ukuthunjwa emasontweni amabili okuqala, kanye nokuvikelwa ekushiseni ilanga ebusika bokuqala.
Ukunisela
Ngokwemvelo, isihlahla sonwele saseYurophu esiluhlaza sikhula emhlabathini oswakeme ngokusesilinganisweni futhi siwuhlobo olumelana nesomiso. Kodwa-ke, lapho utshala, zonke izinhlobo zidinga ukuchelela okuphezulu eminyakeni emibili yokuqala ngemuva kokutshala. Ngonyaka wokutshala, ukuchelela kuyadingeka kanye ngesonto ngesilinganiso samalitha ayi-10 - 12 amanzi ngesithombo ngasinye anobude obungeqile ku-0,5 m. Esikhathini esishisayo, kusihlwa noma ekuseni, ukugeza - ukugeza kunomphumela onenzuzo. Ukugcina umswakama, imibuthano ye-trunk ingambozwa ngongqimba oluminyene lwamagxolo noma sawdust of conifers.
Isimo esibaluleke kakhulu sobusika obuhle bezitshalo ezincane ukuchelela ukushaja kwamanzi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikwindla imanzi kangakanani, ngo-Okthoba, ngaphansi kwesihlahla ngasinye se-coniferous, kubalulekile ukuthululela okungenani amalitha angu-20-30 amanzi ezitshalweni ezincane kanye namalitha angu-50 ngemitha yokuphakama komqhele.
umquba
Lapho utshala, kusetshenziswa umanyolo we-phosphorus-potassium futhi i-sawdust endala yezinhlobo ze-coniferous isetshenziswa njenge-air conditioner.
Ukudla
Emhlabathini ovundile eminyakeni yokuqala emi-2 - 3 ngemuva kokutshala, i-spruce ayidingi ukugqokwa okuphezulu. Esikhathini esizayo, uma isihlahla sakhiwe ngokuthena, umanyolo okhethekile wama-conifers usetshenziswa eziqwini zesihlahla entwasahlobo. Izihlahla ze-spruce ezikhula mahhala zondliwa kuphela uma zingathuthukisiwe kahle.
Lapho izinaliti ziphenduka zibephuzi futhi ziwe, kanye nangonyaka wokuqala wokutshala, bazijwayeza ukufafaza umqhele ngezixazululo ze-Epin ne-Ferrovit.
ukuzalanisa blue spruce
I-spruce eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka isakazwa ngembewu, ukusikwa kwasebusika kanye nokuxhunyelelwa. Yilolu hlobo okulula ukulusakaza ngembewu kunokusikwa.
Imbewu. Ngendlela yembewu yokutshala, izici ze-varietal azilondolozwa. Kodwa-ke, ngale ndlela, kunethuba lokuthola izitshalo ezinombala yenaliti ojulile, njengoba, isibonelo, kwenzeka ngokuzalwa kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-Hupsi.
Ngale ndlela yokukhula, kubalulekile ukuthi imbewu ibe yintsha futhi idlule endleleni ye-stratification. Ezinsukwini ezingu-2-3 ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, imbewu idluliselwa endaweni efudumele futhi yomiswe. Ukuhlwanyela kwenziwa ekujuleni kuka-1 - 2 cm emabhokisini noma ku-greenhouse, kwenezela ama-fungicides kanye nomanyolo wamaconifers ku-substrate elula. Izitshalo ziniselwa njalo futhi zifakwe umoya, emva kweminyaka engu-2-3 zidluliselwa embhedeni wokuzalanisa ukuze zikhule, futhi kuphela lapho zineminyaka engu-6-7 zitshalwa endaweni ehlala njalo.
Izithelo. I-rooting cuttings ithathwa emagatsheni aphezulu ezitshalo zomama okungenani iminyaka engu-6-8 ubudala. Lokhu bakwenza ngosuku oluguqubele ngo-April, Juni, Agasti noma Okthoba, beklebhula igatsha ngesithende - ucezu lwegxolo lesiqu. Ukusika okuhle kufanele kube ubude obungu-7-10 cm.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuvuna, izinaliti eziphansi ziyasuswa ekusikeni futhi izigaba zithululwe ngempushana yesikhuthazi sokwakheka kwezimpande (ngokwesibonelo, i-Heteroauxin). Ngemuva kwalokho ama-cuttings atshalwa ezimbizeni ezinomhlabathi ovundile okhanyayo nge-engeli engu-30 °, ejula ngo-2-3 cm. Izimbiza zifakwa ku-greenhouse noma zimbozwe ngesikhwama sepulasitiki. Kanye ngosuku lokufika kuyadingeka ukufaka umoya.
Yiba nesineke - inqubo ye-rooting ingathatha unyaka owodwa. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi, kubalulekile ukunisela njalo nokufaka umoya wezitshalo. Kanye njalo emavikini ama-2, ungakwazi ukwengeza isisombululo esibuthakathaka se-Heteroauxin emanzini.
Entwasahlobo, ama-cuttings anezimpande atshalwa esikoleni, esihlelwe ngaphansi kwe-canopy yezihlahla. Kuphela emva kweminyaka emithathu noma emine, izitshalo ezikhulile zingatshalwa endaweni ehlala njalo.
Izifo ze-spruce eziluhlaza
Ukugqwala (spruce spinner). Isifo sokukhunta esiqala ukuvela emagxolweni ngesimo sokuvuvukala okuncane, okuwolintshi okunobubanzi obungu-0,5 cm. Khona-ke izinaliti ziqala ukuphuzi futhi ziwe. Izigaxa nazo zingathinteka ukugqwala.
Esigabeni sokuqala, kuyadingeka ukuqoqa izinaliti ezigulayo nezigaxa, ukusika nokushisa amagatsha athintekile yisikhunta. Izitshalo ezigulayo kufanele zifuthwe nge-Hom (oxychloride yethusi) (3) noma i-Rakurs. Ukuvimbela lesi sifo entwasahlobo, ukufafaza nge-Bordeaux liquid kwenziwa.
Shutte. Icala lalesi sifo yisikhunta se-pathogenic. Ithinta isihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi ekwindla, ikhula ngenkuthalo ngaphansi kwesembozo seqhwa. Ngenxa yalokho, izinaliti ezinsundu ezinombala omhlophe zivela esitshalweni esigulayo entwasahlobo. Izinaliti ezithintekile zingahlala ku-spruce omunye unyaka, zisakaza lesi sifo. I-Schutte ithinta ukuthuthukiswa kwesitshalo, ngomonakalo omkhulu kungabangela ukufa kwe-spruce.
Ukuvimbela lesi sifo, kusetshenziswa i-spring spray nge-Bordeaux liquid noma isisombululo sesulfure ye-colloidal. Ezitshalweni ezigulayo, amagatsha athintekile ayasuswa bese i-spruce ifafazwe kathathu ngesisombululo se-Hom noma i-Angle (3).
Izinambuzane zespruce eziluhlaza
I-spruce spider mite. Ihlasela izihlahla ze-spruce ezinyangeni ezomile ezishisayo zonyaka. Isibungu silimaza izinaliti futhi sibenza babe sengcupheni yezifo zokukhunta. Ngokutheleleka okunamandla, izinaliti ziba nsundu futhi ziwohloke, ama-cobwebs avela ezitshalweni.
Ukuze uvimbele, ukucwiliswa njalo kwemiqhele yesihlahla ngamanzi kwenziwa. Kungenzeka ukubhubhisa umkhaza kuphela ngohlelo lokwelapha umqhele nge-Actellik, Antiklesh, Fitoverm (3). Kubalulekile ukwenza okungenani ukwelashwa oku-3 kusukela ngoJuni kuya kuSeptemba.
I-spruce sawfly. Izibungu ezincane ze-sawfly zidla izinaliti ngentshiseko. Kodwa le monakalo siyibona kuphela lapho izinaliti ezincane ziba nsundu ngokubomvu.
Esigabeni sokuqala sokutheleleka, ukufafaza nge-Actellik noma iFury kusebenza kahle. Umuthi osebenza kahle kakhulu ovela ku-sawfly yi-Pinocid. Isixazululo sifafazwa esihlahleni izikhathi ezingu-2-3. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ziphinde zinisele inhlabathi yeziqu zezihlahla.
Izinhlobo ze-spruce-fir. I-aphid encane ihlasela isitshalo, ishiya iziqongo ezisontekile neziphuzi. Izinambuzane zilala phansi emiphethweni yamagxolo.
I-Hermes inganqotshwa kuphela ngendlela ehlelekile. Entwasahlobo, ukufafaza nge-sulphate yethusi, ekuqaleni kukaMeyi kanye neminyaka eyishumi yesithathu kaJuni - i-Aktellik, Komandor, Fufanon ngokunisela iziqu zesihlahla ngesisombululo se-Aktara. Engxenyeni yesibili ka-Agasti - ukwelashwa ngesisombululo se-copper sulfate.
Imibuzo nezimpendulo ezidumile
Sibuze ngespruce esiluhlaza isazi sezolimo namahlathi u-Oleg Ispolatov - uphendule imibuzo ethandwa kakhulu yabahlali basehlobo.
Imithombo ye
- Stupakova OM, Aksyanova T.Yu. Ukwakhiwa kwezitshalo ze-perennial herbaceous, woody coniferous and deciduous in urban landscaping // I-Conifers of the boreal zone, 2013 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kompozitsii-iz-mnogoletnih-travyanistyh-drevesnyh-hvoynyh-i-listvenny rasteniy- v-ozelenenii-gorodov
- Gerd Krussman. Izinhlobo ze-coniferous. // M., imboni yeTimber, 1986, 257 p.
- Ikhathalogi yesifundazwe yezibulala-zinambuzane namakhemikhali ezolimo avunyelwe ukuthi asetshenziswe endaweni ye-Federation kusukela ngomhla ka-6 Julayi 2021 // Umnyango Wezolimo Wenhlangano https://mcx.gov.ru/ministry/departments/departament-rastenievodstva-mekhanizatsii-khimizatsii - i-zashchity-rasteniy/imboni-ulwazi/info-gosudarstvennaya-usluga-po-gosudarstvennoy-registratsii-pestitsidov-i-agrokhimikatov/